Probiotics: A Promising Tool for Calcium Absorption

As we know nutrients are necessary for the development and proper functioning of the human organism. Bioavailabilities of nutrients are the major concern rather than the supply of an adequate amount of nutrients in the diet. Many of the researches have been shown that the consumption of probiotics along with dairy foods buffers the acidity of the stomach and increases the bacterial survival rate into the intestine. A dairy product with probiotics also provides many of essential nutrients, including protein and calcium. From all the necessary nutrients the calcium having a major role in the human body including the development of bone and teeth are also regulating enzymes and many more. Calcium is the most essential nutrient, about 99% of calcium found in teeth and bone in the body and only 1% is found in serum. A numbers of researches have shown that adequate amount of calcium intake leads to reduce risk of fracture, Osteoporosis and Hypoglycaemia and diabetes in some population. Many of the researches suggested that the Probiotics having a significant role in improvement of calcium uptake and absorption, hence the present review gives information about the relationship of probiotics and calcium, ensuring higher bioavailability of calcium and promising a better bone health. Here, the review study showed a significant role of probiotics in calcium absorption and thus the bioavailabilities. Moreover, it is focused on glimpse of various studies and in-vitro models associated with the phenomena of calcium absorption and uptake.

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Health Concerns of Various Nanoparticles: A Review of Their in Vitro and in Vivo Toxicity

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano8090634 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (9) ◽

pp. 634 ◽

Cited By ~ 57

Author(s):

Marziyeh Ajdary ◽

Mohammad Moosavi ◽

Marveh Rahmati ◽

Mojtaba Falahati ◽

Mohammad Mahboubi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Properties ◽

Protein Corona ◽

In Vitro Models ◽

The Body ◽

Limiting Factor ◽

Key Factors ◽

Cytotoxic Effects ◽

Physico Chemical

Nanoparticles (NPs) are currently used in diagnosis and treatment of many human diseases, including autoimmune diseases and cancer. However, cytotoxic effects of NPs on normal cells and living organs is a severe limiting factor that hinders their use in clinic. In addition, diversity of NPs and their physico-chemical properties, including particle size, shape, surface area, dispersity and protein corona effects are considered as key factors that have a crucial impact on their safe or toxicological behaviors. Current studies on toxic effects of NPs are aimed to identify the targets and mechanisms of their side effects, with a focus on elucidating the patterns of NP transport, accumulation, degradation, and elimination, in both in vitro and in vitro models. NPs can enter the body through inhalation, skin and digestive routes. Consequently, there is a need for reliable information about effects of NPs on various organs in order to reveal their efficacy and impact on health. This review covers the existing knowledge base on the subject that hopefully prepares us better to address these challenges.

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Current Advances in 3D Tissue and Organ Reconstruction

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22020830 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 830

Author(s):

Georgia Pennarossa ◽

Sharon Arcuri ◽

Teresina De Iorio ◽

Fulvio Gandolfi ◽

Tiziana A. L. Brevini

Keyword(s):

Cell Biology ◽

Drug Testing ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

3D Culture ◽

In Vitro Models ◽

The Body ◽

Cellular Functions ◽

Culture Systems

Bi-dimensional culture systems have represented the most used method to study cell biology outside the body for over a century. Although they convey useful information, such systems may lose tissue-specific architecture, biomechanical effectors, and biochemical cues deriving from the native extracellular matrix, with significant alterations in several cellular functions and processes. Notably, the introduction of three-dimensional (3D) platforms that are able to re-create in vitro the structures of the native tissue, have overcome some of these issues, since they better mimic the in vivo milieu and reduce the gap between the cell culture ambient and the tissue environment. 3D culture systems are currently used in a broad range of studies, from cancer and stem cell biology, to drug testing and discovery. Here, we describe the mechanisms used by cells to perceive and respond to biomechanical cues and the main signaling pathways involved. We provide an overall perspective of the most recent 3D technologies. Given the breadth of the subject, we concentrate on the use of hydrogels, bioreactors, 3D printing and bioprinting, nanofiber-based scaffolds, and preparation of a decellularized bio-matrix. In addition, we report the possibility to combine the use of 3D cultures with functionalized nanoparticles to obtain highly predictive in vitro models for use in the nanomedicine field.

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Advanced Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery Systems and Their Cellular Evaluation for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment

Cancers ◽

10.3390/cancers13143539 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (14) ◽

pp. 3539

Author(s):

Noratiqah Mohtar ◽

Thaigarajan Parumasivam ◽

Amirah Mohd Gazzali ◽

Chu Shan Tan ◽

Mei Lan Tan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lung Cancer ◽

Small Cell Lung Cancer ◽

Cell Lung Cancer ◽

In Vitro Models ◽

Small Cell ◽

The Body ◽

Small Cell Lung ◽

In Vivo Models ◽

Different Types

Lung cancers, the number one cancer killer, can be broadly divided into small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), with NSCLC being the most commonly diagnosed type. Anticancer agents for NSCLC suffer from various limitations that can be partly overcome by the application of nanomedicines. Nanoparticles is a branch within nanomedicine that can improve the delivery of anticancer drugs, whilst ensuring the stability and sufficient bioavailability following administration. There are many publications available in the literature exploring different types of nanoparticles from different materials. The effectiveness of a treatment option needs to be validated in suitable in vitro and/or in vivo models. This includes the developed nanoparticles, to prove their safety and efficacy. Many researchers have turned towards in vitro models that use normal cells or specific cells from diseased tissues. However, in cellular works, the physiological dynamics that is available in the body could not be mimicked entirely, and hence, there is still possible development of false positive or false negative results from the in vitro models. This article provides an overview of NSCLC, the different nanoparticles available to date, and in vitro evaluation of the nanoparticles. Different types of cells suitable for in vitro study and the important precautions to limit the development of false results are also extensively discussed.

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Predicting the In Vivo Performance of Cardiovascular Biomaterials: Current Approaches In Vitro Evaluation of Blood-Biomaterial Interactions

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms222111390 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (21) ◽

pp. 11390

Author(s):

Anne Strohbach ◽

Raila Busch

Keyword(s):

Complement Activation ◽

Clinical Success ◽

In Vitro Models ◽

The Body ◽

Coagulation Cascade ◽

Biological Processes ◽

Testing Strategies ◽

Cardiovascular Implants

The therapeutic efficacy of a cardiovascular device after implantation is highly dependent on the host-initiated complement and coagulation cascade. Both can eventually trigger thrombosis and inflammation. Therefore, understanding these initial responses of the body is of great importance for newly developed biomaterials. Subtle modulation of the associated biological processes could optimize clinical outcomes. However, our failure to produce truly blood compatible materials may reflect our inability to properly understand the mechanisms of thrombosis and inflammation associated with biomaterials. In vitro models mimicking these processes provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of biomaterial-induced complement activation and coagulation. Here, we review (i) the influence of biomaterials on complement and coagulation cascades, (ii) the significance of complement-coagulation interactions for the clinical success of cardiovascular implants, (iii) the modulation of complement activation by surface modifications, and (iv) in vitro testing strategies.

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Standards for Deriving Nonhuman Primate-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells, Neural Stem Cells and Dopaminergic Lineage

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms19092788 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 19 (9) ◽

pp. 2788 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Guang Yang ◽

Hyenjong Hong ◽

April Torres ◽

Kristen Malloy ◽

Gourav Choudhury ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Neural Stem Cells ◽

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽

Cell Lines ◽

Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽

In Vitro Models ◽

The Body ◽

Model Systems ◽

Induced Pluripotent

Humans and nonhuman primates (NHP) are similar in behavior and in physiology, specifically the structure, function, and complexity of the immune system. Thus, NHP models are desirable for pathophysiology and pharmacology/toxicology studies. Furthermore, NHP-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) may enable transformative developmental, translational, or evolutionary studies in a field of inquiry currently hampered by the limited availability of research specimens. NHP-iPSCs may address specific questions that can be studied back and forth between in vitro cellular assays and in vivo experimentations, an investigational process that in most cases cannot be performed on humans because of safety and ethical issues. The use of NHP model systems and cell specific in vitro models is evolving with iPSC-based three-dimensional (3D) cell culture systems and organoids, which may offer reliable in vitro models and reduce the number of animals used in experimental research. IPSCs have the potential to give rise to defined cell types of any organ of the body. However, standards for deriving defined and validated NHP iPSCs are missing. Standards for deriving high-quality iPSC cell lines promote rigorous and replicable scientific research and likewise, validated cell lines reduce variability and discrepancies in results between laboratories. We have derived and validated NHP iPSC lines by confirming their pluripotency and propensity to differentiate into all three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) according to standards and measurable limits for a set of marker genes. The iPSC lines were characterized for their potential to generate neural stem cells and to differentiate into dopaminergic neurons. These iPSC lines are available to the scientific community. NHP-iPSCs fulfill a unique niche in comparative genomics to understand gene regulatory principles underlying emergence of human traits, in infectious disease pathogenesis, in vaccine development, and in immunological barriers in regenerative medicine.

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An Enzybiotic Regimen for the Treatment of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Orthopaedic Device-Related Infection

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10101186 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 1186

Author(s):

Eric T. Sumrall ◽

Marloes I. Hofstee ◽

Daniel Arens ◽

Christian Röhrig ◽

Susanne Baertl ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Trauma Surgery ◽

In Vitro Models ◽

Fracture Repair ◽

Combination Regimen ◽

Bacterial Survival ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Orthopaedic Device

Orthopaedic device-related infection (ODRI) presents a significant challenge to the field of orthopaedic and trauma surgery. Despite extensive treatment involving surgical debridement and prolonged antibiotic therapy, outcomes remain poor. This is largely due to the unique abilities of Staphylococcus aureus, the most common causative agent of ODRI, to establish and protect itself within the host by forming biofilms on implanted devices and staphylococcal abscess communities (SACs). There is a need for novel antimicrobials that can readily target such features. Enzybiotics are a class of antimicrobial enzymes derived from bacteria and bacteriophages, which function by enzymatically degrading bacterial polymers essential to bacterial survival or biofilm formation. Here, we apply an enzybiotic-based combination regimen to a set of in vitro models as well as in a murine ODRI model to evaluate their usefulness in eradicating established S. aureus infection, compared to classical antibiotics. We show that two chimeric endolysins previously selected for their functional efficacy in human serum in combination with a polysaccharide depolymerase reduce bacterial CFU numbers 10,000-fold in a peg model and in an implant model of biofilm. The enzyme combination also completely eradicates S. aureus in a SAC in vitro model where classical antibiotics are ineffective. In an in vivo ODRI model in mice, the antibiofilm effects of this enzyme regimen are further enhanced when combined with a classical gentamicin/vancomycin treatment. In a mouse model of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) ODRI following a fracture repair, a combined local enzybiotic/antibiotic treatment regimen showed a significant CFU reduction in the device and the surrounding soft tissue, as well as significant prevention of weight loss. These outcomes were superior to treatment with antibiotics alone. Overall, this study demonstrates that the addition of enzybiotics, which are distinguished by their extremely rapid killing efficacy and antibiofilm activities, can enhance the treatment of severe MRSA ODRI.

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Microengineered cell and tissue systems for drug screening and toxicology applications: Evolution ofin-vitroliver technologies

TECHNOLOGY ◽

10.1142/s2339547815300012 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 03 (01) ◽

pp. 1-26 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

O. B. Usta ◽

W. J. McCarty ◽

S. Bale ◽

M. Hegde ◽

R. Jindal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Liver Toxicity ◽

Focal Point ◽

Large Body ◽

In Vitro Models ◽

The Body ◽

Characterization Methods ◽

Cellular Environment ◽

Tissue Systems

The liver performs many key functions, the most prominent of which is serving as the metabolic hub of the body. For this reason, the liver is the focal point of many investigations aimed at understanding an organism's toxicological response to endogenous and exogenous challenges. Because so many drug failures have involved direct liver toxicity or other organ toxicity from liver generated metabolites, the pharmaceutical industry has constantly sought superior, predictive in-vitro models that can more quickly and efficiently identify problematic drug candidates before they incur major development costs, and certainly before they are released to the public. In this broad review, we present a survey and critical comparison of in-vitro liver technologies along a broad spectrum, but focus on the current renewed push to develop "organs-on-a-chip". One prominent set of conclusions from this review is that while a large body of recent work has steered the field towards an ever more comprehensive understanding of what is needed, the field remains in great need of several key advances, including establishment of standard characterization methods, enhanced technologies that mimic the in-vivo cellular environment, and better computational approaches to bridge the gap between the in-vitro and in-vivo results.

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Emulating the Anatomy of Acupuncture Points With In Vitro Models

ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference, Parts A and B ◽

10.1115/sbc2009-206519 ◽

2009 ◽

Author(s):

Margaret Julias ◽

Lowell T. Edgar ◽

Helen M. Buettner ◽

David I. Shreiber

Keyword(s):

Connective Tissue ◽

Needle Insertion ◽

In Vitro Models ◽

The Body ◽

Acupuncture Points ◽

Therapeutic Effects ◽

Infinite Plane ◽

Fiber Winding ◽

Two Sides

In traditional acupuncture, fine needles are inserted and rotated at specific locations on the body that correspond to specific therapeutic effects, which can occur locally or at a distance from the needling point. The majority of acupuncture points co-align with fascial planes under the skin, which present more subcutaneous connective tissue [1] (Fig 1). Needle insertion and rotation induces this connective tissue to couple to and wind around the needle, forming a whorl of alignment and generating measurable force on the needle that is significantly higher at fascial planes in comparison to insertion above a muscle [2, 3]. However, the effects of the varying tissue anatomy at fascial planes on fiber winding are not known. At these planes, the tissue is bounded on two sides by skeletal muscle and generally becomes narrower with increasing depth, presenting distinct boundary conditions compared to locations above a muscle, which resembles an infinite plane.

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Drug delivery: Epithelial cell models for drug transport and toxicology studies

The Biochemist ◽

10.1042/bio03603008 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 36 (3) ◽

pp. 8-12

Author(s):

Martin C. Garnett ◽

Driton Vllasaliu ◽

Snow Stolnik ◽

Franco H. Falcone

Keyword(s):

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Epithelial Cell ◽

Oral Delivery ◽

Drug Transport ◽

In Vitro Models ◽

The Body ◽

Cell Models ◽

Animal Testing ◽

Epithelial Barriers

The development of medicines during the 20th Century was initially based on oral delivery of drugs via the gastrointestinal tract. To enhance understanding of rate of uptake of different drugs and formulations and reduce the need for animal testing, in vitro models based on gut epithelial cell models were developed in the 1980s and 1990s. With the advent of biotechnology, an increasing number of drugs based on proteins and other biomolecules are being produced, which currently require parenteral administration (by injection). To avoid the need for injection, alternative routes of delivery are being sought for these molecules, including mucosal routes of the gastrointestinal tract and the lung. In parallel with this, the field of ‘nanotechnology’ began to develop. Nanotechnology offers both solutions and problems. ‘Nanomedicines’ over a range of nano sizes appear to offer some solutions for delivery, provided that they could cross epithelial barriers. In contrast, there remains considerable concern that the many different types of nanoparticles in development for electronics and new materials may be taken up into the body and cause harm. There are therefore clear needs for epithelial models which allow us to not only screen conventional drugs for absorption, but also assess potential non-invasive delivery of biologics and nanomedicines, as well as screen easily and reliably for nanotoxicology1. As it is the same barrier involved in all of these cases, we need a single epithelial model that can adequately reflect and give accurate answers for all of these different barrier problems. In this article, we assess the properties needed for an epithelial cellular model, the current state of the art, and some recent work developing a more accurate and comprehensive model.

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Best Practices and Progress in Precision-Cut Liver Slice Cultures

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22137137 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (13) ◽

pp. 7137

Author(s):

Liza Dewyse ◽

Hendrik Reynaert ◽

Leo A. van Grunsven

Keyword(s):

Liver Disease ◽

In Vitro Model ◽

Liver Slice ◽

In Vitro Models ◽

Promising Tool ◽

Cell Matrix ◽

Vitro Model ◽

Cell Matrix Interactions

Thirty-five years ago, precision-cut liver slices (PCLS) were described as a promising tool and were expected to become the standard in vitro model to study liver disease as they tick off all characteristics of a good in vitro model. In contrast to most in vitro models, PCLS retain the complex 3D liver structures found in vivo, including cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions, and therefore should constitute the most reliable tool to model and to investigate pathways underlying chronic liver disease in vitro. Nevertheless, the biggest disadvantage of the model is the initiation of a procedure-induced fibrotic response. In this review, we describe the parameters and potential of PCLS cultures and discuss whether the initially described limitations and pitfalls have been overcome. We summarize the latest advances in PCLS research and critically evaluate PCLS use and progress since its invention in 1985.

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