Current Treatments and Therapeutic Options for COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esmaeil Mehraeen ◽  
Zeinab Najafi ◽  
Bagher Hayati ◽  
Mohammad Javaherian ◽  
Sajad Rahimi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Definitive Treatment ◽  
Treatment Protocols ◽  
The Third ◽  
Recent Treatment ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Therapy Intervention

Introduction: COVID-19 is the third rising epidemic in the 21st century that quickly turned into a worldwide pandemic. Many clinical studies have been achieved to investigate treatments to confrontation of COVID-19. Therefore, we conducted a systematic reviewto describe the recent treatment strategies to treat COVID-19 patients. Methods: A systematic search was performed in the databases of PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Science direct, Up to date, and Web of Science using the keywords of Coronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Novel Coronavirus, 2019-nCoV, Treatment, Medicine, Therapy, Intervention, Drug, Medications, and Cure. Results: We included 58 studies including 38 articles (eleven reviews, ten editorial documents, three case reports, one mix method, one cohort study,) and 19 published clinical trials. Review of studies showed that Lopinavir/Ritonavir (n=16), Remdesivir (n=13), Convalescent plasma (n=11), Chloroquine (n=11), Ribavirin (n=9), Hydroxychloroquine sulfate (n=8), Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) (n=8), and Arbidol (n=7), were the most frequently used therapies used to treat COVID-19 patients. Conclusion: In the absence of definitive treatment protocols, recently proposed approaches appear to be an effective therapy for accelerating the recovery of COVID-19 patients. Some of these treatments may have been in the early stages of testing. However, future preclinical and clinical trials are warranted to validate findings.

scholarly journals Emerging Prevention and Treatment Strategies to Control COVID-19

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vipul K. Singh ◽  
Abhishek Mishra ◽  
Shubhra Singh ◽  
Premranjan Kumar ◽  
Manisha Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Clinical Development ◽  
Definitive Treatment ◽  
Prevention Therapy ◽  
Potential Alternative ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Global Threat ◽  
New Vaccines

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has now become a serious global threat after inflicting more than 8 million infections and 425,000 deaths in less than 6 months. Currently, no definitive treatment or prevention therapy exists for COVID-19. The unprecedented rise of this pandemic has rapidly fueled research efforts to discover and develop new vaccines and treatment strategies against this novel coronavirus. While hundreds of vaccines/therapeutics are still in the preclinical or early stage of clinical development, a few of them have shown promising results in controlling the infection. Here, in this review, we discuss the promising vaccines and treatment options for COVID-19, their challenges, and potential alternative strategies.

scholarly journals Bobble Head Doll Syndrome: what have we described in the scientific literature?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe dos Santos Souza ◽  
Alvaro Moreira Rivelli
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Dorsomedial Nucleus ◽  
Specific Knowledge ◽  
Exclusion Criteria ◽  
The Third ◽  
Repetitive Movements

Introduction: The bobble head syndrome (BHDS) is described in the literature as a complex and rare syndrome with repetitive movements of the anteroposterior head. Furthermore, it is known that this movement disorder is due to the effect of pressure from the third dilated ventricle, which distorts the red dorsomedial nucleus and the dentatorubrotalamic pathways. Objective: to evaluate the number of studies on the syndrome and, added to the findings, describe the manifestations about the Bobble Head Doll Syndrome, elucidating the main neurological exams, treatments used and reported prognoses, in order to make it a potential diagnosis in children who present a compatible clinic. Methodology: a systematic review based on databases (SCIELO <LILACS and PUBMED), using the PRISMA method with the following descriptor: Bobble Head Doll Syndrome. The selection criteria included: studies made available in full, case reports, reviews and clinical trials. Exclusion criteria: articles not available in full, duplicates and works that only touched on the theme. Results: it was found in the scientific literature, PUBMED: 52 studies and SCIELO: 0. SCIELO: 2. Conclusions: the articles selected based on the established criteria showed a significant scientific scarcity around the Bobble Head Doll Syndrome. The dissemination of new studies and documentation of case reports is essential in understanding both the general syndrome and the specific knowledge of the procedures in which neurologists must take it. In this sense, the epidemiology is approximately between 2 and less than 5 years of age in children.

scholarly journals A review of potential pharmacological treatments of COVID-19: an evidence-based perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1757
Author(s):  
Vikas Kumar ◽  
Gyan Vardhan ◽  
Kalpana Tiwari ◽  
Puneet Dhamija
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Treatment Protocols ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Therapeutic Drugs ◽  
Drug Actions ◽  
Drug Regimens ◽  
Repurposed Drugs ◽  
Tract Infections

Coronaviruses (CoVs) typically manifest as mild to severe respiratory tract infections. No drug is approved by US food and drug administration (FDA) for the treatment of patients with coronaviruses infection. With growing COVID-19 pandemic globally, need of hour is to work on potential prophylactic and therapeutic drugs to prevent local and community transmission. A literature search for eligible studies published till March 2020 was conducted in the PubMed, Medline, EMBASE, OVID, and Google Scholar databases by two reviewers. Therapeutic efficacy and safety of different drug regimens targeting treatment pathway acting against corona virus-2019 (COVID-19) were reviewed. Possible mechanism of actions of these potential repurposed drugs against COVID-19 were reviewed to develop effective prevention and treatment strategies. Many potential pharmacological therapies are being studied in various clinical trials. No FDA-approved repurposed drugs have shown safety and efficacy in randomized controlled trials for patients with COVID-19. Vaccines are under development and only few vaccines are under clinical evaluation. This review highlights potential drug actions against COVID-19 and their safety issues. It could help researchers and physicians to use these potential agents judiciously in clinical trials as well as in treatment protocols.

scholarly journals COVID-19: EPIDEMIOLOGY, PATHOGENICITY AND GLOBAL UPDATES

2020 ◽  
pp. 16-28
Author(s):  
MANJINDER SINGH ◽  
MANJU NAGPAL ◽  
VARINDER SINGH ◽  
AMEYA SHARMA ◽  
GITIKA ARORA DHINGRA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Treatment Strategy ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Current Time ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Modes Of Transmission ◽  
Major Threat ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is a highly contagious virus that originated from China and has become a major threat in the current time. Presently, finding an effective treatment strategy for COVID-19 is in infancy. Worldwide, numerous clinical trials employing different treatment strategies (antiviral drugs and vaccines) are in progress to develop an effective therapeutic regimen against COVID-19. Literature related to the epidemiology, mortality, pathogenicity, treatment strategies and clinical data was studied and database was collected using various search engines such as j-gate, google scholar, scihub, pubmed, sciencedirect etc. The present review systematically summarises the published information about epidemiology, various stages of pandemic, mortality, pathogenicity, modes of transmission, clinical characteristics, methods of prevention, ongoing treatment strategies and drugs under clinical trials associated with COVID-19 with a hope to avoid possible threatening of the lives of millions of human beings and provide directions for future studies.

scholarly journals Drug Repurposing against SARS-CoV-2 RDRP - a computational quest against CoVID- 19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hirak Jyoti Chakrabortya ◽  
Prasenjit Paria ◽  
Aditi Gangopadhyay ◽  
Sayak Ganguli
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Drug Discovery ◽  
Homology Modelling ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Drug Repurposing ◽  
Definitive Treatment ◽  
Virus Protein ◽  
Phase I Clinical Trials ◽  
Time Saving ◽  
Human Virus

Abstract The present CoVID-19 pandemic was first detected in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and is rapidly spreading worldwide. To date, it has affected 465,915 individuals in 200 countries, and has been responsible for 21,031 deaths. In the absence of definitive treatment strategies, there is a pressing demand for drug discovery against CoVID-19. Drug repurposing is a cost- effective and time-saving strategy which essentially involves the identification of novel targets for known drug candidates. This reduces the time and cost of drug discovery, as the pharmacokinetics and toxicity profiles of the drugs are already known, which makes phase-I clinical trials redundant. Here, we employed a computational drug repurposing strategy for identifying drug hits against the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDRP) protein of CoVID-19. Analysis of the human-virus protein-protein associations revealed that the viral RDRP (NSP12) is associated with multiple host proteins that partake in cellular processes, which indicated that NSP12 could be a potential target for drug discovery. This, combined with the fact that the RDRP protein is a potential antiviral target in several viral diseases, led us to consider the NSP12 as a potential drug target for CoVID-19. Owing to the absence of an experimentally-derived structure in the PDB, we constructed the NSP12 protein of CoVID-19 by homology modelling, and the potential druggable sites were analysed. The 13,533 entries in DrugBank were initially screened using the sequence of CoVID-19 NSP12. The 7 hits thus identified were subjected to a consensus docking and scoring strategy for identifying hits against the druggable site of CoVID-19 NSP12. Analysis of the docking scores and protein- ligand interactions revealed that two hits – N-alpha-[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]-n-[(1r)-4- hydroxy-1-methyl-2-oxobutyl]-l-phenylalaninamide and S-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-4h-1,2,4- triazol-3-yl] 5-(phenylethynyl) furan-2 -carbothioate, had stronger binding affinity than remdesivir, which is being presently tested in clinical trials for its antiviral activity against CoVID-19. This indicated that these two compounds might be effective against CoVID-19, however, further experimentation is necessary for obtaining substantial evidence. We believe that the results of this study could offer a novel avenue for drug development against CoVID- 19.

scholarly journals Treatments administered to the first 9,152 reported cases of COVID19: a systematic review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Fajgenbaum ◽  
Johnson S. Khor ◽  
Alek Gorzewski ◽  
Mark-Avery Tamakloe ◽  
Victoria Powers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Insufficient Data ◽  
Sufficient Data ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Controlled Clinical Trials ◽  
Treatment Protocols ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Drug Classes ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

AbstractThe emergence of SARS-CoV-2/2019 novel coronavirus (COVID19) has created a global pandemic with no approved treatments or vaccines. Many treatments have already been administered to COVID19 patients but have not been systematically evaluated. We performed a systematic literature review to identify all treatments reported to be administered to COVID19 patients and assess time to clinically meaningful response for treatments with sufficient data. We searched PubMed, BioRxiv, MedRxiv, and ChinaXiv for articles reporting treatments for COVID19 patients published between 12/1/2019–3/27/2020. Data were analyzed descriptively. Of the 2,706 articles identified, 155 studies met inclusion criteria, comprising 9,152 patients from 14 different countries. The cohort was 45.4% female and 98.3% hospitalized and mean (SD) age was 44.4 years (SD 21.0). The most frequently administered drug classes were antivirals, antibiotics, and corticosteroids, and of the 115 reported drugs, the most frequently administered was combination lopinavir/ritonavir, which was associated with a time to clinically-meaningful response (complete symptom resolution or hospital discharge) of 11.7 (1.09) days. There was insufficient data to compare across treatments. A large number of treatments have been administered to the first 9,152 reported cases of COVID19. These data serve as the basis for an open-source registry of all reported treatments given to COVID19 patients. Further work is needed to prioritize drugs for investigation in well-controlled clinical trials and treatment protocols.

scholarly journals Strategies for treatment of childhood primary angiitis of the central nervous system

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. e567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jocelyne Beelen ◽  
Susanne M. Benseler ◽  
Anastasia Dropol ◽  
Brianna Ghali ◽  
Marinka Twilt
Keyword(s):  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Oral Prednisone ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Original Research ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Cochrane Central Register ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Treatment Protocols ◽  
Primary Angiitis

ObjectiveChildhood primary angiitis of the CNS (cPACNS) is a devastating neurologic disease. No standardized treatment protocols exist, and evidence is limited to open-label cohort studies and case reports. The aim of this review is to summarize the literature and provide informed treatment recommendations.MethodsA scoping review of cPACNS literature from January 2000 to December 2018 was conducted using Ovid, MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, ClinicalTrials.gov, Vasculitis Foundation, European Vasculitis Society, CanVasc, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. Potentially relevant articles were selected for full-text review using the STROBE checklist if they met the following inclusion criteria: (1) reported treatment, (2) addressed pediatrics, (3) focused on the disease of interest, (4) included ≥5 patients, (5) original research, and (6) full-length articles. Reviews, expert opinions, editorials, case reports with <5 patients, articles lacking treatment information, or non-English articles were excluded. A standardized assessment tool measured study quality. Treatment and outcomes were summarized.ResultsOf 2,597 articles screened, 7 studies were deemed high quality. No trials were available so no meta-analysis was possible. Overall, treatment strategies recommended are induction with acute antithrombotic therapy subsequently followed by high-dose oral prednisone taper over 3–12 months and long-term platelet therapy. In angiography-positive progressive–cPACNS and angiography-negative–cPACNS, we also recommend 6 months of IV cyclophosphamide therapy, with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole as part of induction, and maintenance therapy with mycophenolate mofetil/mycophenolic acid.ConclusionNo grade-A evidence exists; however, this review provides recommendations for treatment of cPACNS.

PILONIDAL DISEASE: CHANGES IN UNDERSTANDING OF ETIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS AND APPROACH TO TREATMENT

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (8) ◽  
pp. 1559-1565
Author(s):  
Viktor Konoplitskyi ◽  
Ruslan Shavliuk ◽  
Dmytro Dmytriiev ◽  
Kostiantyn Dmytriiev ◽  
Oleksii Kyrychenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Pilonidal Sinus ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Surgical Intervention ◽  
Pilonidal Disease ◽  
Treatment Methods ◽  
Principles Of Treatment ◽  
Selection Of

Data from Web of Science, SCOPUS, Pub Med, Medline, E-library, and other sources was used in writing this article. The main focus was directed towards literature written in English. The selection of literature was based on such concepts as: etiopathogenesis, historical principles of treatment, methods of surgical and non-surgical intervention. Data from metanalysis publications and randomized clinical trials pertaining to the treatment of the pilonidal sinus at various stages of its formation was used, as well.

The Current Outbreak of COVID-19 with reference to India

Coronaviruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harshita Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Medical Research ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Indian Council ◽  
Current Outbreak ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Bat Coronavirus ◽  
Viral Outbreak

Abstract:: This review summarizes the outbreak of viruses causing the fatal disease which is highly pathogenic and human to human transmittable and it first emerges in Wuhan, China and now this epidemic situation becomes worldwide. A novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus(SARS-CoV)-2 belongs to β-coronavirus genera which were originated in bats due to highly identical genome with bat coronavirus. This review highlights the Indian Council of Medical Research, India study which determined the detection of pathogenic coronavirus in two species of Indian bats. Indian Council of Medical Research, India has successfully isolated the COVID-19 virus strain which was the first step towards diagnosis and the development of vaccines in the country. The outbreaks of coronavirus received worldwide attention for overcoming the challenges faced during this current pandemic as there is no clinically approved antiviral drug or vaccine available, however, preventive measures and different treatments were taken to cope with this viral outbreak. In response to this global outbreak, this review tries to explain the Virology, Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and discusses the Diagnosis, treatment strategies of COVID-19. This review emphasizes the current update of knowledge about COVID-19.

Possible benefits of reformulating antiviral drugs with nanoemulsion system in the treatment of novel coronavirus infection

Coronaviruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manish Kumar ◽  
Chandra Prakash Jain
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Therapy ◽  
Pulmonary Surfactant ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Drug Dosage ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
Antiviral Action ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Background: An outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) infection or COVID 19, causing serious threats to all around the world. Until an effective and safe vaccine for novel coronavirus is developed by scientists, current drug therapy should by optimize for the control and treatment of COVID 19. Objective: In this manuscript, we are presenting a perspective on possible benefits of reformulating antiviral drug dosage form with nanoemulsion system against novel coronavirus infection. Methods: Literature review has been done on COVID 19, treatment strategies, novel drug delivery systems and role of pulmonary surfactant on lungs protection. Results: Nanoemulsion system and its components have certain biophysical properties which could increase the efficacy of drug therapy. Antiviral drugs, delivered through a nanoemulsion system containing P-gp inhibitor (surfactant and cosolvent), can inhibit the cellular resistance to drugs and would potentiate the antiviral action of drugs. Pulmonary surfactant (PS) assisted antiviral drug delivery by nanoemulsion system could be another effective approach for the treatment of COVID 19. Use of functional excipients like pulmonary surfactant (PS) and surfactant proteins (SPs), in the formulation of the antiviral drug-loaded nanoemulsion system can improve the treatment of coronavirus infection. Conclusion: In our opinion for synergizing antiviral action, lipid and protein portion of PS and their commercial analogs should be explored by pharmaceutical scientists to use them as a functional excipient in the formulation of antiviral drugloaded nanoemulsion system.

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