Recent Advances in the Medicinal Chemistry of Phenothiazines. New Anticancer and Antiprotozoal Agents

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alonzo González-González ◽  
Lenci K. Vazquez-Jimenez ◽  
Alma D. Paz-González ◽  
María Laura Bolognesi ◽  
Gildardo Rivera
Keyword(s):  
Anticancer Activity ◽  
Anticancer Agents ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Phenothiazine Derivatives ◽  
Phenothiazine Dyes ◽  
Ic50 Values ◽  
Synthetic Routes ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Nanomolar Range ◽  
Micromolar Range

Background: Molecules that have a phenothiazine scaffold have been considered versatile organic structures with a wide variety of biological activities: antipsychotic, anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, and trypanocidal, among others. First discovered in the 19th century as a histochemical dye, methylene blue, phenothiazine derivatives have been studied, discovering their activities, and repurposing them. Objective: This review is aimed at describing the main synthetic routes of phenothiazines and, particularly, the anticancer and antiprotozoal activities that have been reported during the second decade of the 2000’s (2010-2020) Results: A variety of studies of phenothiazines against cancer and protozoa have revealed that these compounds show IC50 values in the micromolar and near nanomolar range. Structure analyses have revealed that compounds bearing halogens or electron-withdrawing groups at 2-position have favorable anticancer activity. Phenothiazine dyes have shown a photosensitizing activity against trypanosomatids at a micromolar range. Tetra and pentacyclic azaphenothiazines are structures with a high broad-spectrum anticancer activity. Conclusion: The phenothiazine scaffold is favorable for developing of anticancer agents, especially those bearing halogens and electron withdrawing groups bound at 2-position with enhanced biological activities with a variety of aromatic, aliphatic and heterocyclic substituents in the thiazine nitrogen. Further studies are warranted along these investigation lines to attain more active anticancer and antiprotozoal compounds with minimal to negligible cytotoxicity.

Naphthoquinone-based hydrazone hybrids: synthesis and potent activity against cancer cell lines

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Délis Galvão Guimarães ◽  
Arlan de Assis Gonsalves ◽  
Larissa Araújo Rolim ◽  
Edigênia Cavalcante Araújo ◽  
Victória Laysna dos Anjos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anticancer Activity ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Cancer Cell ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Supporting Electrolyte ◽  
Cancer Cell Lines ◽  
Molecular Structures ◽  
Cytotoxic Activities ◽  
Electrochemical Studies ◽  
Ic50 Values

Background: Natural naphthoquinones have shown diversified biological activities including antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, and cytotoxic activities. However, they are also compounds with acute cytotoxicity, immunotoxicity, carcinogenesis, and cardio- and hepatotoxicity, then the modification at their redox center is an interesting strategy to overcome such harmful activity. Objective: In this study, four novel semisynthetic hydrazones, derived from the isomers α- and β-lapachones (α and β, respectively) and coupled with the drugs hydralazine (HDZ) and isoniazid (ACIL), were prepared, evaluated by electrochemical methods and assayed for anticancer activity. Method: The semisynthetic hydrazones were obtained and had their molecular structures established by NMR, IR, and MS. Anticancer activity was evaluated by cell viability determined by reduction of 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazol)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT). The electrochemical studies, mainly cyclic voltammetry, were performed, in aprotic and protic media. Result: The study showed that the compounds 2, 3, and 4 were active against at least one of the cancer cell lines evaluated, being compounds 3 and 4 the most cytotoxic. Toward HL-60 cells, compound 3 was 20x more active than β-lapachone, and 3x more cytotoxic than doxorubicin. Furthermore, 3 showed an SI value of 39.62 for HL-60 cells. Compound 4 was active against all cancer cells tested, with IC50 values in the range 2.90–12.40 μM. Electrochemical studies revealed a profile typical of self-protonation and reductive cleavage, dependent on the supporting electrolyte. Conclusion: These results therefore indicate that compounds 3 and 4 are strong candidates as prototypes of new antineoplastic drugs.

scholarly journals Synthesis and anticancer activity of carbosilane metallodendrimers based on arene ruthenium(ii) complexes

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (16) ◽  
pp. 7049-7066 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Maroto-Díaz ◽  
Benelita T. Elie ◽  
Pilar Gómez-Sal ◽  
Jorge Pérez-Serrano ◽  
Rafael Gómez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anticancer Activity ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Anticancer Agents ◽  
Resistant Cell ◽  
Micromolar Range

Carbosilane-based ruthenium dendrimers have been tested as anticancer agents. These metallodendrimers are active against a number of cisplatin resistant cell lines in the low micromolar range while showing a dendritic effect.

scholarly journals Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Evaluation of Red-Absorbing Fe(II) Polypyridine Complexes

Inorganics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Karges ◽  
Philippe Goldner ◽  
Gilles Gasser
Keyword(s):  
Anticancer Agents ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Photophysical Properties ◽  
Biological Evaluation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ic50 Values ◽  
Polypyridine Complexes ◽  
Poor Absorption ◽  
Micromolar Range

Cancer is known to be one of the major causes of death nowadays. Among others, chemotherapy with cisplatin is a commonly used treatment. Although widely employed, cisplatin is known to cause severe side effects, such as nerve and kidney damage, nausea, vomiting, and bone marrow suppression. Most importantly, a number of cancer tumors are acquiring resistance to cisplatin, limiting its clinical use. There is therefore a need for the discovery of novel anticancer agents. Complementary to chemotherapy, Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) has expanded the range of treatment opportunities of numerous kinds of cancer. Nonetheless, the currently approved PDT photosensitizers (PSs) suffer from major drawbacks, which include poor water solubility or photobleaching, in addition to a slow clearance from the body that causes photosensitivity. Due to these limitations, there is a need for the development of new PDT PSs. To overcome these problems, a lot of research groups around the world are currently focusing their attention towards the development of new metal complexes as PDT PSs. However, most synthesized compounds reported so far show limited use due to their poor absorption in the phototherapeutic window. Herein, we report on the preparation and characterization of three Fe(II) polypyridine complexes (4–6) and evaluate their potential as both anticancer agents and PDT PSs. Very importantly, these compounds are stable in human plasma, photostable upon continuous LED irradiation, and absorb in the red region of the spectrum. We could demonstrate that through additional sulfonic acid groups on the polypyridine ligand being used (bphen: 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline), the water solubility of the complexes could be highly improved, whereas the photophysical properties did not significantly change. One of these complexes (4) shows interesting toxicity, with IC50 values in the low micromolar range in the dark as well as some phototoxicity upon irradiation at 480 and 540 nm against RPE-1 and HeLa cells.

Benzophenone Sulfonamide Derivatives as Interacting Partners and Inhibitors of Human P-glycoprotein

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (14) ◽  
pp. 1739-1751
Author(s):  
Saira Farman ◽  
Aneela Javed ◽  
Arshia ◽  
Khalid M. Khan ◽  
Abdul Nasir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anticancer Agents ◽  
Transmembrane Protein ◽  
Homology Model ◽  
Binding Pocket ◽  
Cytotoxicity Assay ◽  
Glycoprotein P ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
P Glycoprotein ◽  
Ic50 Values ◽  
Nanomolar Range

Background: Human P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is a transmembrane protein that belongs to the ATPBinding Cassette (ABC) transporters family. Physiologically, it exports toxins out of the cell, however, its overexpression leads to the phenomena of Multidrug-Resistance (MDR) by exporting a diverse range of compounds, which are structurally and chemically different from each other, thus creating a hurdle in the treatment of various diseases including cancer. The current study was designed to screen benzophenone sulfonamide derivatives as a class of inhibitors and potential anticancer agents for P-gp. Methods: A total number of 15 compounds were evaluated. These compounds were screened in daunorubicin efflux inhibition assays using CCRF-CEM Vcr1000 cell line that overexpressed human P-gp. Cytotoxicity assay was also performed for active compounds 11, 14, and 13. These scaffolds were then docked in the homology model of human P-gp using mouse P-gp as a template (PDB ID: 4MIM) and the recently published Cryo Electron Microscopy (CEM) structure of human mouse chimeric P-gp to find their interactions with specified residues in the binding pocket. Analysis was performed using Labview VI and Graph pad prism version 5.0. Results: Results revealed the potency of all these compounds in low nanomolar range whereas, compound 14 was found to be most active with IC50 value of 18.35nM±4.90 followed by 11 and 13 having IC50 values of 30.66nM±5.49 and 46.12nM±3.06, respectively. Moreover, IC50 values calculated for 14, 11 and 13 in cytotoxicity assay were found to be 22.97μM±0.026, 583.1μM±0.027 and 117.8μM±0.062, respectively. Docking results showed the interaction of these scaffolds in transmembrane helices (TM) where Tyr307, Tyr310, Tyr953, Met986 and Gln946 were found to be the major interaction partners, thus they might play a significant role in the transport of these scaffolds. Conclusion: Benzophenone sulfonamide derivatives showed IC50 values in low nanomolar range comparable to the standard inhibitor Verapamil, therefore they can be good inhibitors of P-gp and can serve as anticancer agents. Also, they have shown interactions in the transmembrane region sharing the same binding region of verapamil and zosuquidar.

Recent Advances in the Development of Pyrazolopyridines as Anticancer Agents

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaotong Gu ◽  
Shutao Ma
Keyword(s):  
Anticancer Activity ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Malignant Tumor ◽  
Anticancer Agents ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Health It ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
New Chemical Entities

: Cancer, especially malignant tumor, is a serious threat to people's life and health. It is recognized as an enormous challenge in the 21st century. Continuous efforts are needed to overcome this problem. Pyrazolopyridine nucleus, similar in structure to purine, shows a variety of biological activities, which is mainly attributed to the antagonistic nature towards the natural purines in many biological processes. This has aroused enormous attention for many researchers. At present, a large number of new chemical entities containing pyrazolopyridine nucleus have been found as anticancer agents. In this review we summarize novel pyrazolopyridine-containing derivatives with biological activities. Furthermore, we outline the relationships between the structures of variously modified pyrazolopyridines and their anticancer activity.

scholarly journals New Hybrid Compounds Combining Fragments of Usnic Acid and Monoterpenoids for Effective Tyrosyl-DNA Phosphodiesterase 1 Inhibition

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 973
Author(s):  
Nadezhda S. Dyrkheeva ◽  
Aleksandr S. Filimonov ◽  
Olga A. Luzina ◽  
Alexandra L. Zakharenko ◽  
Ekaterina S. Ilina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Lines ◽  
Anticancer Agents ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Usnic Acid ◽  
Topoisomerase 1 ◽  
Binding Domains ◽  
Promising Therapeutic Target ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ic50 Values ◽  
Low Cytotoxicity

Usnic acid (UA) is a secondary metabolite of lichens that exhibits a wide range of biological activities. Previously, we found that UA derivatives are effective inhibitors of tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (TDP1). It can remove covalent complex DNA-topoisomerase 1 (TOP1) stabilized by the TOP1 inhibitor topotecan, neutralizing the effect of the drugs. TDP1 removes damage at the 3′ end of DNA caused by other anticancer agents. Thus, TDP1 is a promising therapeutic target for the development of drug combinations with topotecan, as well as other drugs for cancer treatment. Ten new UA enamino derivatives with variation in the terpene fragment and substituent of the UA backbone were synthesized and tested as TDP1 inhibitors. Four compounds, 11a-d, had IC50 values in the 0.23–0.40 μM range. Molecular modelling showed that 11a-d, with relatively short aliphatic chains, fit to the important binding domains. The intrinsic cytotoxicity of 11a-d was tested on two human cell lines. The compounds had low cytotoxicity with CC50 ≥ 60 μM for both cell lines. 11a and 11c had high inhibition efficacy and low cytotoxicity, and they enhanced topotecan’s cytotoxicity in cancerous HeLa cells but reduced it in the non-cancerous HEK293A cells. This “protective” effect from topotecan on non-cancerous cells requires further investigation.

scholarly journals Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Novel Bis-Flavone Dimers as New Anticancer Agents

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew McGown ◽  
Abby Ragazzon-Smith ◽  
John A. Hadfield ◽  
Herman Potgetier ◽  
Patricia A. Ragazzon
Keyword(s):  
Anticancer Activity ◽  
Click Chemistry ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Anticancer Agents ◽  
Triazole Ring ◽  
Microwave Assisted Synthesis ◽  
Anticancer Properties ◽  
Microwave Assisted ◽  
Ic50 Values ◽  
High Yields

In this study, we describe a microwave-based click chemistry method used to prepare a family of novel bis-flavone dimers. The substituted 7-hydroxy and 4’-hydroxy flavonoids were linked through a triazole ring. The compounds were easily synthesized and purified in high yields. The bisflavonoids were tested on different cell lines including HCT116, HepG2, MCF7 and MOLT-4. Several analogues showed to have anticancer activity with IC50 values in the range of 20-60 μM. Flavonoids are known for their anticancer properties and this method provides the basis for new medicinal structures.

scholarly journals Design, Synthesis, Antibacterial, Antifungal and Anticancer Evaluations of Novel β-Pinene Quaternary Ammonium Salts

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (20) ◽  
pp. 11299
Author(s):  
Li Zhang ◽  
Xue-Zhen Feng ◽  
Zhuan-Quan Xiao ◽  
Guo-Rong Fan ◽  
Shang-Xing Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Lines ◽  
Anticancer Agents ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Cell Membrane Permeability ◽  
Vitro Assay ◽  
Ic50 Values ◽  
Hct 116 ◽  
Mcf 7

β-pinene is a monoterpene isolated from turpentine oil and numerous other plants’ essential oils, which has a broad spectrum of biological activities. In the current work, six novel β-pinene quaternary ammonium (β-PQA) salts were synthesized and evaluated in vitro for their antifungal, antibacterial and anticancer activities. The in vitro assay results revealed that compounds 4a and 4b presented remarkable antimicrobial activity against the tested fungi and bacteria. In particular, compound 4a showed excellent activities against F. oxysporum f.sp. niveum, P. nicotianae var.nicotianae, R. solani, D. pinea and Fusicoccumaesculi, with EC50 values of 4.50, 10.92, 9.45, 10.82 and 6.34 μg/mL, respectively. Moreover, compound 4a showed the best antibacterial action against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and B. subtilis, with MIC at 2.5, 0.625, 1.25 and 1.25 μg/mL, respectively. The anticancer activity results demonstrated that compounds 4a, 4b, 4c and 4f exhibited remarkable activity against HCT-116 and MCF-7 cell lines, with IC50 values ranged from 1.10 to 25.54 μM. Notably, the compound 4c displayed the strongest cytotoxicity against HCT-116 and MCF-7 cell lines, with the IC50 values of 1.10 and 2.46 μM, respectively. Furthermore, preliminary antimicrobial mechanistic studies revealed that compound 4a might cause mycelium abnormalities of microbial, cell membrane permeability changes and inhibition of the activity of ATP. Altogether, these findings open interesting perspectives to the application of β-PQA salts as a novel leading structure for the development of effective antimicrobial and anticancer agents.

Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of Hybrid 2-Heteroaryl BenzimidazoleChalcone Derivatives as Anticancer Agents

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gajula Shyam Kumar ◽  
Bethi Rathnakar ◽  
Sridhar Gattu ◽  
Surender Singh Jadav ◽  
Nimma Rameshwar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anticancer Activity ◽  
Anticancer Agents ◽  
Phenyl Ring ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Design Synthesis ◽  
Abl Tyrosine Kinase ◽  
Ovarian Cancer Cell Lines ◽  
Methoxy Groups ◽  
Ic50 Values ◽  
Human Breast Carcinoma Cells

: A series of 2-heteroaryl benzimidazole-chalcone hybrids were synthesized and the anticancer activity was estimated by MTT assay in human breast, lung, colon, and ovarian cancer cell lines. The biological results indicate that the compounds showed good anticancer activity with a range of IC50 values 0.056-19.5 µM. Compound 11b with hexa methoxy groups, bearing three methoxy groups on each terminal aryl ring exhibited a significant IC50 value (56 nM) against human breast carcinoma cells, which is 37 times higher potency in comparison with the reference Etoposide. Further compounds substituted variably with methoxy and nitro groups on the phenyl ring of chalcone showed more promising anticancer activity than the compounds with unsubstituted phenyl ring or variably alkyl-substituted phenyl ring of chalcone. The molecular docking results indicate that the synthesized compounds bind in the active site of Abl tyrosine kinase, the target of anticancer drug Imatinib. The present study provides the synergistic effect of hybrids, benzimidazole-chalcones as potential anticancer agents and will aid in the discovery of new anticancer agents.

Design, Synthesis of novel coumarin conjugated acetamides as promising anticancer agents: An in-silico and in-vitro approach.

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mamatha S. V ◽  
S. L. Belagali ◽  
Mahesh Bhat ◽  
Vijay M. Kumbar
Keyword(s):  
Anticancer Activity ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Mtt Assay ◽  
Anticancer Agents ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Active Sites ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Biological Evaluation ◽  
Mcf 7

Background: Coumarin and benzophenone possess a vast sphere of biological activities whereas thiazoles display various pharmacological properties. Hence we focused on incorporation of coumarin and thiazole core to the benzophenone skeleton to enhance the bioactivity anticipating their interesting biological properties. Objective: The objective of the current work is synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel series of coumarin fused thiazole derivatives. Methods: A novel series of Coumarin conjugated thiazolyl acetamide hybrid derivatives were synthesized by multistep reaction sequence and were characterized by the FT-IR, LCMS and NMR spectral techniques. The newly synthesized compounds were screened for anticancer activity by in-silico and in-vitro methods. The cytotoxicity of the synthesized unique compounds had been executed for two different cancer cell lines MCF-7 (Breast cancer) and KB (Oral cancer) in comparison with standard paclitaxel by MTT assay. Results: The compound 7f is the potent motif with an acceptable range of IC 50 values for anticancer activity were 63.54 µg/ml and 55.67 µg/ml, against the MCF-7 and KB cell lines, respectively. Molecule docking model revealed that this compound formed three conventional hydrogen bonds with the active sites of the amino acids MET 769, ARG 817 and LYS 721. Conclusion: Compound 7f with two methyl groups on the phenoxy ring and one 4-position methoxy group on the benzoyl ring, showed a significant cytotoxic effect. An advantageous level of low toxicity against normal cell line (L292) by MTT assay was determined.

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