Theoretical Explanation of Warm and Cold Gastric Dystemperament in Iranian Traditional Medicine :A Hybrid Concept Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 05 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armin Zareiyan ◽  
Elham Parsa ◽  
Mahmood Khodadoost ◽  
Morteza Mojahedi ◽  
Farideh Yaghmaei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Medicine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
The United States ◽  
Concept Analysis ◽  
Theoretical Explanation ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Iranian Traditional Medicine ◽  
Hybrid Concept ◽  
Selection Of

Background: Gastrointestinal diseases are a major source of mortality and impose high cost in the United States. The stomach is a hollow muscular bag which begins the second stage of digestion. The whole consumed food first passes through this organ, so it is the most important part of the digestive system .Traditional and complementary medicine have always been considered for the selection of new therapies. Iranian traditional medicine is one of the traditional medicine systems whose history dates back to thousands of years ago. In the ITM scientific field which is based on temperament (Mizaj), the gastrointestinal tract, especially the stomach, is of particular importance. Objective: This study is aimed at understanding the concept using the qualitative method and hybrid concept analysis, which collect qualitative data. Method: This study investigates the stomach-related concepts by studying the books and reviewing the views of the professors and experts in this field and patients' experiences. Results: The concept of cold and warm gastric dystemperament was extracted. After the implementation and review of the interview with ITM professors and experts, this concept were out reached. Conclusion: In this study, the concept of cold and warm gastric dystemperaments has been gathered from Iranian traditional medicine books and the opinions of experts and patients' experiences so that we could offer it as an acceptable questionnaire in the future by investigating its validity and reliability for quick and better diagnosis of gastric dystemperaments.

Researching American Muslims: A Case Study of Surveillance and Racialized State Control

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Hajer Al-Faham
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Science Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
State Control ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
American Muslims ◽  
State Repression ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Selection Of

How does surveillance shape political science research in the United States? In comparative and international politics, there is a rich literature concerning the conduct of research amid conditions of conflict and state repression. As this literature locates “the field” in distant contexts “over there,” the United States continues to be saturated with various forms of state control. What this portends for American politics research has thus far been examined by a limited selection of scholars. Expanding on their insights, I situate “the field” in the United States and examine surveillance of American Muslims, an understudied case of racialized state control. Drawing on qualitative data from a case study of sixty-nine interviews with Arab and Black American Muslims, I argue that surveillance operated as a two-stage political mechanism that mapped onto research methodologically and substantively. In the first stage, surveillance reconfigured the researcher-researchee dynamic, hindered recruitment and access, and limited data-collection. In the second stage, surveillance colored the self-perceptions, political attitudes, and civic engagement of respondents, thereby indicating a political socialization unfolding among Muslims. The implications of this study suggest that researchers can mitigate against some, but not all, of the challenges presented by surveillance and concomitant forms of state control.

scholarly journals Which Aroma In Iranian Traditional Medicine Is Effective On Sleep Disorders?

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-11
Author(s):  
Armaghan Sadat Keyhanmehr ◽  
Mina Movahhed ◽  
Shamim Sahranavard ◽  
Mostafa Hamdieh ◽  
Shahla Afsharpaiman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Medicine ◽  
Sleep Disorders ◽  
Sleep Disorder ◽  
Aromatic Plants ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Iranian Traditional Medicine ◽  
Specific Performance ◽  
The World ◽  
Methods Of Treatment ◽  
Selection Of

Sleep disorder is considered as a common problem throughout the world. Aromatherapy is a kind of treatment performed by using essential oils of plants for improving disease. There is much evidence in the literature, including Iranian traditional medicine, which confirms its positive effects on improving sleep disorder. Related keywords searched some Iranian traditional medicine texts and some new valid databases. In Iranian traditional medicine, aromatherapy is one of the methods of treatment for improving sleep disorders and its done by the temperamental approach. Aroma temperament, brain mal-temperament and specific performance of aroma are three factors for selection of the plants. Fourteen aromatic plants are introduced that can be effective by hypnotic in insomnia and reducing sleep in oversleeping. Aromatherapy is an effective method to improve sleep disorders, and it can be used through various plants in the more specified way with fewer side effects using temperamental approach. [GMJ.2017;6(1):3-11]

scholarly journals Concept Analysis of Thirst as a Symptom and Its Causes From the Perspective of Iranian Traditional Medicine: A Hybrid Model Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-93
Author(s):  
Parisa Jafari ◽  
◽  
Morteza Mojahedi ◽  
Fatemeh Hakimi ◽  
Mojgan Tansaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Traditional Medicine ◽  
Hybrid Model ◽  
Concept Analysis ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Model Study ◽  
Iranian Traditional Medicine ◽  
Analytical Phase ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Different Characteristics

Objective: Thirst (Attash) is a diagnostic sign of diseases from the perspective of Iranian Traditional Medicine (ITM).The purpose of this study is to provide a functional definition for the concept of thirst and its causes in ITM. Methods: In this study, we used the concept analysis (hybrid model) which has three phases; in the theoretical phase, the content related to the definition of thirst and its causes were searched in ITM books and an efficient definition of thirst was presented. In the fieldwork phase, main themes were obtained after semi-structured interviewing of 16 ITM specialists. In the final (analytical) phase, the results of the two previous phases were compared to each other to present the final definition for thirst. Results: The thirst is defined as the need for water and any food that is cold and wet, and the increase and decrease in thirst is a sign of disease. For its examination, it is necessary to pay attention to the change in the degree of thirst and the amount of consumed water or cold/wet foods. It is important to differentiate between drinking water as recommended, drinking water as habit, or drinking water because of dry mouth with thirst. Different characteristics of thirst can be used to diagnose the affected organs. Conclusion: In this study, using the concept analysis method, a functional definition of the thirst as a symptom was presented and its causes were investigated. The low number of studies on thirst and lack of access to some ITM specialists were some of the limitations of our study. It is recommended to investigate the prevalence of thirst in patients and its relationship with dystemperament in future studies.

scholarly journals The Signs and Symptoms Comparison of Gastrointestinal Diseases between Classic Medicine and Iranian Traditional Medicine: A Hybrid Qualitative Study

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Seyyedeh Vajiheh Mirabutalebi ◽  
Seyed Saeid Esmaeili Saber ◽  
Mohsen Abbasi ◽  
Mohammad Gholami Fesharaki
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Traditional Medicine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
The Other ◽  
Anal Stenosis ◽  
Bowel Sound ◽  
Rectal Pain ◽  
Iranian Traditional Medicine

Background: Iranian traditional medicine is the oldest form of medical structure and is, in fact, an inseparable part of the life of various Iranian societies. On the other hand, gastrointestinal and liver diseases are one of the most common causes of morbidity in the world, including in Iran. Such that 10% of diseases are allocated to them and their diseases are spreading increasingly. Objective: Considering the mentioned issues and the high prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms, the aim of this study is to investigate the compliance of the symptoms of gastrointestinal diseases in classical medicine with Iranian traditional medicine from the viewpoint of Iranian traditional medicine experts. Methods: This is a hybrid qualitative study which was conducted in three phases, including 1- theoretical, 2- field and 3- combinational phases. In the theoretical phase, two types of medical textbooks i.e. Iranian traditional and classic medicine textbooks. In the field stage, 13 academic Iranian traditional medicine experts with at least 5 years of work experiences in Iranian traditional medicine were interviewed. Then, in the combinational phase, the results of two early phases have been summarized using descriptive statistics. Results: The results of the study show that 12 of the 40 symptoms in this study had a compliance of 100%. These 12 symptoms are Increase of Salivation, Pica, Borborygmi, Hiccups, Abdominal distention, Melena, Anal Fissure, Anal Stenosis, Cryptitis, Anal pruritus, Halitosis, Rectal pain; also, the results showed that 10 of the 40 symptoms in this study had over 70% compliance. These 10 symptoms are as Dysphagia, Belching, Regurgitation, Hematemesis, Flatulence, Increased Bowel sound, Abdominal pain, Diarrhea, Jaundice and Anal prolapse. Also, the percentage of compliance with the other 18 symptoms was less than 70%. Conclusion: Considering the results of this study and the capabilities of Iranian medicine in relation to symptoms of gastrointestinal diseases with classical medicine, it is possible to design appropriate patterns to expose it. Also, an integrated approach to clinical research is recommended to improve the efficacy and safety of gastrointestinal treatments.

Treatment of malaria in Iranian traditional medicine

Planta Medica ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 76 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
F Naghibi ◽  
M Mosaddegh ◽  
S Esmaeili
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Medicine ◽  
Iranian Traditional Medicine

The Logic of American Nuclear Strategy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Kroenig
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
National Security ◽  
International Security ◽  
The United States ◽  
Theoretical Explanation ◽  
Security Studies ◽  
Nuclear Deterrence ◽  
Nuclear War ◽  
Nuclear Strategy ◽  
Empirical Record

What kind of nuclear strategy and posture does the United States need to defend itself and its allies? According to conventional wisdom, the answer to this question is straightforward: the United States needs the ability to absorb an enemy nuclear attack and respond with a devastating nuclear counterattack. These arguments are logical and persuasive, but, when compared to the empirical record, they raise an important puzzle. Empirically, we see that the United States has consistently maintained a nuclear posture that is much more robust than a mere second-strike capability. How do we make sense of this contradiction? Scholarly deterrence theory, including Robert Jervis’s seminal book, The Illogic of American Nuclear Strategy, argues that the explanation is simple—policymakers are wrong. This book takes a different approach. Rather than dismiss it as illogical, it explains the logic of American nuclear strategy. It argues that military nuclear advantages above and beyond a secure, second-strike capability can contribute to a state’s national security goals. This is primarily because nuclear advantages reduce a state’s expected cost of nuclear war, increasing its resolve, providing it with coercive bargaining leverage, and enhancing nuclear deterrence. This book provides the first theoretical explanation for why military nuclear advantages translate into geopolitical advantages. In so doing, it resolves one of the most intractable puzzles in international security studies. The book also explains why, in a world of growing dangers, the United States must possess, as President Donald J. Trump declared, a nuclear arsenal “at the top of the pack.”

The Oxford Handbook of the Operatic Canon

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Musical Theater ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
The United States ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Limited Sample ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Formation History ◽  
Artistic Directors ◽  
Selection Of

This collection examines the phenomenon of the operatic canon: its formation, history, current ontology and practical influence, and future. It does so by taking an international and interdisciplinary view: the workshops from which it was derived included the participation of critics, producers, artistic directors, stage directors, opera company CEOs, and even economists, from the United Kingdom, the United States, France, Italy, Ireland, Germany, the Netherlands, Denmark, and Canada. The volume is structured as a series of dialogues: each subtopic is addressed by two essays, introduced jointly by the authors, and followed by a jointly compiled list of further reading. These paired essays complement each other in different ways, for example by treating the same geographical location in different periods, by providing different national or regional perspectives on the same period, or by thinking through similar conceptual issues in contrasting milieus. Part I consists of a selection of surveys of operatic production and consumption contexts in France, Italy, Germany, England, Russia, and the Americas, arranged in rough order from the late seventeenth century to the late nineteenth century. Part II is a (necessarily) limited sample of subjects that illuminate the operatic canon from different—sometimes intentionally oblique—angles, ranging from the influence of singers to the contiguous genres of operetta and musical theater, and the effects of recording and broadcast over almost 150 years. The volume concludes with two essays written by prominent figures from the opera industry who give their sense of the operatic canon’s evolution and prospects.

The Portuguese Performance Assessment of Self-Care Skills Measure: Validity and Reliability

2021 ◽  
pp. 153944922110213
Author(s):  
Pedro L. Ferreira ◽  
Ana L. Simões ◽  
Marília Dourado ◽  
Margo B. Holm ◽  
Joan C. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Performance Assessment ◽  
Self Care ◽  
The United States ◽  
Factor Analyses ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Portuguese Population ◽  
Perfect Agreement ◽  
Portuguese Version ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Effective Assessment

Performance Assessment of Self-Care Skills (PASS) is a performance-based scale developed in the United States. Because of cultural differences, a Portuguese version was developed, then validated in the Portuguese population and tested ensuring reliability. The objective of this study was to create and test psychometric properties of a Portuguese version of PASS. A linguistic validation on older adults with physical/cognitive disabilities enabled us to validate P-PASS. Some original tasks were changed. Data were analyzed by PASS constructs (independence-safety adequacy), age, and gender. Construct validity (known-group analyses, factor analyses), with 98 individuals yielded excellent results. Reliability between two observers for 30 participants yielded almost perfect agreement for all three constructs. Independence scores were highest, followed by safety and adequacy. Men presented greater independence, as well as participants <60 years. We obtained results comparable with the original version. Conclusion. P-PASS is valid and reliable for the Portuguese population, enabling effective assessment of function and measurement of health outcomes.

scholarly journals Evaluation of pharmacists’ awareness of illegal online pharmacies and perceived impact on safe access to medicines

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 239920262110056
Author(s):  
John B Hertig ◽  
Shannon M James ◽  
Connor J Hummel ◽  
Matthew J Rubin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Access To Medicines ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pharmacy Education ◽  
Electronic Survey ◽  
Medication Therapy ◽  
Online Pharmacies ◽  
Effective Medication ◽  
Selection Of

Background: An estimated 95% of all online pharmacies operate unlawfully. Illegal online pharmacies distribute substandard and falsified medical products that may result in patient harm and suboptimal treatment, leading to an overall mistrust of medications, healthcare providers, and health systems. As medication experts, pharmacists are trusted to guide patients in selection of safe and effective medication therapy. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine gaps in knowledge and recognition of the negative clinical and safety impacts associated with illegal Internet pharmacies by licensed pharmacists. Methods: A 37-question electronic survey was developed and distributed to pharmacists across the United States by email via a database from the American Pharmacists Association. Descriptive statistics was utilized to analyze data. Results: A total of 347 pharmacists from across the United States responded to at least one question in the survey. In all, 58% of pharmacists reported a lack of confidence in their ability to counsel patients on the identification of illegal pharmacy websites. Fewer than 60% of pharmacists were able to accurately identify the legitimacy of a webpage based on visual characteristics. In addition, 75% of pharmacists reported being unfamiliar with resources available to help consumers identify safe and legitimate online pharmacies. Conclusion: Integration of the topic into pharmacy education curricula, training on available resources, and additional research into the prevalence and impact of illegal pharmacy websites are necessary to ensure that pharmacists and other healthcare professionals are adequately prepared to protect their communities from the threat of illegal online pharmacies.

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