Advancements in Protein based Nano Particulate system for treatment of Pulmonary Infections- A Review

In addition to the so-called small molecule drugs, proteins and peptides are of increasing interest forpharmacotherapy, due to several advantageous properties. In general, those compounds are administered parenterally. However, non-invasive routes of administration represent a great part of research. Amongst others is the pulmonary application of proteins and peptides for local delivery in the case of pulmonary diseases, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, where the alveolar epithelium is affected. To ensure an intracellular delivery, nano particles in a size range of 150 nm will be prepared via charge-mediated coacervation, characterized for their physicochemical properties and loaded with several model-proteins. The material used for nano particle preparation was chosen to be positively and negatively charged starch derivatives, which were synthesized from potato starch. Although nano particles in that size range are known to show an increased cell uptake, they do not show a high deposition in the deep lung. Thus, an advanced carrier system consisting of a fast dissolving micro particle matrix with embedded starch nano particles will be developed and characterized. Due to its aerodynamic properties, that carrier system must be able to deposit a high fraction of the applied dose in the deep lung (~50%), while at the same time demonstrating (in in vitro models) the ability to facilitate uptake of starch nano particles into cells of the alveolar epithelium after fast dissolution of the micro particle matrix.

Mucocele: A case report with brief review

Mucocele is a clinical term that basically includes two phenomenon i.e. mucus extravasation and mucus retention. Cysts arising in connection with minor salivary glands are common and about 90 per cent of cases are of the mucous extravasation type. These lesions are typically painless, dome-shaped, and fluctuant; they appear blue in colour secondary to the presence of mucin under the mucosa. The vesicular appearance created by the superficial nature of the mucin spillage, causes a separation of the epithelium from the connective tissue. The pathologist must be aware of this lesion and should not mistake it microscopically for a vesiculo-bullous lesion, especially mucous membrane pemphigoid. Here, we present a case report on mucocele with a brief review.

A current update on viral classification, diagnosis and available treatment of COVID-19

In December of 2019, an outbreak of a disease began at Wuhan, China and would later be named the coronavirus disease2019 (covid-19) by the World Health Organization and further declared a global pandemic. Since the onset of this disease, the pattern of day to day activities had been disrupted in a bid to curb this menace to society. This paper work touches on basic viral classification, as well as structure of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the main causative agent of covid-19. This review work also sheds light on symptoms associated with this disease, mode of transmission, method of diagnosis and medications available in treating the symptoms. Potential vaccines available in India are also discussed here.

General Health, Dental Status & Perceived Dental Treatment Needs of An Elderly Population in India

Objectives: This pilot study determined the general and dental health status; perceived medical and dental treatment needs of an elderly population dwelling in residential homes in Himachal Pradesh (India).Method: Subjects were chosen from OPD of Department of Prosthodontics & Implantology, Himachal institute of dental sciences, Paonta sahib, (H.P) between April 2020 – April 2021. (N=133, female: 71 and male: 62) were involved in this study. A detailed questionnaire was prepared and dental examinations were conducted. Information was collected related to age, education levels, financial status, current physical functional status, general health, mental health, previous dental history, current dental status, oral hygiene practices and denture hygiene of these elderly people. The prevalence of edentulism, the presence and type of dental prostheses, dental and denture status and denture cleanliness were further evaluated.Results: The three most prevalent reported general health problems were associated with Genito-urinary problems (24%) followed by cardiovascular (18%) and respiratory problems (14%) varying significantly between genders, with males suffering more from cardiovascular problems than females (p < 0.05). Females showed significantly higher gastrointestinal and orthopaedic problems than males (p < 0.05). Females were more frequently edentulous than males but denture hygiene was significantly better in females than in males (p < 0.05). Brushing frequency did not significantly increase denture hygiene (p = 0.6). More than one-third of the subjects had not been to the dentist within the previous 5–10 years, mainly due to lack of demand, followed by the cost of the dental care and fear. More than two-thirds of denture-wearing subjects wore their dentures only during eating.

A Quasi-Experiment on the Effectiveness of Cardiac Rehabilitation in Quality of Life of Cardiac Patients with the Caregivers’ Involvement

Introduction: Coronary Heart Disease can result in impaired quality of life which can inhibit an early recovery with successful outcomes for cardiac patients. Objective: To investigate the effect of a structured cardiac education and early intervention cardiac rehabilitation program on quality of life in cardiac patients involving caregivers. Method: A quasi experimental study with a purposive sampling was carried out where 132 acute coronary syndrome patients hospitalized for treatment were recruited and allocated to the experiment and control group with and without caregivers. A structured educational intervention and cardiac rehabilitation was initiated for the experimental group with and without caregivers. The outcome was measured using the World Health Organization Quality Of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) instrument.Results: Data was measured with repeated measures ANOVA between baseline, discharge and follow-up between the intervention and control group with p<0.05 There was a statistically significant difference in QOL in both the groups with and without caregivers in the following domains: psychological health (F=3.784, p=0.002); social relationship (F=4.267, p=0.000) and environment (F=3.578, p=0.004). There was not a statistically significant difference between both the groups in the physical health domain (F=1.316, p=0.266).Conclusion: The results indicated that a structured cardiac educational intervention and cardiac rehabilitation with the involvement of the caregivers have significant effects on the quality of life of cardiac patients. The findings provide useful evidence to improve health outcomes of acute coronary syndrome patients involving the caregivers.

Case control study to assess the determinants of pregnancy induced hypertension among the antenatal mothers in Rajiv Gandhi women and children hospital at Puducherry

Background: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are a major health problem to the world and is found to be the major cause of maternal morbidity and mortality accounting for nearly 10-15% 0f maternal deaths. Objective:To assess the determinants of Pregnancy induced hypertension. Methods: A case control study was conducted among pregnant women at Rajiv Gandhi Women and Children Hospital, Puducherry. 63 women with PIH were selected as cases and 63 normotensive pregnant women were taken as controls. The cases were selected by purposive sampling and the controls by simple random sampling. The tool consists of a self structured questionnaire which consists of the socio demographic factors and various other determinants assumed as a risk factor for PIH and some required information was also obtained from the case records. Statistics: The odds ratio and Chi-square test was used to determine the risk and association between PIH and the determinants respectively.Results: Primigravida (OR=2.826), multiple pregnancy (OR=2.629), presence of pedal edema (OR=54.836), family history of diabetes (OR=2.969), family history of hypertension (OR=5.5) Overweight (OR=2.12) and obesity (OR=6.52) were found to be significant risk factors of PIH. There was statistically significant association with history of abortion, parity, presence of pedal edema, use of contraceptives, family history of diabetes, family history of hypertension, prepregnancy Body mass index and PIH.

Formulation of Nanostructured lipid particles

Lipid nanocarriers are developed as an alternative to polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes and emulsions. NLCs are the second generation lipid carriers developed to overcome problems associated with Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and are utilized in various therapeutic approaches. NLCs were used for the delivery of lipophilic drugs .Biocompatible nature of lipids is responsible for its development as a good drug delivery. It was found to be having excellent characteristics over other lipid formulations.

Formulation and Optimization of Biodegradable Periodontal Chips Containing Metronidazole and Levofloxacin

This research aimed to developintrapocket,biodegradablechips ofpoly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) loaded with Metronidazole (MZ) and levofloxacin (LF),for sustained release local drug delivery in periodontal pocket to treat periodontitis. Metronidazole and levofloxacin are widely employed for the treatment of periodontitis,but high oral dose and resistance development after long-term oral administration limit their use, hence local delivery is a good approach. The chips were prepared by solvent casting technique using diethyl phthalate as plasticizer. Their physical characteristics, such as drug content,surface pH, swelling index, and folding endurance, exhibited results within limit. Further, FTIR and DSCstudies revealed stability of chips and compatibility between drugs and excipients.In vitro release in McIlvainebuffer pH 7.8 was of sustained nature assisted by the burst effect. Design-Expert® (11.0.4) software was used to study the effect of polymer & plasticizer on release of drugs Polymer concentrationsnegatively affected drug release and positively affected T90 (time for releasing 90% of the drug) due toaltered matrix density. In contrast, the plasticizer concentration increases membrane permeability andhence increased drug release, lowering T90. Forvarious response variables,polynomial mathematical models were generated usingmultiple regression analysis, and found to be statistically significant (????<0.05).The antibacterial efficacy of films was tested on Pseudomonas spp. Bacteroides spp., indicatinggood antibacterial activity. Optimized formulations were further used for preparing optimized biodegradable, Metronidazole-Levofloxacin sustained release chip. Conclusively, the films of MZ and LF were successful tools for the management ofperiodontitis.

Identification of the relationship between nursing students’ kolb learning styles and problem-solving skills

Introduction: In order to maintain nursing care in the most effective and quality way in There lationship between patient and nurse and nurses to manage this dynamic process, problem solving skills must be developed. Individuals in the learning environment are people who are independent from each other and have different characteristics and share the same environment. Objectives: To determine the learning styles of individuals and to manage the education process. Method: This study was planned to determine There lationship between the learning styles and problem solving skills of the students who received nursing education. The universe of There search consisted of 130 students in İzmir Bakırçay University Faculty of Health Sciences Nursing Department. In the study, the data were collected between 1-29 February 2020. Results: It was determined that 26.9% of the students participating in the study were male and 73.1% were female. It was observed that 33.8% of the students had learning style that parses, 22.3% changes, 28.5% assimilates and 15.4% places. It was determined that the problem solving skills of the students were moderate according to the score they received from the problem solving inventory (X = 82,09). There was a significant relationship between participants' general problem solving approach levels and Kolb learning style groups (p = 0.04). Conclusion: It is thought that the education given to students' learning styles will support their problem solving skills and the success rate will increase.

Trainings to train nursing teachers helping nursing students learn ethics: feedback of the participants

Introduction: Short-duration trainings for nursing faculty members in different contexts including ethics have been shown positive effect on faculty. The objective of the present study was to assess the feedback of the participant faculty members of “Trainings to train nursing teachers helping nursing students learn ethics.” Methodology: The training of four credits hours to train nursing teachers helping nursing students learn ethics was organized in October 22, 2019 at Universal College of Medical Sciences, Bhairahawa Nepal. Fifteen nursing faculty members participated in the training. At the end of training feedback was taken from the participants using validated semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive analysis was done using IBM SPSS version 21.Results: The rating of participants on training on scale 1-10 for usefulness (7.33±1.17), content (7.40±1.06), relevance (7.93± 0.70), facilitation (7.67± 0.98) and overall (7.93± 0.70) was notable. Their confidence level to conduct and facilitate “Think-Pair-Share” interactive session (3.68±0.69) and “Scenario-based Group-Work Discussion” (3.76±0.83) enhanced after training rated on Like rt scale 1-5(5= highly confident, 4= very confident, 3=confident, 2= to some extent confident 1= not confident). Participants rated session on “teaching clinical nursing ethics” an extremely important session (3.76±0.83) on Like rt scale 1-4 (4= extremely important, 3= moderately important, 2= slightly important, 1= not important). The participants mentioned that training environment was conducive and friendly, sessions were interactive and content was useful. They suggested to increase credit hours of training, conduct pre and post-test and include more scenario in curriculum of training. They committed for what was learnt will apply for teaching ethics to nursing students and in clinical nursing practice too. Conclusion: The rating of participants on the training was notable; the perception of participants was positive regarding training and training enhanced their confidence to teach ethics to students. This is obvious from their commitment.