Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19: a nanotechnological perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pankaj Kumar Tyagi ◽  
Shruti Tyagi ◽  
Mansi Mishra ◽  
Kavya Dashora
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Huge Amount ◽  
Therapeutic Applications ◽  
Point Of Care Diagnostics ◽  
The World ◽  
Diagnostic Technology ◽  
Current Scenario ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Background: According to the current scenario with millions of deaths worldwide, the outbreak of COVID-19 has really created global havoc. The vast spreading of COVID-19 has already challenged the healthcare system and economy of the world. Every country is now putting their best efforts to develop their own standards, strategies and policies to fight against this pandemic. Therefore, huge amount of research grants is allocated for the purpose of diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 globally. Objective: Scientists/researchers around the world are working in different fields, i.e., biological, physical and chemical sciences has collaborated for effective outcome in this fight. In the light of above-mentioned challenges, the researchers of nanotechnology community can contribute significantly in this direction. Results: As a team member of nanotechnology community, we suggest various research targets that can be designed/improved, optimized and developed by nanotechnologists. These research targets includes, Point-of-care diagnostics (POCD), Surveillance and monitoring, Therapeutics, Vaccine development, Improving existing drugs with potential therapeutic applications, Developing antiviral nanocoating/antimicrobial spray-based coating for PPE, Magnetic nanoparticles and viral RNA (Ribonucleic acid) and Rapid detection kits. Conclusion: It can be concluded that multiple areas such as the development of nano-biosensor based diagnostic technology (capable to produce fast and accurate results), development of nano-encapsulated drugs/vaccines or other efficient systems, testing/improving existing drugs with potential therapeutic applications, developing antiviral nanocoating/antimicrobial spray-based coating for PPE etc needs immediate attention.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid protein is decorated with multiple N- and O-glycans

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nitin T. Supekar ◽  
Asif Shajahan ◽  
Anne S. Gleinich ◽  
Daniel Rouhani ◽  
Christian Heiss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nucleocapsid Protein ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Variable Mass ◽  
Phosphorylation Site ◽  
Post Translational Modifications ◽  
N Protein ◽  
Point Of Care Diagnostics ◽  
Glycosylation Sites

AbstractSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19) started at the end of 2019 in Wuhan, China has spread rapidly and became a pandemic. Since there is no therapy available that is proven as fully protective against COVID-19, a vaccine to protect against deadly COVID-19 is urgently needed. Nucleocapsid protein (N protein), is one of the most abundant proteins in coronaviruses and is a potential target for both vaccine development and point of care diagnostics. The variable mass of N protein (45 to 60 kDa), suggests the presence of post-translational modifications (PTMs), and it is critical to clearly define these PTMs to gain the structural understanding necessary for further vaccine research. There have been several reports suggesting that the N protein is phosphorylated but lacks glycosylation. Our comprehensive glycomics and glycoproteomics experiments confirm that the N protein is highly O-glycosylated and also contains significant levels of N-glycosylation. We were able to confirm the presence of O-glycans on seven sites with substantial glycan occupancy, in addition to less abundant O-glycans on four sites. We also detected N-glycans on two out of five potential N-glycosylation sites. Moreover, we were able to confirm one phosphorylation site. Recent studies have indicated that the N protein can serve as an important diagnostic marker for coronavirus disease and a major immunogen by priming protective immune responses. Thus, detailed structural characterization of the N protein may provide useful insights for understanding the roles of glycosylation on viral pathogenesis and also in vaccine design and development.

scholarly journals Contribution of Nanotechnology in the Fight Against COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 8233-8241 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Detection ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Development Research ◽  
New Materials ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Point Of Care Diagnostics ◽  
Funding Agencies ◽  
New Research

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a respiratory infectious disease caused by a newly discovered virus strain, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-Cov-2). This pandemic spread quickly across nations with a high mortality rate in immunocompromised patients. This contagious disease posed a serious threat to health systems. It impacted the continents of the earth in a way that could not have been predicted. Therefore, many leading funding agencies announced the call for proposal to diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 pandemic using advanced technology-based methods, including nanotechnology. The researchers coming from the nanotechnology community can contribute their efforts to cope with COVID-19. As a community member of nanotechnology, we suggest some new research targets that can be designed and improved, optimized, and developed the existing/new materials in the sub-field of diagnostics and healthcare of nanotechnology. The potential research targets to fight against COVID-19 includes Point-of-care diagnostics (POCD), surveillance and monitoring, novel therapeutics, vaccine development, research, and development, repurposing existing drugs with potential therapeutic applications, development of antiviral nanocoating/antimicrobial spray-based coating for PPE, magnetic nanoparticles and viral RNA and rapid detection kits.

Perspectives and Advances in the Understanding of Tuberculosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 377-408
Author(s):  
Rachel L. Kinsella ◽  
Dennis X. Zhu ◽  
Gregory A. Harrison ◽  
Anne E. Mayer Bridwell ◽  
Jerome Prusa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
Tb Control ◽  
Point Of Care Diagnostics ◽  
Drug Regimens ◽  
Basic Biology ◽  
Antibiotic Discovery

Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), remains a leading cause of death due to infection in humans. To more effectively combat this pandemic, many aspects of TB control must be developed, including better point of care diagnostics, shorter and safer drug regimens, and a protective vaccine. To address all these areas of need, better understanding of the pathogen, host responses, and clinical manifestations of the disease is required. Recently, the application of cutting-edge technologies to the study of Mtb pathogenesis has resulted in significant advances in basic biology, vaccine development, and antibiotic discovery. This leaves us in an exciting era of Mtb research in which our understanding of this deadly infection is improving at a faster rate than ever, and renews hope in our fight to end TB. In this review, we reflect on what is known regarding Mtb pathogenesis, highlighting recent breakthroughs that will provide leverage for the next leaps forward in the field.

scholarly journals Point-of-Care Diagnostics: Molecularly Imprinted Polymers and Nanomaterials for Enhanced Biosensor Selectivity and Transduction

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 184-206
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Denmark ◽  
Subhra Mohapatra ◽  
Shyam S. Mohapatra
Keyword(s):  
Molecularly Imprinted Polymers ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Medical Diagnostics ◽  
Biomedical Science ◽  
Molecularly Imprinted ◽  
Imprinted Polymers ◽  
Point Of Care Diagnostics ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Global Population ◽  
Excellent Stability

AbstractSignificant healthcare disparities resulting from personal wealth, circumstances of birth, education level, and more are internationally prevalent. As such, advances in biomedical science overwhelmingly benefit a minority of the global population. Point-of-Care Testing (POCT) can contribute to societal equilibrium by making medical diagnostics affordable, convenient, and fast. Unfortunately, conventional POCT appears stagnant in terms of achieving significant advances. This is attributed to the high cost and instability associated with conventional biorecognition: primarily antibodies, but nucleic acids, cells, enzymes, and aptamers have also been used. Instead, state-of-the-art biosensor researchers are increasingly leveraging molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for their high selectivity, excellent stability, and amenability to a variety of physical and chemical manipulations. Besides the elimination of conventional bioreceptors, the incorporation of nanomaterials has further improved the sensitivity of biosensors. Herein, modern nanobiosensors employing MIPs for selectivity and nanomaterials for improved transduction are systematically reviewed. First, a brief synopsis of fabrication and wide-spread challenges with selectivity demonstration are presented. Afterward, the discussion turns to an analysis of relevant case studies published in the last five years. The analysis is given through two lenses: MIP-based biosensors employing specific nanomaterials and those adopting particular transduction strategies. Finally, conclusions are presented along with a look to the future through recommendations for advancing the field. It is hoped that this work will accelerate successful efforts in the field, orient new researchers, and contribute to equitable health care for all.

Current scenario of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priyank Purohit ◽  
Ravi Kumar Mittal ◽  
Kanika Bhatt
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Care ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Complete Picture ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Current Scenario ◽  
Safety Diagnosis

The COVID-19 is declared a pandemic by the WHO, which was originated from Wuhan China. Despite its zoonotic source, it is capable of transmission from human to human and causes of so many lives all around the globe approx 1M with the presence in 235 countries as per the WHO report on 15th Oct. In spite of lethal present in countries like the USA, India, and Brazil, the FDA could not approve any drug/vaccine except for emergency care, while many existing drugs like chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, remdesivir, and favipiravir came up with the new hope. As of now the physical distancing and mask are mostly adopted by the various countries. Here in the important points released by WHO, has been considered in the present review. The aim of review is to give a complete picture of the research, treatment, and affect of COVID-19 to all over the world. Here the important and relevant information mostly the current is gathered from the various sources. Herein some of the serious concern about the safety, diagnosis, and treatment is highlighted with appropriate references, which will be beneficial for the reader.

scholarly journals Capillary-Driven Flow Microfluidics Combined with Smartphone Detection: An Emerging Tool for Point-of-Care Diagnostics

Diagnostics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 509
Author(s):  
Sammer-ul Hassan ◽  
Aamira Tariq ◽  
Zobia Noreen ◽  
Ahmed Donia ◽  
Syed Z. J. Zaidi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Healthcare Systems ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Internal Wall ◽  
Point Of Care Diagnostics ◽  
The World ◽  
Flow Devices ◽  
Near Patient Testing

Point-of-care (POC) or near-patient testing allows clinicians to accurately achieve real-time diagnostic results performed at or near to the patient site. The outlook of POC devices is to provide quicker analyses that can lead to well-informed clinical decisions and hence improve the health of patients at the point-of-need. Microfluidics plays an important role in the development of POC devices. However, requirements of handling expertise, pumping systems and complex fluidic controls make the technology unaffordable to the current healthcare systems in the world. In recent years, capillary-driven flow microfluidics has emerged as an attractive microfluidic-based technology to overcome these limitations by offering robust, cost-effective and simple-to-operate devices. The internal wall of the microchannels can be pre-coated with reagents, and by merely dipping the device into the patient sample, the sample can be loaded into the microchannel driven by capillary forces and can be detected via handheld or smartphone-based detectors. The capabilities of capillary-driven flow devices have not been fully exploited in developing POC diagnostics, especially for antimicrobial resistance studies in clinical settings. The purpose of this review is to open up this field of microfluidics to the ever-expanding microfluidic-based scientific community.

The chronicle of COVID-19: possible strategies to curb the pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajesh Kumar ◽  
Seetha Harilal ◽  
Abdullah G. Al-Sehemi ◽  
Githa Elizabeth Mathew ◽  
Simone Carradori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Virus ◽  
Day By Day

: COVID-19, an epidemic that emerged in Wuhan, has become a pandemic affecting worldwide and is in a rapidly evolving condition. Day by day, the confirmed cases and deaths are increasing many folds. SARS-CoV-2 is a novel virus; therefore, limited data are available to curb the disease. Epidemiological approaches, isolation, quarantine, social distancing, lockdown, and curfew are being employed to halt the spread of the disease. Individual and joint efforts all over the world are producing a wealth of data and information which are expected to produce therapeutic strategies against COVID-19. Current research focuses on the utilization of antiviral drugs, repurposing strategies, vaccine development as well as basic to advanced research about the organism and the infection. The review focuses on the life cycle, targets, and possible therapeutic strategies, which can lead to further research and development of COVID-19 therapy.

Carbohydrate-Binding Agents: Potential of Repurposing for COVID-19 Therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 1085-1096 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajesh Kumar Gupta ◽  
Girish R. Apte ◽  
Kiran Bharat Lokhande ◽  
Satyendra Mishra ◽  
Jayanta K. Pal
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Carbohydrate Binding ◽  
Atypical Pneumonia ◽  
The Novel ◽  
High Infection ◽  
Binding Agents ◽  
Current Scenario ◽  
Antiviral Activities ◽  
Novel Drug

: With the emergence of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the whole world is suffering from atypical pneumonia, which resulted in more than 559,047 deaths worldwide. In this time of crisis and urgency, the only hope comes from new candidate vaccines and potential antivirals. However, formulating new vaccines and synthesizing new antivirals are a laborious task. Therefore, considering the high infection rate and mortality due to COVID-19, utilization of previous information, and repurposing of existing drugs against valid viral targets have emerged as a novel drug discovery approach in this challenging time. The transmembrane spike (S) glycoprotein of coronaviruses (CoVs), which facilitates the virus’s entry into the host cells, exists in a homotrimeric form and is covered with N-linked glycans. S glycoprotein is known as the main target of antibodies having neutralizing potency and is also considered as an attractive target for therapeutic or vaccine development. Similarly, targeting of N-linked glycans of S glycoprotein envelope of CoV via carbohydrate-binding agents (CBAs) could serve as an attractive therapeutic approach for developing novel antivirals. CBAs from natural sources like lectins from plants, marine algae and prokaryotes and lectin mimics like Pradimicin-A (PRM-A) have shown antiviral activities against CoV and other enveloped viruses. However, the potential use of CBAs specifically lectins was limited due to unfavorable responses like immunogenicity, mitogenicity, hemagglutination, inflammatory activity, cellular toxicity, etc. Here, we reviewed the current scenario of CBAs as antivirals against CoVs, presented strategies to improve the efficacy of CBAs against CoVs; and studied the molecular interactions between CBAs (lectins and PRM-A) with Man9 by molecular docking for potential repurposing against CoVs in general, and SARSCoV- 2, in particular.

Financial Literacy among Rural Women in Darbhanga District:An Empirical Evidence.

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Prof. F.B. SINGH ◽  
POOJA JHA
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Financial Literacy ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Financial Decisions ◽  
The World ◽  
Current Scenario

Financial Literacy is defined as the possession of knowledge and understanding of elementary financial concepts which results in developing the ability to make conversant, poised and effective financial decisions. In current scenario, the concern to increase the level of financial literacy among common masses has been witnessed by many countries of the world through various Financial Literacy center, programme and initiatives but all these programmes and policies are crafted and implemented taking into consideration the male as ultimate receiver and so women who constitute half of the rural population are lagging behind in terms of a making informed financial decisions and financial wellbeing. Hence Strategies should be formulated taking into consideration the women as the main spectators. This paper is an attempt to analyze the current status of the financial literacy among the rural women of the Darbhanga district.

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