Therapeutic Advancement in Alzheimer Disease: New Hopes on the Horizon?

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 571-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajeet Singh ◽  
Abshar Hasan ◽  
Sakshi Tiwari ◽  
Lalit M. Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer Disease ◽  
Mitochondrial Dysfunction ◽  
Amyloid Fibrils ◽  
Antioxidant Response ◽  
Synaptic Activity ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Target Molecules ◽  
Developed World ◽  
The Brain

Background & Objective: Over the last two decades, Alzheimer disease (AD) associated research has accomplished an overwhelming momentum, as it is one of the major current healthcare issues in the developed world. AD is characterized by the presence of Aβ mediated extracellular amyloid fibrils and tau-mediated intracellular neurofibrillar tangles and reports have highlighted their subsequent effects on neuronal synaptic activity, antioxidant response and recently explored mitochondrial dysfunction. Additionally, recent reports have demonstrated the mitochondrial dysfunction and associated physiological as well as cellular alterations triggered by fibrillar structures inside the brain tissue. Accumulated evidence indicated that mitochondrial dysfunction also plays a detrimental role in AD pathogenesis and reduction in mitochondrial dysfunction may provide an additional beneficial effect in AD patients. Currently available drugs are ineffective in disease progression and more symptomatic while mechanism oriented drug explorations have been intensively investigated. Therefore, search for effective therapeutic approaches in Alzheimer disease has directed the ongoing research more towards specific biomarker selection, physicochemical properties of drugs and its subsequent interaction with target molecules. Conclusion: In present review, we have comprised an overview of the therapeutic advancement in Alzheimer disease with a prevalent hypothesis and current ongoing putative therapeutic approaches to provide recent insights in AD pathogenesis.

scholarly journals Role of Neuroinflammation in Adult Neurogenesis and Alzheimer Disease: Therapeutic Approaches

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Almudena Fuster-Matanzo ◽  
María Llorens-Martín ◽  
Félix Hernández ◽  
Jesús Avila
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Alzheimer Disease ◽  
Adult Neurogenesis ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Chronic Activation ◽  
The Brain

Neuroinflammation, a specialized immune response that takes place in the central nervous system, has been linked to neurodegenerative diseases, and specially, it has been considered as a hallmark of Alzheimer disease, the most common cause of dementia in the elderly nowadays. Furthermore, neuroinflammation has been demonstrated to affect important processes in the brain, such as the formation of new neurons, commonly known as adult neurogenesis. For this, many therapeutic approaches have been developed in order to avoid or mitigate the deleterious effects caused by the chronic activation of the immune response. Considering this, in this paper we revise the relationships between neuroinflammation, Alzheimer disease, and adult neurogenesis, as well as the current therapeutic approaches that have been developed in the field.

scholarly journals Understanding the development of amblyopia using macaque monkey models

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (52) ◽  
pp. 26217-26223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynne Kiorpes
Keyword(s):  
Macaque Monkey ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
Visual Motor ◽  
Perceptual Abilities ◽  
High Level ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Insight Into

Amblyopia is a sensory developmental disorder affecting as many as 4% of children around the world. While clinically identified as a reduction in visual acuity and disrupted binocular function, amblyopia affects many low- and high-level perceptual abilities. Research with nonhuman primate models has provided much needed insight into the natural history of amblyopia, its origins and sensitive periods, and the brain mechanisms that underly this disorder. Amblyopia results from abnormal binocular visual experience and impacts the structure and function of the visual pathways beginning at the level of the primary visual cortex (V1). However, there are multiple instances of abnormalities in areas beyond V1 that are not simply inherited from earlier stages of processing. The full constellation of deficits must be taken into consideration in order to understand the broad impact of amblyopia on visual and visual–motor function. The data generated from studies of animal models of the most common forms of amblyopia have provided indispensable insight into the disorder, which has significantly impacted clinical practice. It is expected that this translational impact will continue as ongoing research into the neural correlates of amblyopia provides guidance for novel therapeutic approaches.

scholarly journals Traumatic Brain Injury Altered Normal Brain Signaling Pathways: Implications for Novel Therapeutics Approaches

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 614-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arti Rana ◽  
Shamsher Singh ◽  
Ruchika Sharma ◽  
Anoop Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Alzheimer Disease ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Ionic Imbalance ◽  
The Brain

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the main reason of lifelong disability and casualty worldwide. In the United State alone, 1.7 million traumatic events occur yearly, out of which 50,000 results in deaths. Injury to the brain could alter various biological signaling pathways such as excitotoxicity, ionic imbalance, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis which can result in various neurological disorders such as Psychosis, Depression, Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, etc. In literature, various reports have indicated the alteration of these pathways after traumatic brain injury but the exact mechanism is still unclear. Thus, in the first part of this article, we have tried to summarize TBI as a modulator of various neuronal signaling pathways. Currently, very few drugs are available in the market for the treatment of TBI and these drugs only provide the supportive care. Thus, in the second part of the article, based on TBI altered signaling pathways, we have tried to find out potential targets and promising therapeutic approaches in the treatment of TBI.

Lessons From the Neural Bases of Speech and Voice

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-14
Author(s):  
Christy L. Ludlow
Keyword(s):  
Brain Networks ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Voice Behavior ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Neural Bases ◽  
Sound Foundation ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Normal Speech

The premise of this article is that increased understanding of the brain bases for normal speech and voice behavior will provide a sound foundation for developing therapeutic approaches to establish or re-establish these functions. The neural substrates involved in speech/voice behaviors, the types of muscle patterning for speech and voice, the brain networks involved and their regulation, and how they can be externally modulated for improving function will be addressed.

Is Alzheimer disease a failure of mobilizing immune defense? Lessons from cognitively fit oldest-old

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-19 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer Disease ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Oldest Old ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Effector T Cells ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Related Data ◽  
Adaptive Immune

Multifaceted evidence supports the hypothesis that inflammatory-immune mechanisms contribute to Alzheimer disease (AD) neuropathology and genetic association of several immune specific genes (TREM2, CR1, and CD33) suggests that maladaptive immune responses may be pivotal drivers of AD pathogenesis. We reviewed microglia-related data from postmortem AD studies and examined supporting evidence from AD animal models to answer the following questions: i) What is the temporal sequence of immune activation in AD progression and what is its impact on cognition? ii) Are there discordant, "primed", microglia responses in AD vs successful cognitive aging? iii) Does central nervous system (CNS) repair in aging depend on recruitment of the elements of cellular adaptive immune response such as effector T cells, and can the recruitment of systemic immune cells ameliorate AD neuropathology? iv) How effective are the immune-system-based therapeutic approaches currently employed for the treatment of AD?

Potential immunotherapy for Alzheimer disease and age-related dementia

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-25 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Alzheimer Disease ◽  
Cross Talk ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Blockade ◽  
Checkpoint Blockade ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Brain

Emerging results support the concept that Alzheimer disease (AD) and age-related dementia are affected by the ability of the immune system to contain the brain's pathology. Accordingly, well-controlled boosting, rather than suppression of systemic immunity, has been suggested as a new approach to modify disease pathology without directly targeting any of the brain's disease hallmarks. Here, we provide a short review of the mechanisms orchestrating the cross-talk between the brain and the immune system. We then discuss how immune checkpoint blockade directed against the PD-1/PD-L1 pathways could be developed as an immunotherapeutic approach to combat this disease using a regimen that will address the needs to combat AD.

Potential immunotherapy for Alzheimer disease and age-related dementia

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-25 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Alzheimer Disease ◽  
Cross Talk ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Blockade ◽  
Checkpoint Blockade ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Brain

Emerging results support the concept that Alzheimer disease (AD) and age-related dementia are affected by the ability of the immune system to contain the brain’s pathology. Accordingly, well-controlled boosting, rather than suppression of systemic immunity, has been suggested as a new approach to modify disease pathology without directly targeting any of the brain’s disease hallmarks. Here, we provide a short review of the mechanisms orchestrating the cross-talk between the brain and the immune system. We then discuss how immune checkpoint blockade directed against the PD-1/PD-L1 pathways could be developed as an immunotherapeutic approach to combat this disease using a regimen that will address the needs to combat AD.

Natural Compounds and Drug Discovery: Can Cnidarian Venom Play a Role?

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-118
Author(s):  
Gian Luigi Mariottini ◽  
Irwin Darren Grice
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Natural Compounds ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Sea Anemones ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Biological Compounds

Natural compounds extracted from organisms and microorganisms are an important resource for the development of drugs and bioactive molecules. Many such compounds have made valuable contributions in diverse fields such as human health, pharmaceutics and industrial applications. Presently, however, research on investigating natural compounds from marine organisms is scarce. This is somewhat surprising considering that the marine environment makes a major contribution to Earth's ecosystems and consequently possesses a vast storehouse of diverse marine species. Interestingly, of the marine bioactive natural compounds identified to date, many are venoms, coming from Cnidarians (jellyfish, sea anemones, corals). Cnidarians are therefore particularly interesting marine species, producing important biological compounds that warrant further investigation for their development as possible therapeutic agents. From an experimental aspect, this review aims to emphasize and update the current scientific knowledge reported on selected biological activity (antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, antitumoral, anticoagulant, along with several less studied effects) of Cnidarian venoms/extracts, highlighting potential aspects for ongoing research towards their utilization in human therapeutic approaches.

Reflex Epilepsy with Hot Water: Clinical and EEG Findings, Treatment, and Prognosis in Childhood

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (05) ◽  
pp. 336-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatma Hanci ◽  
Sevim Türay ◽  
Paşa Balci ◽  
Nimet Kabakuş
Keyword(s):  
Seizure Control ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Reflex Epilepsy ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Water Age ◽  
Epileptiform Discharges ◽  
Neurology Clinic ◽  
Neuromuscular Development ◽  
The Brain ◽  
International League

AbstractHot water epilepsy (HWE) is a subtype of reflex epilepsy in which seizures are triggered by the head being immersed in hot water. Hot water or bathing epilepsy is the type of reflex epilepsy most frequently encountered in our clinic. We describe our patients with HWE and also discuss the clinical features, therapeutic approaches, and prognosis. Eleven patients (10 boys, 1 girl), aged 12 months to 13 years, admitted to the pediatric neurology clinic between January 2018 and August 2019, and diagnosed with HWE or bathing epilepsy based on International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE)-2017, were followed up prospectively for ∼18 months. Patients' clinical and electroencephalography (EEG) findings and treatment details were noted. All 11 patients' seizures were triggered by hot water. Age at first seizure was between 2 months and 12 years. Seizure types were generalized motor seizures, absence, and atonic. EEG was normal in two patients, but nine patients had epileptiform discharges. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain was performed and reported as normal (except in one case). Histories of prematurity were present in two patients, unprovoked seizures in one, and low birth weight and depressed birth in the other. Patients with HWE have normal neuromuscular development and neurological examination results, together with prophylaxis or seizure control with a single antiepileptic drug, suggesting that it is a self-limited reflex epilepsy.

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