Negatively-charged liposome nanoparticles can prevent dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis progression in the rabbit model

Background and Aim: Negatively charged nanoliposomes have a strong attraction towards plasma lipoprotein particles and can thereby regulate lipid metabolism. Here, the impact of such nanoliposomes on dyslipidaemia and progression of atherosclerosis was investigated in a rabbit model. Methods: Two sets of negatively-charged nanoliposome formulations including [hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine (HSPC)/1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphoglycerol (DSPG)] and [1,2-Dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (DMPC)/1,2-Dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (DMPG)/Cholesterol] were evaluated. Rabbits fed a high-cholesterol diet were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=5/group) intravenously administrated with HSPC/DSPG formulation (DSPG group; 100 mmol/kg), DMPC/DMPG formulation (DMPG group; 100 mmol/kg), or the normal saline (control group; 0.9% NaCl) over a 4-week period. The atherosclerotic lesions of the aortic arch wall were studied using haematoxylin and eosin staining. Results: Both DSPG and DMPG nanoliposome formulations showed a nano-sized range in diameter with a negatively-charged surface and a polydispersity index of <0.1. After 4 weeks administration, the nanoliposome formulations decreased triglycerides (-62±3% [DSPG group] and -58±2% [DMPG group]), total cholesterol (-58±9% [DSPG group] and -37±5% [DMPG group]), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (-64±6% [DSPG group] and -53±10% [DMPG group]) levels, and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (+67±28% [DSPG group] and +35±19% [DMPG group]) levels compared with the controls. The nanoliposomes showed a significant decrease in the severity of atherosclerotic lesions: mean values of the intima to media ratio in DMPG (0.96±0.1 fold) and DSPG (0.54±0.02 fold) groups were found to be significantly lower than that in the control (1.2±0.2 fold) group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Anionic nanoliposomes containing [HSPC/DSPG] and [DMPC/DMPG] correct dyslipidaemia and inhibit the progression of atherosclerosis.

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Mikania micrantha Extract Inhibits HMG-CoA Reductase and ACAT2 and Ameliorates Hypercholesterolemia and Lipid Peroxidation in High Cholesterol-Fed Rats

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12103077 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 3077

Author(s):

Azlinda Ibrahim ◽

Nurul Husna Shafie ◽

Norhaizan Mohd Esa ◽

Siti Raihanah Shafie ◽

Hasnah Bahari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Enzyme Analysis ◽

Control Group ◽

High Cholesterol Diet ◽

High Cholesterol ◽

Hmg Coa Reductase ◽

Mikania Micrantha ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Coa Reductase

The present study aimed to determine the effect of an ethyl acetate extract of Mikania micrantha stems (EAMMS) in hypercholesterolemia-induced rats. Rats were divided into a normal group (NC) and hypercholesterolemia induced groups: hypercholesterolemia control group (PC), simvastatin group (SV) (10 mg/kg) and EAMMS extract groups at different dosages of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, respectively. Blood serum and tissues were collected for haematological, biochemical, histopathological, and enzyme analysis. Total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), urea, creatinine, malondialdehyde (MDA) level, as well as enzymes of HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) and acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase 2 (ACAT2), were measured. Feeding rats with high cholesterol diet for eight weeks resulted in a significantly (p < 0.05) increased of TC, TG, LDL-C, AST, ALT and MDA levels. Meanwhile, the administration of EAMMS extract (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) and simvastatin (10 mg/kg) significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the levels of TC, TG, LDL-C and MDA compared to rats in the PC group. Furthermore, all EAMMS and SV-treated groups showed a higher HDL-C level compared to both NC and PC groups. No significant difference was found in the level of ALT, AST, urea and creatinine between the different dosages in EAMMS extracts. Treatment with EAMMS also exhibited the highest inhibition activity of enzyme HMGCR and ACAT2 as compared to the control group. From the histopathological examination, liver tissues in the PC group showed severe steatosis than those fed with EAMMS and normal diet. Treatment with EAMMS extract ameliorated and reduced the pathological changes in the liver. No morphological changes showed in the kidney structure of both control and treated groups. In conclusion, these findings demonstrated that EAMMS extract has anti-hypercholesterolemia properties and could be used as an alternative treatment for this disorder.

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Effect of curry leaves and cucumber fruit on lipid profile in menopausal women with hyperlipidaemia: a randomized controlled pilot study

International Journal of Clinical Trials ◽

10.18203/2349-3259.ijct20164059 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 7

Author(s):

John Molly ◽

Silvia Edison ◽

R. Vijajaraghavan ◽

Thekuttuparambil Ananthanarayanan Ajith

Keyword(s):

Rural Communities ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Treated Group ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Control Group ◽

Mean Values ◽

Curry Leaves ◽

Cucumber Fruit ◽

Menopausal Women

Background: Hyperlipidemia increases the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVD). This study was aimed to determine the effect of curry leaves powder and slicing cucumber fruit on hyperlipidemia in the menopausal women of rural communities.Methods: Thirty menopausal healthy women of rural communities (45–65 years of age) with mild hyperlipidemia were divided and randomly assigned into control group, subjects without any treatment and 2 experimental groups, one group treated with cucumber (100-125 g) and other group treated with curry leaves powder (5 g), once daily for 45 consecutive days. The demographic variables were collected using questionnaire. Fasting blood samples were collected before and after the intervention and determined total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein- cholesterol (HDL-C) and triacyl glycerol (TAG).Results: TC, LDL-C and TAG were significantly (p <0.05) reduced in the curry leaves powder and cucumber treated groups. HDL-C level (46.1±9.2 mg/dl) was significantly (p <0.05) elevated (average 12%) only in the curry leaves powder treated group. Though the mean values of TC, LDL-C and TAG were elevated in the control group, the elevation was statistically non-significant. Comparing the efficacy of the test substances at the tested doses, HDL-C level in the curry leaves treated group showed statistically significant elevation (p =0.09). Conclusions: Curry leaves and cucumber were effective in improving HDL-C and lowering of LDL-C and TAG levels in menopausal women with hyperlipidemia, suggest the potential neutraceutical role in treating CVD.

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Enhanced expression of salusin-β contributes to progression of atherosclerosis in LDL receptor deficient mice

Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology ◽

10.1139/y2012-022 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 90 (4) ◽

pp. 463-471 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Cheng-Hua Zhou ◽

Lan-Lan Liu ◽

Yu-Qing Wu ◽

Zheng Song ◽

Shu-Hua Xing

Keyword(s):

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Ldl Receptor ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Low Density ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Atherosclerotic Lesions ◽

Density Lipoprotein Receptor ◽

Enhanced Expression ◽

Progression Of Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is an important underlying pathology of cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to observe the expression of salusin-β, a new vasoactive peptide, in vascular tissues of low-density lipoprotein receptor deficient (LDLR–/–) mice, and to evaluate the effect of salusin-β on the development of atherosclerosis in LDLR–/– mice. Six-week-old, male LDLR–/– mice were subcutaneously injected with salusin-β or the vehicle, once a day for 12 weeks. The expressions of salusin-β in both mRNA and peptide levels were determined by reverse transcription – polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. Atherosclerotic lesions were analyzed by staining with hematoxylin and eosin or oil red O. Our results showed that expression of salusin-β in mRNA and salusin-β peptide levels were enhanced in LDLR–/– mice. Subcutaneous injection of salusin-β significantly aggravated the atherosclerotic lesions, and increased lipid deposits in the arteries of LDLR–/– mice. Moreover, salusin-β significantly increased the serum level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, but not total cholesterol, triglycerides, or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. These results suggest that the enhanced expression of salusin-β contributes to progression of atherosclerosis in LDLR–/– mice by up-regulating the serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level. This study provides a potential therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis.

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Genetic Markers Associated to Dyslipidemia in HIV-Infected Individuals on HAART

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1155/2013/608415 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Rosmeri K. Lazzaretti ◽

Aline S. Gasparotto ◽

Marina G. de M. Sassi ◽

Carísi A. Polanczyk ◽

Regina Kuhmmer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antiretroviral Therapy ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽

Mean Values ◽

Therapy Regimen ◽

Cholesterol Levels ◽

The Impact

This study evaluated the impact of 9 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 6 candidate genes (APOB, APOA5, APOE, APOC3, SCAP, andLDLR) over dyslipidemia in HIV-infected patients on stable antiretroviral therapy (ART) with undetectable viral loads. Blood samples were collected from 614 patients at reference services in the cities of Porto Alegre, Pelotas, and Rio Grande in Brazil. The SNPs were genotyped by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR. The prevalence of dyslipidemia was particularly high among the protease inhibitors-treated patients (79%).APOE(rs429358 and rs7412) genotypes andAPOA5−1131T>C (rs662799) were associated with plasma triglycerides (TG) and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol levels (LDL-C). TheAPOA5−1131T>C (rs662799) andSCAP2386A>G (rs12487736) polymorphisms were significantly associated with high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol levels. The mean values of the total cholesterol and LDL-C levels were associated with both theAPOBSPIns/Del(rs17240441) andAPOB XbaI(rs693) polymorphisms. In conclusion, our data support the importance of genetic factors in the determination of lipid levels in HIV-infected individuals. Due to the relatively high number of carriers of these risk variants, studies to verify treatment implications of genotyping before HAART initiation may be advisable to guide the selection of an appropriate antiretroviral therapy regimen.

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Effect of dietary probiotic, antibiotic or combination on broiler performance, cecum microbial population and ileal development

Mansoura Veterinary Medical Journal ◽

10.35943/mvmj.2020.21.313 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 74-79

Author(s):

Ahmed Elbaz ◽

Said El-sheikh

Keyword(s):

Control Diet ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Control Group ◽

Gut Health ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Broiler Performance

Objective: To investigate the effect of antibiotics and/or probiotics on broiler performance, some serum metabolites, cecum microflora composition, and ileum histomorphology under the Egyptian conditions. Design: Randomized controlled experimental study. Animals: Two hundred forty 1-day-old Ross (308) chicks were reared till 35 days of age. Procedures: The birds were randomly allocated into four main groups: a control diet without additives (CON); probiotic (Lactobacillus acidophilus) supplemented diet (PRO); antibiotic (Avilamycin) supplemented diet (ANT) and a mix group (AP) that received antibiotic in the diet form 1 to 4 days of age and treated during the rest of the experimental period with probiotics. Results: Chickens fed on probiotic or antibiotic diets had linear improvement in live body weight (LBW) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared with the control group, while the best LBW and FCR were in the AP group. An improvement in the nutrient digestibility was observed in the probiotic added groups (PRO and AP). Serum cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol contents decreased when antimicrobial (probiotic or antibiotic) supplementations were used, while there was an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol contents, serum total protein, and albumin levels. Among all groups, cecum Clostridium perfringens and Escherichia coli counts decreased; however, there was an increase in Lactobacillus count compared to the control group. In probiotic supplemented groups (PRO and AP), a significant (P<0.05) improvement in ilea architecture. Conclusion and clinical relevance: Using probiotic after initial treatment with an antibiotic in broiler diets had a positive effect on broiler growth performance, gut health (improved cecum microbial populations and ileum histomorphology), and nutrient digestibility.

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Interactions of Oxysterols with Atherosclerosis Biomarkers in Subjects with Moderate Hypercholesterolemia and Effects of a Nutraceutical Combination (Bifidobacterium longum BB536, Red Yeast Rice Extract) (Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study)

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13020427 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 427

Author(s):

Stefania Cicolari ◽

Chiara Pavanello ◽

Elena Olmastroni ◽

Marina Del Puppo ◽

Marco Bertolotti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bifidobacterium Longum ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Mass Spectrometry Analysis ◽

Abdominal Circumference ◽

Controlled Study ◽

Red Yeast Rice ◽

Double Blind ◽

Red Yeast ◽

The Impact

Background: Oxysterol relationship with cardiovascular (CV) risk factors is poorly explored, especially in moderately hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Moreover, the impact of nutraceuticals controlling hypercholesterolaemia on plasma levels of 24-, 25- and 27-hydroxycholesterol (24-OHC, 25-OHC, 27-OHC) is unknown. Methods: Subjects (n = 33; 18–70 years) with moderate hypercholesterolaemia (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C:): 130–200 mg/dL), in primary CV prevention as well as low CV risk were studied cross-sectionally. Moreover, they were evaluated after treatment with a nutraceutical combination (Bifidobacterium longum BB536, red yeast rice extract (10 mg/dose monacolin K)), following a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled design. We evaluated 24-OHC, 25-OHC and 27-OHC levels by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. Results: 24-OHC and 25-OHC were significantly correlated, 24-OHC was correlated with apoB. 27-OHC and 27-OHC/total cholesterol (TC) were higher in men (median 209 ng/mL and 77 ng/mg, respectively) vs. women (median 168 ng/mL and 56 ng/mg, respectively); 27-OHC/TC was significantly correlated with abdominal circumference, visceral fat and, negatively, with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Triglycerides were significantly correlated with 24-OHC, 25-OHC and 27-OHC and with 24-OHC/TC and 25-OHC/TC. After intervention, 27-OHC levels were significantly reduced by 10.4% in the nutraceutical group Levels of 24-OHC, 24-OHC/TC, 25-OHC, 25-OHC/TC and 27-OHC/TC were unchanged. Conclusions: In this study, conducted in moderate hypercholesterolemic subjects, we observed novel relationships between 24-OHC, 25-OHC and 27-OHC and CV risk biomarkers. In addition, no adverse changes of OHC levels upon nutraceutical treatment were found.

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Effect of fatty Amazon fish consumption on lipid metabolism

Revista de Nutrição ◽

10.1590/1415-52732014000100009 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 97-105 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Francisca das Chagas do Amaral Souza ◽

Nadja Pinto Garcia ◽

Rejane Souza de Aquino Sales ◽

Jaime Paiva Lopes Aguiar ◽

Wallice Luiz Paxiúba Duncan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lipid Metabolism ◽

High Density Lipoprotein ◽

High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Amazon Basin ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

High Density ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Control Group ◽

Fatty Fish ◽

Serum Triglycerides

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of feeding diets enriched with fatty fish from the Amazon basin on lipid metabolism. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control group treated with commercial chow; Mapará group was fed diet enriched with Hypophthalmus edentatus; Matrinxã group was fed diet enriched with Brycon spp.; and, Tambaqui group was fed diet enriched with Colossoma macropomum. Rats with approximately 240g±0.60 of body weight were fed ad libitum for 30 days, and then were sacrificed for collection of whole blood and tissues. RESULTS: The groups treated with enriched diets showed a significant reduction in body mass and lipogenesis in the epididymal and retroperitoneal adipose tissues and carcass when compared with the control group. However, lipogenesis in the liver showed an increase in Matrinxã group compared with the others groups. The levels of serum triglycerides in the treated groups with Amazonian fish were significantly lower than those of the control group. Moreover, total cholesterol concentration only decreased in the group Matrinxã. High Density Lipoprotein cholesterol levels increased significantly in the Mapará and Tambaqui compared with control group and Matrinxã group. The insulin and leptin levels increased significantly in all treatment groups. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that diets enriched with fatty fish from the Amazon basin changed the lipid metabolism by reducing serum triglycerides and increasing high density lipoprotein-cholesterol in rats fed with diets enriched with Mapará, Matrinxã, and Tambaqui.

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Functional Probiotic Assessment andIn VivoCholesterol-Lowering Efficacy ofWeissellasp. Associated with Arid Lands Living-Hosts

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2018/1654151 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Imene Fhoula ◽

Amel Rehaiem ◽

Afef Najjari ◽

Donatella Usai ◽

Abdellatif Boudabous ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Lines ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Membrane Properties ◽

Total Serum ◽

Total Serum Cholesterol ◽

High Cholesterol Diet ◽

Carbohydrate Utilization ◽

Acid And Bile Tolerance

The research and the selection of novel probiotic strains from novel niches are receiving increased attention on their proclaimed health benefits to both humans and animals. This study aimed to evaluate the functional properties ofWeissellastrains from arid land living-hosts and to select strains with cholesterol-lowering propertyin vitroandin vivo, for use as probiotics. They were assessed for acid and bile tolerance, antibiotic susceptibility, membrane properties, antibacterial activity, antiadhesive effect against pathogens to host cell lines, and cholesterol assimilationin vitro. Our results showed that the majority of strains revealed resistance to gastrointestinal conditions. All the strains were nonhemolytic and sensitive to most of the tested antibiotics. They also exhibited high rates of autoaggregation and some of them showed high coaggregation with selected pathogens and high adhesion ability to two different cell lines (Caco-2 and MIM/PPk). Particularly,W. halotoleransF99, from camel feces, presented a broad antibacterial spectrum against pathogens, reducedEnterococcus faecalisandEscherichia coliadhesion to Caco-2 cells, and was found to reduce,in vitro, the cholesterol level by 49 %. Moreover,W. halotoleransF99 was evaluated for the carbohydrate utilization as well as the serum lipid metabolism effect in Wistar rats fed a high-cholesterol diet.W. halotoleransF99 showed an interesting growth on different plant-derivative oligosaccharides as sole carbon sources. Compared with rats fed a high-fat (HF) diet withoutWeissellaadministration, total serum cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides levels were significantly (p<0.001) reduced inW. halotoleransF99-treated HF rats, with no significant change in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol HDL-C levels. On the basis of these results, this is the first study to report thatW. halotoleransF99, from camel feces, can be developed as cholesterol-reducing probiotic strain. Further studies may reveal their potential and possible biotechnological and probiotic applications.

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Biochemical Activity and Hypoglycemic Effects ofRumex obtusifoliusL. Seeds Used in Armenian Traditional Medicine

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2018/4526352 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Anush Aghajanyan ◽

Armine Nikoyan ◽

Armen Trchounian

Keyword(s):

Herbal Remedy ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Liver Glycogen ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Current Therapy ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Control Group ◽

Biochemical Activity ◽

Cholesterol Levels

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a serious chronic metabolic disorder. Various diseases are being treated with medicinal plants and that is because of the less side effects of the current therapy. The diversity of plants in Armenia is due to the singularity of natural environment. However, biochemical activity of these plants has not been studied well. Thus, the goal was to investigate biochemical activity and antihyperglycemic properties ofRumex obtusifoliusL. in rabbits with hyperglycemia. The high content of total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and tannins has been determined in this plant extract. Oral administration of ethanol extract showed significant effect on hyperglycemia, reducing fasting glucose levels (57.3%, p<0.05), improving glucose tolerance, and increasing liver glycogen content (1.5-fold, p<0.01) compared to the hyperglycemic control group. Furthermore, ethanol extract ofR. obtusifoliusreduced total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and vice versa increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and also decreased liver enzymes levels (alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase) compared with untreated group. These findings suggest thatR. obtusifoliusmay have beneficial effects and should be supplement, as herbal remedy in the treatment of DM.

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Effects of Quercetin Supplementation on Lipid and Protein Metabolism after Classic Boxing Training

Journal of Education and Training Studies ◽

10.11114/jets.v5i4.2193 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 74

Author(s):

Nevzat Demirci ◽

Mehmet Akif Ziyagil

Keyword(s):

Protein Metabolism ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Control Group ◽

Physical Conditioning ◽

Control Groups ◽

Significant Difference ◽

And Control ◽

Metabolic Fitness

The metabolic fitness (MF) is a component of athletes’ physical conditioning. This study aims to investigate the effects of quercetin supplementation on Turkish Junior athletes’ lipid and protein metabolism relating to MF after one month classic boxing training. Totally 20 voluntary junior male athletes were separated into two equal groups as the experimental group (EG) and control group (CG). The participants were supplemented with 500 mg quercetin fifteen minutes before each workout in one month boxing training program. Blood samples during pre and post training were taken from athletes in order to determine metabolic fitness related parameters. Lipid profile contains low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), trigliserid (TG), total cholesterol (TC) variables while protein metabolism includes the albumin, total protein, direct bilirubin and total bilirubin parameters. The Mann Whitney U analyzes were used for comparison of the means between experimental and control groups during pre and posttest and between pre and post test results in experimental and control groups. This study showed that EG had a similar physical characteristic with CG. There were significant decrease in TC and LDL-C and an increase in HDL-C in EG while there was only significant increase in HDL-C of in controls. A significant difference of HDL-C was observed between EG and CG during pretest. In other side, TC and LDL-C and HDL-C were significantly differentiated between EG and CG during posttest. Conclusion: it can be concluded that quercetin plays an important role on lipid metabolism not protein.

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