scholarly journals Plastic Degradation and its Environmental Implications

2021 ◽  
pp. 290-324
Author(s):  
M. Rani
Keyword(s):  
Polyethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Biodegradable Plastics ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Market Interaction ◽  
The People ◽  
Plastic Degradation

Extensive use of non-biodegradable plastic by anthropogenic activities is posing a severe threat to the global environment in the form of massive waste disposal and problems of closed-landfill sites and rising water and land pollution. Organisms are facing challenge to their lives once they consume plastic in the form of food. In addition, the plastic debris may have additive chemicals having possibility to leach out. Therefore, proper degradation of plastic to lessen negative environmental implications is necessary. Earlier the people were ignorant about this problem however, now-a-days, people are serious about its negative impact. Hence, biodegradable plastics are coming into the trend in the market. Interaction of plastic (adsorbing characteristics) with the environment results in new functional groups on its surface in a dynamic situation. In these circumstances, oxygenated, thermal, bio-based, and photocatalytic degradation of plastics is in high demand. Usually, different-rates along with diverse-pathways have been found in variable polymers like polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyethylene terephthalate. Polyethylene photo-degradation resulted in sharp infrared-peaks of ketones, esters, and acids due to oxidation reaction. Hydrogen peroxide is generated by oxidative action on methylene groups in the backbone of polyethylene terephthalate. The present chapter will provide compiled information about various polymers used in plastic as well as environmental concerns of plastic, finally the chapter concludes with comprehensive details about the degradation of various types of plastics. State-of-the-art on degradable plastics market with an emphasis on principle design for recyclable plastics and biodegradable plastics from renewable raw materials are also included. Factors affecting plastic degradation and metabolic pathways including past and present scenarios have also been discussed in this chapter.

scholarly journals Technology of Processing Slags of Copper Production using Local Secondary Technogenic Formations

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 5461-5472 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Copper Production ◽  
Residual Concentration ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Maximum Reduction ◽  
Perfect Mixing ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Copper Losses

The article considers the inevitability of copper losses with slag and the possibility of reducing them by various methods and using local secondary technogenic formations. It has been established that the developed and widely used in industry technologies for slag decontamination only partially solve the problem and lead to significant irretrievable losses of metal with dump slag. The main factors affecting the magnitude of the losses are established and suggestions for reducing their negative impact are recommended. The use of perfect mixing devices is recommended, as in this case, it is possible to achieve a maximum reduction in the residual concentration of copper in the waste slag. Together, it is possible to achieve an increase in the complexity of the use of raw materials with the organization and implementation of low-waste technology.

scholarly journals Depletion of Slag from Almalyk Copper Plant with Aluminum Containing Waste

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 2831-2837
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Copper Slag ◽  
Reducing Agent ◽  
Aluminum Production ◽  
Secondary Aluminum ◽  
Residual Concentration ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Maximum Reduction ◽  
Main Factors

The article discusses the method of depletion of copper slag using local secondary technogenic formations. When performing this study, slag of secondary aluminum production was used as a reducing agent. It has been established that the developed and widely used in industry technologies for slag decontamination only partially solve the problem and lead to significant irretrievable losses of metal with dump slag. The main factors affecting the magnitude of the losses are established and suggestions for reducing their negative impact are recommended. The use of melting units in laboratory conditions is recommended, as in this case, it is possible to achieve a maximum reduction in the residual concentration of copper in the waste slag. Together, it is possible to achieve an increase in the complexity of the use of raw materials with the organization and implementation of low-waste technology.

scholarly journals FOOD SAFETY AND FACTORS AFFECTING FOOD SAFETY IN OUR COUNTRY

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ngọc Trung Nguyễn ◽  
Thị Thanh Thủy Nguyễn
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Safety Control ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The People ◽  
Study Results

This research uses survey data from reality in seven provinces across the country to assess whether factors such as the content of food safety control, obstacles or perceptions of the people affect the level of food safety. This study results show that the control contenthas a positive relationship with the level of food safety. However, the obstaclesfrom people when choosing food do not have any positive or negative impact on the level of food safety. The ecommendation from the article is that managers may increase providing information and knowledge about food to people, which will make food safer.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting Employment Among Informal Caregivers Assisting People with Multiple Sclerosis

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 203-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Buchanan ◽  
Chunfeng Huang ◽  
Zhida Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Informal Caregivers ◽  
Care Recipient ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Telephone Interviews ◽  
The People ◽  
Caregiver Quality ◽  
Health Domains

The objective of this study was to identify characteristics of informal caregivers, caregiving, and the people with multiple sclerosis (MS) receiving assistance that are associated with reduced caregiver employment. Data were collected during telephone interviews with 530 MS caregivers, including 215 employed caregivers, with these survey data analyzed using logistic regression. Poorer cognitive ability by the care recipient to make decisions about daily tasks and more caregiving hours per week predicted reduced caregiver employment. Better physical health domains of caregiver quality of life were associated with significantly lower odds of reduced employment. Health professionals treating informal caregivers, as well as those treating people with MS, need to be aware of respite, support, and intervention programs available to MS caregivers and refer them to these programs, which could reduce the negative impact of caregiving on employment.

PARTICIPATING IN HEALTH INSURANCE AND FACTORS AFFECTING AMONG PERSONS WHOSE ENROLMENT IS VOLUNTARY IN THUA THIEN HUE PROVINCE

2015 ◽  
pp. 89-95
Author(s):  
Thi Hoai Thuong Nguyen ◽  
Hoang Lan Nguyen ◽  
Mau Duyen Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Health Insurance Coverage ◽  
Health Insurance Scheme ◽  
Insurance Scheme ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The People ◽  
Universal Health Insurance Coverage ◽  
The Social

Background:To provide information helps building policy that meets the practical situation and needs of the people with the aim at achieving the goal of universal health insurance coverage, we conducted this study with two objectives (1) To determine the rate of participating health insurance among persons whose enrolment is voluntary in some districts of ThuaThien Hue province; (2) To investigate factor affecting their participation in health insurance. Materials and Methodology:A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in three districts / towns / city of ThuaThien Hue in 2014. 480 subjects in the voluntary participation group who were randomly selected from the study settings were directly interviewed to collect information on the social, economic, health insurance participation and knowledge of health insurance. Test χ2 was used to identify factors related to the participation in health insurance of the study subjects. Results:42.5% of respondents were covered by health insurance scheme. Factors related to their participation were the resident location (p = 0.042); gender (p = 0.004), age (p <0.001), chronic disease (p <0.001), economic conditions (p<0.001) and knowledge about health insurance (p <0.001). Conclusion: The rate of participating health insurance among study subjects was low at 42,5%. There was "adverse selection" in health insurance scheme among voluntary participating persons. Providing knowledge about health insurance should be one of solutions to improve effectively these problems. Key words: Health insurance, voluntary, Thua Thien Hue

THE PROFILE OF A LEADER AND HIS LEDERSHIP

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 345-350
Author(s):  
Ali Hajro
Keyword(s):  
Leadership Skills ◽  
Real Power ◽  
Governmental Organization ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Core ◽  
Behavior Code ◽  
The People ◽  
Study Case ◽  
Personal Skills

The Current and future leaders live in a turbulent and chaotic environment, where the real power of acting derives from the recognition of the concept of change and looking for options. In this type of environment a lot of competence is necessary for the leaders to survive. The aim of this study case was to explore i.e. gain a clearer picture of the position of the leader, their characteristics, functions, levels, the core and the factors affecting the leader and their leadership. To see what type of leader the people want simply to draw conclusions about the characteristics, qualities and techniques of a leader and their leadership. So that in the end, to have empirical proof of the leader. The set goal in this study case is today’s leaders in everyday process, starting from the very beginning of their work, to serve as an example in developing inter-personal skills at the same time as treating people with dignity and respect. In other words, they have to possess leadership skills, characteristics and the necessary actions. This research aims at finding out the real attributes that is the profile of a leader and their leadership running an organization regardless if it is economic, political, and military or some other non-governmental organization. The values are more than a set of rules, they are not only behavior code, and they say what a leader should be every day in every action that they take. The values shade the leaders’ identity and the organization that they run.

EVALUATION OF FINANCIAL SECURITY OF THE REPUBLIC OF CRIMEA

2020 ◽  
pp. 56-67
Author(s):  
Elena Evgenevna Mashyanova ◽  
Elena Aleksandrovna Smirnova
Keyword(s):  
Financial Markets ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Financial System ◽  
Financial Security ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
External Threats ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Global Financial System

In modern conditions of development, financial security is an integral part of the overall security of the region and is formed on the basis of the functioning of the financial system. The complication of relationships between key segments of international financial markets, as well as the limited ability to accurately predict future trends in the development of the global financial system, lead to a gradual increase in the risks that accompany the activities of economic entities, and an increase in the number and scale of internal and external threats that have a negative impact on the financial security of the state. This formulation of the issue requires generalization of approaches to determining the financial security of the region in order to further formalize this issue and determine the key factors affecting it. The article considers the types of financial security, as well as certain areas of ensuring the financial security of the region and their priority. In work the assessment of the level of socio-economic development of the region with a view to ensuring financial security on the basis of which offers the main activities and priority areas of implementation of the investment policy that will ensure financial security of the Republic of Crimea.

Solid Waste Management on Romanian Households

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 (12) ◽  
pp. 2941-2947
Author(s):  
George Ungureanu ◽  
Gabriela Ignat ◽  
elena Leonte ◽  
Carmen Luiza Costuleanu ◽  
Nicoleta Stanciu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Solid Waste Management ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Disposal Site ◽  
Solid Waste Disposal ◽  
Factors Affecting

The problem associated with the household behavior on solid waste disposal site in today�s society is complex because of the large quantity and diverse nature of the wastes. Due increase the population, rapid development, global agricultural development has moved rapidly, limitations of financing, emerging limitations of both energy and raw materials and also add to the complexity of any waste management system, large quantities of wastes are being generated in different forms such as solid, liquid and gases. This research explored factors affecting the level of participation in solid waste segregation and recycling of households in Romania, as well as examining current Romania households waste management practices and their knowledge of waste management. This study investigated the solid waste situation and the organization of solid waste management in both urban and rural settings from the perspective of households. Solid waste management is a key component of public services which needs to serve the urban and rural municipalities in an efficient way in order to maintain a decent standard of public health.

Organic chemical devulcanization of rubber vulcanizates in supercritical carbon dioxide and associated less eco-unfriendly approaches: A review

2021 ◽  
pp. 0734242X2110085
Author(s):  
Jabulani I Gumede ◽  
Buyiswa G Hlangothi ◽  
Chris D Woolard ◽  
Shanganyane P Hlangothi
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Organic Chemical ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Waste Tyres ◽  
Supercritical Carbon

There is a growing need to recover raw materials from waste due to increasing environmental concerns and the widely adopted transition to circular economy. For waste tyres, it is necessary to continuously develop methods and processes that can devulcanize rubber vulcanizates into rubber products with qualities and properties that can closely match those of the virgin rubber. Currently, the most common, due to its efficiency and perceived eco-friendliness in recovering raw rubber from waste rubbers, such as tyres, is devulcanization in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) using commercial and typical devulcanizing agents. The scCO2 has been generally accepted as an attractive alternative to the traditional liquid-based devulcanization media because of the resultant devulcanized rubber has relatively better quality than other processes. For instance, when scCO2 is employed to recover rubber from waste tyres (e.g. truck tyres) and the recovered rubber is blended with virgin natural rubber (NR) in various compositions, the curing and mechanical properties of the blends closely match those of virgin NR. The atmospheric toxicity and cost of the commonly used devulcanization materials like chemical agents, oils and solvents have enabled a shift towards utilization of greener (mainly organic) and readily available devulcanization chemical components. This literature review paper discusses the approaches, which have less negative impact on the environment, in chemical devulcanization of rubber vulcanizates. A special focus has been on thermo-chemical devulcanization of waste tyres in scCO2 using common organic devulcanizing agents.

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