Mechanisms of Plant Defense under Pathogen Stress: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Sood ◽  
Dhriti Kapoor ◽  
Vipul Kumar ◽  
Namarta Kalia ◽  
Renu Bhardwaj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Defense ◽  
Plant Architecture ◽  
Biotic Factors ◽  
Host Pathogen Interaction ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Multiple Processes ◽  
Host Pathogen ◽  
Sessile Organisms ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Cell Signaling Pathways

: Being sessile organisms, plants are persistently confronted by a diverse array of biotic agents, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, herbivores and nematodes. So, understanding the mechanism of host-pathogen interactions is essential for improving plant resistance to these against biotic factors. In this review, we have discussed various means and mechanisms by which pathogens influence the host plant defense. A virulent pathogen can reduce the growth and development of a plant, which eventually lowers its yield by multiple processes, like enhancement in cell death, as well as modification of plant architecture. This review also explains the various strategies used by plants to control pathogen caused diseases. These mainly include either resistance or tolerance by activating cell signaling pathways, which further regulate the synthesis and accumulation of several cellular products, such as phytohormones, enzymes, proteins and secondary metabolites. To minimize the influence of infection on their vigor, plants also exhibit immunity regardless of the heights of pathogen multiplication. The current review provides an important insight into the mechanisms of host-pathogen interaction, which is very significant for efficient disease management.

Nicotiana benthamiana as model plant for Meloidogyne graminicola infection

Nematology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 491-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Naalden ◽  
Ruben Verbeek ◽  
Godelieve Gheysen
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Nicotiana Benthamiana ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Meloidogyne Graminicola ◽  
Model Plant ◽  
Host Pathogen Interaction ◽  
Host Pathogen ◽  
Insight Into

Summary Nicotiana benthamiana is widely used as a model plant to analyse cell biology and to obtain insight into the molecular host-pathogen interaction because it is susceptible to many pathogens. Since N. benthamiana can be transformed easily, it is also used to study pathogens for which it is not a known host. Meloidogyne graminicola has a fairly broad host range of mainly monocots and some dicots but no data were available on the ability of M. graminicola to infect N. benthamiana. In this study, we show that M. graminicola is able to infect and complete its life cycle in N. benthamiana, although our experiments demonstrate a lower susceptibility compared to rice. In addition, M. graminicola was also able to develop in N. tabacum but the reproduction was very low. Therefore, we conclude that N. benthamiana can be considered as a host, while this is not the case for N. tabacum.

scholarly journals Biomonitoring of Heavy Metals: The Unexplored Role of Marine Sessile Taxa

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 580
Author(s):  
Camilla Roveta ◽  
Anna Annibaldi ◽  
Afghan Afghan ◽  
Barbara Calcinai ◽  
Cristina Gioia Di Camillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Shallow Waters ◽  
Anthropogenic Inputs ◽  
Current Review ◽  
European Water ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Sessile Organisms

Coastal areas are known to receive significant anthropogenic inputs, mainly deriving from metropolitan areas, industries, and activities related to tourism. Among these inputs, some trace elements are listed as priority pollutants in the European Water Framework Directive, due to their ability to bioaccumulate in organisms. Many studies have been conducted on heavy metals (HMs) accumulation and on their possible effects on different edible marine species. While the most studied sessile organisms are bivalves, in the current review, we focus our attention on other sessile taxa (sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, polychaetes, cirripeds, and tunicates), proposed as bioindicators in coastal shallow waters. Although their potential as bioindicator tools has been repeatedly highlighted in the literature, these organisms are still poorly investigated and considered for monitoring. In this context, we analyze the available literature about this topic, in order to summarize the current knowledge and identify possible applications of these organisms in a bioremediation scenario.

scholarly journals The Role of Macrophages in the Host’s Defense against Sporothrix schenckii

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 905
Author(s):  
Estela Ruiz-Baca ◽  
Armando Pérez-Torres ◽  
Yolanda Romo-Lozano ◽  
Daniel Cervantes-García ◽  
Carlos A. Alba-Fierro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Macrophage Polarization ◽  
Sporothrix Schenckii ◽  
Macrophage Cell ◽  
Cell Recruitment ◽  
Host Pathogen Interaction ◽  
Interaction Processes ◽  
Host Pathogen ◽  
Molecular Patterns

The role of immune cells associated with sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix schenckii is not yet fully clarified. Macrophages through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) can recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of Sporothrix, engulf it, activate respiratory burst, and secrete pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory biological mediators to control infection. It is important to consider that the characteristics associated with S. schenckii and/or the host may influence macrophage polarization (M1/M2), cell recruitment, and the type of immune response (1, 2, and 17). Currently, with the use of new monocyte-macrophage cell lines, it is possible to evaluate different host–pathogen interaction processes, which allows for the proposal of new mechanisms in human sporotrichosis. Therefore, in order to contribute to the understanding of these host–pathogen interactions, the aim of this review is to summarize and discuss the immune responses induced by macrophage-S. schenckii interactions, as well as the PRRs and PAMPs involved during the recognition of S. schenckii that favor the immune evasion by the fungus.

scholarly journals Revisiting an Aspergillus flavus Strain Isolated from an Egyptian Sugarcane Field in 1930

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1633
Author(s):  
Mohamed F. Abdallah ◽  
Kris Audenaert ◽  
Sarah De Saeger ◽  
Jos Houbraken
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Short Communication ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Type B ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
Sugarcane Field ◽  
Host Pathogen Interaction ◽  
Sugarcane Crop ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Shed Light

The aflatoxin type B and G producer Aspergillus novoparasiticus was described in 2012 and was firstly reported from sputum, hospital air (Brazil), and soil (Colombia). Later, several survey studies reported the occurrence of this species in different foods and other agricultural commodities from several countries worldwide. This short communication reports on an old fungal strain (CBS 108.30), isolated from Pseudococcus sacchari (grey sugarcane mealybug) from an Egyptian sugarcane field in (or before) 1930. This strain was initially identified as Aspergillus flavus; however, using the latest taxonomy schemes, the strain is, in fact, A. novoparasiticus. These data and previous reports indicate that A. novoparasiticus is strongly associated with sugarcane, and pre-harvest biocontrol approaches with non-toxigenic A. novoparasiticus strains are likely to be more successful than those using non-toxigenic A. flavus strains. Further studies on the association between A. novoparasiticus and Pseudococcus sacchari might shed light on the distribution (and aflatoxin contamination) of this species in sugarcane. Additionally, the interaction between A. novoparasiticus, Pseudococcus sacchari, and sugarcane crop under different scenarios of climate change will be critical in order to get more insight into the host–pathogen interaction and host resistance and propose appropriate prevention strategies to decrease mycotoxin contamination and crop loss due to A. novoparasiticus attack.

scholarly journals Mycobacterium tuberculosis adhesins: potential biomarkers as anti-tuberculosis therapeutic and diagnostic targets

Microbiology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 160 (9) ◽  
pp. 1821-1831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viveshree S. Govender ◽  
Saiyur Ramsugit ◽  
Manormoney Pillay
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Tuberculosis Control ◽  
Surface Molecules ◽  
Host Pathogen Interaction ◽  
Bacterial Aggregation ◽  
Insight Into

Adhesion to host cells is a precursor to host colonization and evasion of the host immune response. Conversely, it triggers the induction of the immune response, a process vital to the host’s defence against infection. Adhesins are microbial cell surface molecules or structures that mediate the attachment of the microbe to host cells and thus the host–pathogen interaction. They also play a crucial role in bacterial aggregation and biofilm formation. In this review, we discuss the role of adhesins in the pathogenesis of the aetiological agent of tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We also provide insight into the structure and characteristics of some of the characterized and putative M. tuberculosis adhesins. Finally, we examine the potential of adhesins as targets for the development of tuberculosis control strategies.

scholarly journals Host–Pathogen Interaction in Invasive Salmonellosis

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. e1002933 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna K. de Jong ◽  
Chris M. Parry ◽  
Tom van der Poll ◽  
W. Joost Wiersinga
Keyword(s):  
Host Pathogen Interaction ◽  
Host Pathogen

Potential therapeutic approaches in paraquat poisoning: a narrative review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Ghabousian ◽  
Saeed Safari ◽  
Niloufar Ansari
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Cell Injury ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Medical Condition ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Traditional Treatment ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Novel Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Cell Signaling Pathways

Paraquat dichloride (PQ) poisoning is a relatively rare yet critical medical condition that has a high case fatality rate. Lung tissue is highly susceptible to PQ-induced injury, and respiratory failure is the leading cause of death in these patients. Unfortunately, there is a lack of an effective therapeutic approach to ameliorate outcomes. It is well-known that PQ interferes with a variety of cell signaling pathways and induces the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which ultimately results in cell injury. The traditional treatment decisions have not been able to significantly change the clinical course of PQ poisoning. Moreover, novel therapeutic strategies for PQ poisoning have centered on the inhibition of PQ-induced signaling pathways. In the current review, we sought to provide a bird’s-eye view of the available therapeutic approaches in patients with PQ poisoning.

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