The Roles of mitochondrial dysfunction and Reactive Oxygen Species in Aging and Senescence

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aliabbas Zia ◽  
Tahereh Farkhondeh ◽  
Ali Mohammad Pourbagher-Shahri ◽  
Saeed Samarghandian
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Aging Process ◽  
Replicative Senescence ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Antioxidant Defenses ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Mitochondrial Dna Mutation ◽  
Tissue Aging

: The aging process deteriorates organs' function at different levels, causing its progressive decline to resist stress, damage, and disease. In addition to alterations in metabolic control and gene expression, the rate of aging has been connected with the generation of high amounts of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). The essential perspective in free radical biology is that reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals are toxic, mostly cause direct biological damage to targets, and are thus a major cause of oxidative stress. Different enzymatic and non-enzymatic compounds in the cells have roles in neutralizing this toxicity. Oxidative damage in aging is mostly high in particular molecular targets, such as mitochondrial DNA and aconitase, and oxidative stress in mitochondria can cause tissue aging across intrinsic apoptosis. Mitochondria's function and morphology are impaired through aging, following a decrease in the membrane potential by an increase in peroxide generation and size of the organelles. Telomeres may be the significant trigger of replicative senescence. Oxidative stress accelerates telomere loss, whereas antioxidants slow it down. Oxidative stress is a crucial modulator of telomere shortening, and that telomere-driven replicative senescence is mainly a stress response. The age-linked mitochondrial DNA mutation and protein dysfunction aggregate in some organs like the brain and skeletal muscle, thus contributing considerably to these post-mitotic tissues' aging. The aging process is mostly due to accumulated damage done by harmful species in some macromolecules such proteins, DNA, and lipids. The degradation of non-functional, oxidized proteins is a crucial part of the antioxidant defenses of cells, in which the clearance of these proteins occurs through autophagy in the cells, which is known as mitophagy for mitochondria.

Exploring the Potentials of Antioxidants in Retarding Ageing

2017 ◽  
pp. 166-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minu Kesheri ◽  
Swarna Kanchan ◽  
Rajeshwar P. Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Aging Process ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Antioxidant Defenses ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Living Organisms

In retrospect to the rise in the occurrence of ageing related disorders and the everlasting desire to overcome ageing, exploring the causes, mechanisms and therapies to curb ageing becomes relevant. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are commonly generated during normal growth and development. However abiotic and biotic stresses enhance the level of ROS which in turn pose the threat of oxidative stress. Ability to perceive ROS and to speedily commence antioxidant defenses is crucial for the survival as well as longevity of living cells. Therefore living organisms are bestowed with antioxidants to combat the damages caused by oxidative stress. This chapter aims to elucidate an overview of the process of ageing, generation and enhancement of reactive oxygen species, damages incurred by oxidative stress, its amelioration strategies, therapeutic and biotechnological potentials of antioxidants and various sources of bioactive compounds significant in retardation of aging process.

Exploring the Potentials of Antioxidants in Retarding Ageing

2019 ◽  
pp. 236-259
Author(s):  
Minu Kesheri ◽  
Swarna Kanchan ◽  
Rajeshwar P. Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Aging Process ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Antioxidant Defenses ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Living Organisms

In retrospect to the rise in the occurrence of ageing related disorders and the everlasting desire to overcome ageing, exploring the causes, mechanisms and therapies to curb ageing becomes relevant. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are commonly generated during normal growth and development. However abiotic and biotic stresses enhance the level of ROS which in turn pose the threat of oxidative stress. Ability to perceive ROS and to speedily commence antioxidant defenses is crucial for the survival as well as longevity of living cells. Therefore living organisms are bestowed with antioxidants to combat the damages caused by oxidative stress. This chapter aims to elucidate an overview of the process of ageing, generation and enhancement of reactive oxygen species, damages incurred by oxidative stress, its amelioration strategies, therapeutic and biotechnological potentials of antioxidants and various sources of bioactive compounds significant in retardation of aging process.

Mitochondrial DNA haplogroup H association with endometriosis and possible role in inflammation and pain

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 158-164
Author(s):  
Razan Asally ◽  
Robert Markham ◽  
Frank Manconi
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Pain Mechanisms ◽  
Nociceptive Neurons ◽  
Species Production ◽  
Inherited Risk

Introduction: Endometriosis is an inflammatory disease characterised by the presence of endometrial-like tissue outside the uterus and affects approximately 10%–15% of women in their reproductive years. Pain is one of the predominant symptoms of the disease. Oxidative stress is involved in the pathophysiology of endometriosis and develops when there is an imbalance between the reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species production, and the elimination capacity of antioxidants in the reproductive tract. High levels of reactive oxygen species can induce pain indirectly through oxidative stress-associated inflammation or directly through sensitising the nociceptive neurons that transmit the signals to the cerebral sensory cortex which are perceived as a feeling of pain. Mitochondria are the main source of reactive oxygen species, which generate through oxidative phosphorylation. Given that the mitochondria are involved in reactive oxygen species formation and energy production, which are required for the activation and proliferation of peripheral lymphocytes, it has been suggested that mitochondrial DNA variants are involved in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. This study has provided a better understanding of maternally inherited risk factors which contribute to the pain mechanisms associated with endometriosis. Results: Mitochondrial DNA haplogroup H was found to be significantly higher in women with endometriosis. This study was the first to report the association between the European mitochondrial haplogroup H and the risk of pain associated with endometriosis. Discussion: The results suggest that there are maternally inherited risk factors in women with endometriosis causing high reactive oxygen species production and oxidative stress, which facilitate pain generation in women with endometriosis.

scholarly journals IP3Receptors, Mitochondria, and Ca2+Signaling: Implications for Aging

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Paul Decuypere ◽  
Giovanni Monaco ◽  
Ludwig Missiaen ◽  
Humbert De Smedt ◽  
Jan B. Parys ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Mitochondrial Dysfunction ◽  
Mitochondrial Function ◽  
Aging Process ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Intracellular Ca ◽  
Uptake Mechanisms

The tight interplay between endoplasmic-reticulum-(ER-) and mitochondria-mediated Ca2+signaling is a key determinant of cellular health and cellular fate through the control of apoptosis and autophagy. Proteins that prevent or promote apoptosis and autophagy can affect intracellular Ca2+dynamics and homeostasis through binding and modulation of the intracellular Ca2+-release and Ca2+-uptake mechanisms. During aging, oxidative stress becomes an additional factor that affects ER and mitochondrial function and thus their role in Ca2+signaling. Importantly, mitochondrial dysfunction and sustained mitochondrial damage are likely to underlie part of the aging process. In this paper, we will discuss the different mechanisms that control intracellular Ca2+signaling with respect to apoptosis and autophagy and review how these processes are affected during aging through accumulation of reactive oxygen species.

Overproduction of NOX-derived ROS in AML promotes proliferation and is associated with defective oxidative stress signaling

Blood ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 122 (19) ◽  
pp. 3322-3330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul S. Hole ◽  
Joanna Zabkiewicz ◽  
Chinmay Munje ◽  
Zarabeth Newton ◽  
Lorna Pearn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Oxidative Stress Response ◽  
Antioxidant Defenses ◽  
Stress Signaling ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Key Points ◽  
P38mapk Signaling

Key Points More than 60% of primary AML blasts constitutively produce high levels of NOX-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS), which drives AML proliferation. High ROS AMLs show depleted antioxidant defenses but evade the oxidative stress response through suppression of p38MAPK signaling.

Cellular responses to reactive oxygen species-induced DNA damage and aging

2008 ◽  
Vol 389 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catharina Bertram ◽  
Ralf Hass
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Dna Damage ◽  
Replicative Senescence ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Premature Aging ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
In Cells

Abstract Oxidative stress in cells and tissues can occur during pathophysiological developments, e.g., during inflammatory and allergic diseases or during ischemic or toxic and hyperglycemic conditions via the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, ROS can be generated by radiation (UV, X-rays) and pharmacologically, e.g., by anthracyclins as chemotherapeutic compounds for treatment of a variety of tumors to induce ‘stress or aberrant signaling-inducing senescence’ (STASIS). Although STASIS is distinguished from intracellular replicative senescence, a variety of cellular mechanisms appear similar in both aging pathways. It is generally accepted that oxidative stress and ROS eventually cause DNA damage, whereby insufficient cellular repair mechanisms may contribute to premature aging and apoptosis. Conversely, ROS-induced imbalances of the signaling pathways for metabolic protein turnover may also result in opposite effects to recruit malfunctioning aberrant proteins and compounds that trigger tumorigenic processes. Consequently, DNA damage plays a role in the development of carcinogenesis, but is also associated with an aging process in cells and organisms.

scholarly journals Aging is associated with hypoxia and oxidative stress in adipose tissue: implications for adipose function

2011 ◽  
Vol 301 (4) ◽  
pp. E599-E607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Le Zhang ◽  
Philip J. Ebenezer ◽  
Kalavathi Dasuri ◽  
Sun Ok Fernandez-Kim ◽  
Joseph Francis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Tissue Aging

As a part of aging there are known to be numerous alterations which occur in multiple tissues of the body, and the focus of this study was to determine the extent to which oxidative stress and hypoxia occur during adipose tissue aging. In our studies we demonstrate for the first time that aging is associated with both hypoxia (38% reduction in oxygen levels, Po2 21.7 mmHg) and increases reactive oxygen species in visceral fat depots of aging male C57Bl/6 mice. Interestingly, aging visceral fat depots were observed to have significantly less change in the expression of genes involved in redox regulation compared with aging subcutaneous fat tissue. Exposure of 3T3-L1 adipocytes to the levels of hypoxia observed in aging adipose tissue was sufficient to alter multiple aspects of adipose biology inducing increased levels of in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and decreased lipid content. Taken together, these data demonstrate that hypoxia and increased levels of reactive oxygen species occur in aging adipose tissue, highlighting the potential for these two stressors as potential modulators of adipose dysfunction during aging.

scholarly journals Antioxidant potentials of Miyan Kuka (Baobab leaves)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduitem S. Otong ◽  
Sunday A. Musa
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Free Radicals ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Singlet Oxygen ◽  
Nitrosative Stress ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Antioxidant Defenses ◽  
Oxygen Species

Antioxidant is any substance that directly scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS) or indirectly acts to up-regulate antioxidant defenses or inhibit ROS production. The review is aimed at highlighting the components of baobab leaves with antioxidant capabilities. Articles were searched from the Directory of Open Access Journals, PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct using key words such as composition of baobab leaves, antioxidant properties of baobab leaf, reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress and antioxidant. The result showed that boabab leaves are good sources of food with a lot of antioxidant components such as vitamin C, carotenes, flavonoids, zinc etc. These antioxidant components help to regulate ROS including free radicals such as superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical, as well as non-radical molecules like hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen. Baobab leaves carry out the antioxidant activities through the following processes: scavenging and neutralizing free radicals, singlet oxygen quenching, superoxide radical scavenging, hydrogen donation, metal chelating, enzymes inhibition, peroxide decomposing and synergies. They also help in activating antioxidant enzymes, reduce α-tocopherol radicals, reduce nitrosative stress, prevent oxidases, and increase levels of uric acid and low molecular weight molecules which ultimately help to reduce oxidation in the long run. Baobab leaves are rich in phytochemicals with a lot of antioxidant capabilities due to the present of several components like vitamin C, carotenes, flavenoids, etc. These components work in different ways to regulate reactive oxygen species and by extension prevent oxidative stress.

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