scholarly journals A COMPUTER CODE (CDC 1604A OR IBM 7090) FOR CALCULATING THE COST OF SHIPPING SPENT REACTOR FUELS AS A FUNCTION OF BURNUP, SPECIFIC POWER, COOLING TIME, FUEL COMPOSITION, AND OTHER VARIABLES

1964 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Salmon
Keyword(s):  
Computer Code ◽  
Cooling Time ◽  
Specific Power ◽  
Fuel Composition ◽  
The Cost

scholarly journals Unlike-Pole Inductor Generator with Electrically Integrated Armature and Excitation Windings for the Power Supply Systems of Passenger Cars / RADIĀLAS IEROSMES INDUKTORĢENERATORS AR ELEKTRISKI APVIENOTIEM ENKURA UN IEROSMES TINUMIEM PASAŽIERU VAGONU ELEKTROAPGĀDES SISTĒMAI

2013 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 12-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Levin ◽  
E. Kamolins ◽  
V. Pugachev
Keyword(s):  
Power Supply ◽  
Substantial Improvement ◽  
Specific Power ◽  
Mass Reduction ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Ferrous Metals ◽  
Non Ferrous Metals ◽  
Economic Indices ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Supply Systems

Substantial improvement of the undercar inductor generator used for supplying power to passenger cars is achievable through increasing its specific power, reliability, reparability, and decreasing the cost of its manufacturing. It is proposed to integrate electrically the armature and excitation windings of the generator thus considerably simplifying its design while reducing its mass and consumption of non-ferrous metals. To gain these advantages a test prototypal generator was made and bench-tested. The results of tests show that a 1.5-fold mass reduction is achievable along with good technical-economic indices of the generator.

Calculation of Tolerance Based on a Minimum Cost Approach

1972 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 447-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. H. Speckhart
Keyword(s):  
Computer Program ◽  
Lagrange Multipliers ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Mathematical Description ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Computer Code ◽  
Mechanical Device ◽  
Manufacturing Costs ◽  
Sufficient Detail ◽  
The Cost

This paper presents a workable analytical method for finding the optimum set of dimension tolerances for a mechanical device that will minimize manufacturing costs and meet the imposed restraint conditions. The restraint conditions represent physical requirements that critical parts must fit relative to each other with a given precision. Using the mathematical description of the restraints and information on the cost of manufacturing each dimension as a function of the tolerance, the method utilizes Lagrange multipliers to minimize nonlinear cost functions subject to nonlinear restraint conditions. For all but the simplest problems the use of the method requires computer programming. The method is presented in sufficient detail to allow the reader to develop a computer code. A Fortran computer program that will handle essentially any mechanism and calculate tolerances on a sure fit or statistical-fit basis has proven that the method will give useful results.

A Comprehensive Study on Rechargeable Energy Storage Technologies

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahul Gopalakrishnan ◽  
Shovon Goutam ◽  
Luis Miguel Oliveira ◽  
Jean-Marc Timmermans ◽  
Noshin Omar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Specific Power ◽  
Materials Development ◽  
Future Evolution ◽  
Power Cycle ◽  
Storage Technologies ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Comprehensive Study

This paper provides an extended overview of the existing electrode materials and electrolytes for energy storage systems that can be used in environmentally friendly hybrid and electric vehicles from the literature based on lithium-ion and nonlithium technologies. The performed analysis illustrates the current and future evolution in the field of electrode materials development (2015–2040). The investigated characteristics are specific energy, specific power, cycle life, and safety. Furthermore, the proposed study describes the cost and life cycle assessment of the proposed technologies and the availability of these materials.

Coatings for Advanced Large Frame Combustion Turbines for Power Generation

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Viswanathan ◽  
N. S. Cheruvu ◽  
K. S. Chan
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Failure Mechanisms ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Computer Code ◽  
Specific Power ◽  
Remaining Life ◽  
Metallic Coatings ◽  
Degradation Modeling ◽  
Power Company ◽  
Base Load

Use of metallic coatings for protecting hot section blades and vanes of combustion turbines for power generation has been a common practice for the last three decades. Since these coatings have to be optimized both with respect to different forms of corrosion and operation (base load vs. peak load) their performance can be machine specific. Power company users generally do not have sufficient knowledge of the failure mechanisms of the coatings and the basis for selecting coatings to suit their specific requirements. This paper describes the evolution of metallic coatings, discusses failure mechanisms, and describes a methodology for comparing and selecting machine-specific coatings. The methodology, which can be used to rank and predict the remaining life of coatings and for optimizing operation, forms the basis of a computer code known as COATLIFE. The ingredients of this methodology, i.e., degradation modeling and thermomechanical fatigue life (TMF) prediction, are reviewed in the paper.

Uncertainty in the modelling of large scale flood events in the Barotse floodplain, Zambia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Willis ◽  
Mark Smith ◽  
Donall Cross ◽  
Andrew Hardy ◽  
Georgina Ettritch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Landsat Imagery ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Computer Code ◽  
Breeding Cycle ◽  
Significant Component ◽  
Input Parameters ◽  
The Cost

<p>The Barotse floodplain in the Western Province of Zambia, is a major feature of the Upper Zambezi River, covering an area of 11,000km<sup>2</sup>, and is inundated annually by a flood cycle that ranges from minimum values in September, to peak levels in April. The annual flooding of the area provides a number of challenges, and critically is a significant component of the life cycle of mosquitos, the principle vector for the transmission of malaria. A research project, FLOODMAL, has been developed to apply process based modelling approaches to the life cycle of the mosquito in the floodplain. A significant component of this approach is the development of a 1D-2D model which can be used to predict the formation of water bodies that are essential to the mosquito breeding cycle. This research presents the uncertainties associated with developing the flood model, with an emphasis on model performance through simulation time. In a typical model exercise, the calibration of input parameters are associated with ensuring that model performance is optimised for representing the peak of a flood event. This can be at the cost of providing a consistent level of model performance throughout a simulation, which is essential in this research.</p><p>Using the LISFLOOD-FP computer code, and TanDEM-X1 terrain data, a baseline model of the Barotse floodplain was developed for the 2009 and 2018 events. A set of initial model runs identified key processes to be represented in the model, including evaporation and infiltration. The calibration of the model was focused on defining parameters for surface roughness, channel roughness, evaporation, infiltration, and defining channel topography. A number of datasets were available for model calibration, such as LandSAT imagery to compare observed and modelled extent at various points throughout the year, and downstream river gauge data. To further understand the uncertainties associated with the modelling, sensitivity analysis was undertaken using an emulator- based approach to define the contribution of the input parameters to overall model variance. The results indicate that parameters that control the movement of water across the floodplain (surface roughness) are generally the most significant of the inputs at all points in the year, although the level of this significance changes at different phases.</p>

Decommissioning Costing Approach Based on the Standardised List of Costing Items: Lessons Learnt by the OMEGA Computer Code

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimi´r Danisˇka ◽  
Ivan Reha´k ◽  
Marek Vasˇko ◽  
Frantisˇek Ondra ◽  
Peter Beza´k ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computer Code ◽  
Cost Structure ◽  
Cost Data ◽  
Cost Calculation ◽  
Cost Structures ◽  
Lessons Learnt ◽  
On Line ◽  
Systematic List ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Cost

The document “A Proposed Standardised List of Items for Costing Purposes” [1] was issues in 1999 by OECD/NEA, IAEA and European Commission (EC) for promoting the harmonisation in decommissioning costing. It is a systematic list of decommissioning activities classified in chapters 01 to 11 with three numbered levels. Four cost groups are defined for cost at each level. Document constitutes the standardised matrix of decommissioning activities and cost groups with definition of content of items. Knowing what is behind the items makes the comparison of cost for decommissioning projects transparent. Two approaches are identified for use of the standardised cost structure. First approach converts the cost data from existing specific cost structures into the standardised cost structure for the purpose of cost presentation. Second approach uses the standardised cost structure as the base for the cost calculation structure; the calculated cost data are formatted in the standardised cost format directly; several additional advantages may be identified in this approach. The paper presents the costing methodology based on the standardised cost structure and lessons learnt from last ten years of the implementation of the standardised cost structure as the cost calculation structure in the computer code OMEGA. Code include also on-line management of decommissioning waste, decay of radioactivity, evaluation of exposure, generation and optimisation of the of the Gantt chart of a decommissioning project, which makes the OMEGA code an effective tool for planning and optimisation of decommissioning processes.

scholarly journals The Thermodynamics of Network Coding, and an Algorithmic Refinement of the Principle of Maximum Entropy

Entropy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hector Zenil ◽  
Narsis A. Kiani ◽  
Jesper Tegnér
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Entropy ◽  
Preferential Attachment ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Computer Code ◽  
Algorithmic Randomness ◽  
Principle Of Maximum Entropy ◽  
Generative Mechanism ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Principle Of Maximum ◽  
Practical Implications

The principle of maximum entropy (Maxent) is often used to obtain prior probability distributions as a method to obtain a Gibbs measure under some restriction giving the probability that a system will be in a certain state compared to the rest of the elements in the distribution. Because classical entropy-based Maxent collapses cases confounding all distinct degrees of randomness and pseudo-randomness, here we take into consideration the generative mechanism of the systems considered in the ensemble to separate objects that may comply with the principle under some restriction and whose entropy is maximal but may be generated recursively from those that are actually algorithmically random offering a refinement to classical Maxent. We take advantage of a causal algorithmic calculus to derive a thermodynamic-like result based on how difficult it is to reprogram a computer code. Using the distinction between computable and algorithmic randomness, we quantify the cost in information loss associated with reprogramming. To illustrate this, we apply the algorithmic refinement to Maxent on graphs and introduce a Maximal Algorithmic Randomness Preferential Attachment (MARPA) Algorithm, a generalisation over previous approaches. We discuss practical implications of evaluation of network randomness. Our analysis provides insight in that the reprogrammability asymmetry appears to originate from a non-monotonic relationship to algorithmic probability. Our analysis motivates further analysis of the origin and consequences of the aforementioned asymmetries, reprogrammability, and computation.

Modeling of Munitions Fragmentation and Fragment Interaction With Containment Vessels and Shielding Systems

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Venner Saul ◽  
Dale S. Preece
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Computer Code ◽  
Pressure Vessels ◽  
Material Behavior ◽  
Simulation Code ◽  
Standard Design ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Vessel Development ◽  
The Cost

Design of pressure vessels intended to contain explosive blast and high velocity fragments can present several potential difficulties. The stresses and velocities resulting from explosive events generally result in highly non-linear material behavior, thereby limiting the applicability of standard design techniques. As a result, extensive testing is usually required to verify a containment vessel’s structural integrity. Computer simulation can be utilized to decrease the cost and time associated with vessel development. The Explosive Destruction System (EDS) was created by Sandia National Laboratories to safely dispose of aged chemical weapons. Development of the EDS system has provided a wealth of test data, quite useful for verification and improvement of computer-based predictive capabilities. The computer simulation code AUTODYN (currently being used at Sandia National Laboratories) provides an excellent basis for prediction of munition behavior as a result of explosive effects. Through comparison and refinement, appropriate simulation methods can be determined and integrated into future modeling efforts. Another computer code, CTH, has successfully predicted much of the physical behavior observed in EDS development and testing. Models created in AUTODYN 2-D can be compared with EDS data as well as results of the CTH modeling efforts, further refining the predictive capabilities of AUTODYN.

scholarly journals A Cost/Performance Evaluation of Advanced Low-Cost Heliostat Reflective Facets

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julius Yellowhair ◽  
Charles E. Andraka
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Computer Code ◽  
System Level ◽  
Optical Performance ◽  
Cost Performance ◽  
Performance Metric ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Flat Mirror ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Metal Back

Heliostat reflective facets have traditionally been constructed with glass/silver and a metal back support. During the past year, Sandia National Laboratories evaluated low-cost materials and alternative manufacturing methods to construct facets with the goal of reducing current facet cost by at least 25% while maintaining surface slope errors at 1 milli-radians rms or below. Several companies developed prototype facet samples, which were optically evaluated at Sandia and compared to baseline facet samples using a proposed cost-to-performance metric. A cost-performance metric for comparing facets was developed by modeling and optimizing a 200 MWe power tower plant scenario in DELSOL, a computer code for system-level modeling of power tower systems. We varied the slope error on the facets and adjusted the cost on the facets to maintain the constant plant levelized cost of energy. The result of these models provides a chart of the facet optical performance and the allowable facet cost for a constant plant LCOE. The size of the prototype facet samples ranged from 1.4 to 3 m2. The measured optical slope errors were between 1 and 2 milli-radians rms when compared to a flat mirror design shape. Despite slope errors greater than 1 mrad rms, some of the prototype samples met the cost goals for this project using the cost-performance metric. Next steps are to work with the companies to improve the manufacturing processes and further reduce the cost and improve on the optical performance to reach DOE SunShot goal of $75/m2 for heliostats.

Feasibility and Applications of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Brayton Cycles to Solar Thermal Power Generation

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Schmitt ◽  
R. Willis ◽  
N. Frederick ◽  
D. Amos ◽  
J. Kapat
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Specific Power ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Supercritical Carbon

This paper focuses on unconventional thermodynamic cycles and their applications in alternative energy. It looks into these promising advancements, beginning with the exploration of trends in cost, efficiency, and the adoption of various sources of power. By studying historical trends, conventional means of obtaining energy are seen to be currently increasing in efficiency in smaller and smaller increments. The second part of our study is the application of alternative configurations of the Brayton cycle. In particular, this paper analyzes a closed-cycle turbine with supercritical carbon dioxide as the working fluid. Beginning with a simple cycle calculation, this study adapts the cycle and explores the benefit of recuperated and combined cycle systems. A parametric study was also created, comparing the efficiency versus the specific power of each cycle. Consideration of supercritical carbon dioxide as the working fluid in turbomachine cycles may demonstrate an economic advantage in the global market. This paper provides a perspective on the feasibility of these developments for realistic applications in industry. Also important to feasibility, it assesses trends in the cost of power generated by each cycle and energy source. With this information, choices may be made on which cycle is more economically promising in today’s market. The results of this study provide a clear indication of relative efficiencies. These efficiencies, in turn, determines the optimal design direction for a particular supercritical carbon dioxide cycle. In addition, the results provide insight into the effect of this technology on the cost and efficiency of concentrated solar power production.

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