scholarly journals Lichen diversity in the Eastern Himalaya biodiversity hotspot region, India

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. P. Singh ◽  
Pushpi Singh ◽  
G.P. Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Biodiversity Hotspot ◽  
Eastern Himalaya ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Growth Forms ◽  
Active Centre ◽  
Lichen Diversity ◽  
Complete Knowledge ◽  
Rich Diversity ◽  
The Himalaya

Eastern Himalaya, a part of the Himalaya biodiversity hotspot region has been assessed for its lichen diversity, based on the own collections, identifications, field observations and published literature. Out of ca 2540 species so far, known from India, 1047 species,1 sub species and 4 varieties distributed in 592 crustose, 321 foliose, 125 fruticose and 9 squamulose growth forms under 212 genera and 63 families, occurring as corticolous, saxicolous, terricolous, foliicolous, and muscicolous constitute c. 41.22 % of the total lichen diversity of the country. The lichen vegetation is recognized into four major types and discussed under (i) tropical lichen vegetation (ii) sub tropical lichen vegetation (iii) temperate lichen vegetation and (iv) subalpine and alpine lichen vegetation. A comparative statistics of diversity of species under dominant families and genera at India and Eastern Himalaya level is given. The region is also active centre of speciation and represented by 107 endemic species including many point endemics. It is pointed out that this rich diversity of lichens is under threat due to various biotic activities. Therefore, conservation measures concerning rich lichen diversity in brief are also discussed. It is also suggested that unexplored high altitude areas are required to be explored thoroughly for getting complete knowledge of the lichen diversity of the region and finally its utilization for the welfare of human beings.

scholarly journals Diversity and distribution of microlichens in the state of Arunachal Pradesh, Eastern Himalaya, India

Check List ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pushpi Singh ◽  
Krishna Pal Singh ◽  
Ajay Ballabh Bhatt
Keyword(s):  
Biodiversity Hotspot ◽  
The State ◽  
Eastern Himalaya ◽  
New Combinations ◽  
Arunachal Pradesh ◽  
The Himalaya

The paper reports the occurrence of 404 species of microlichens belonging to 105 genera and 39 families known so far, from the state of Arunachal Pradesh, a part of the Himalaya biodiversity hotspot. Twelve species, namely Arthopyrenia saxicola, Arthothelium subbessale, Diorygma macgregorii, D. pachygraphum, Graphis nuda, G. oligospora, G. paraserpens, G. renschiana, Herpothallon japonicum, Megalospora atrorubricans, Porina tijucana and Rhabdodiscus crassus, are new distributional records for India. Astrothelium meghalayense (Makhija & Patw.) Pushpi Singh & Kr. P. Singh and Astrothelium subnitidiusculum (Makhija & Patw.) Pushpi Singh & Kr. P. Singh are proposed as new combinations and 66 species marked by an asterisk (*) are new distributional records for the state.

Corticolous Lichen Species Diversity on Dominant Trees in Selected Sacred Groves of Paschim Medinipur District, West Bengal, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 447-464
Author(s):  
U. K. Sen ◽  
R. K. Bhakat
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
West Bengal ◽  
Lichen Species ◽  
Growth Forms ◽  
Sacred Groves ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Shorea Robusta ◽  
Lichen Diversity ◽  
Community Based Conservation

Sacred groves are the fairly well-protected system of community-based conservation of tree patches on account of their association with village gods, and repository of many rare and threatened elements of biodiversity. There are, however, few publications on lichens of sacred groves. The lichens have long been regarded as sensitive indicators for monitoring environmental state. The present study reports one hundred and sixteen species of lichens from forty-four genera of nineteen families in four selected sacred groves of Paschim Medinipur district, West Bengal. These lichens represent two different growth forms, i.e. crustose (105 species) and foliose (11 species). Shorea robusta, a dominant tree species in two sacred groves bears the highest lichen diversity with seventy-four species. To better understand the related biodiversity and climate, this work is likely to promote further studies on lichen diversity in other regions of West Bengal.

scholarly journals DNA barcoding of freshwater fishes from Brahmaputra River in Eastern Himalaya biodiversity hotspot

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 2411-2419
Author(s):  
Shantanu Kundu ◽  
Kailash Chandra ◽  
Kaomud Tyagi ◽  
Avas Pakrashi ◽  
Vikas Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Dna Barcoding ◽  
Freshwater Fishes ◽  
Biodiversity Hotspot ◽  
Eastern Himalaya ◽  
Brahmaputra River

scholarly journals Surface composition of debris-covered glaciers across the Himalaya using linear spectral unmixing of Landsat 8 OLI imagery

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. 4557-4588
Author(s):  
Adina E. Racoviteanu ◽  
Lindsey Nicholson ◽  
Neil F. Glasser
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Surface Composition ◽  
Spectral Unmixing ◽  
Eastern Himalaya ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Dynamic Topography ◽  
Debris Cover ◽  
Linear Spectral Unmixing ◽  
The Himalaya

Abstract. The Himalaya mountain range is characterized by highly glacierized, complex, dynamic topography. The ablation area of Himalayan glaciers often features a highly heterogeneous debris mantle comprising ponds, steep and shallow slopes of various aspects, variable debris thickness, and exposed ice cliffs associated with differing ice ablation rates. Understanding the composition of the supraglacial debris cover is essential for a proper understanding of glacier hydrology and glacier-related hazards. Until recently, efforts to map debris-covered glaciers from remote sensing focused primarily on glacier extent rather than surface characteristics and relied on traditional whole-pixel image classification techniques. Spectral unmixing routines, rarely used for debris-covered glaciers, allow decomposition of a pixel into constituting materials, providing a more realistic representation of glacier surfaces. Here we use linear spectral unmixing of Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) images (30 m) to obtain fractional abundance maps of the various supraglacial surfaces (debris material, clean ice, supraglacial ponds and vegetation) across the Himalaya around the year 2015. We focus on the debris-covered glacier extents as defined in the database of global distribution of supraglacial debris cover. The spectrally unmixed surfaces are subsequently classified to obtain maps of composition of debris-covered glaciers across sample regions. We test the unmixing approach in the Khumbu region of the central Himalaya, and we evaluate its performance for supraglacial ponds by comparison with independently mapped ponds from high-resolution Pléiades (2 m) and PlanetScope imagery (3 m) for sample glaciers in two other regions with differing topo-climatic conditions. Spectral unmixing applied over the entire Himalaya mountain range (a supraglacial debris cover area of 2254 km2) indicates that at the end of the ablation season, debris-covered glacier zones comprised 60.9 % light debris, 23.8 % dark debris, 5.6 % clean ice, 4.5 % supraglacial vegetation, 2.1 % supraglacial ponds, and small amounts of cloud cover (2 %), with 1.2 % unclassified areas. The spectral unmixing performed satisfactorily for the supraglacial pond and vegetation classes (an F score of ∼0.9 for both classes) and reasonably for the debris classes (F score of 0.7). Supraglacial ponds were more prevalent in the monsoon-influenced central-eastern Himalaya (up to 4 % of the debris-covered area) compared to the monsoon-dry transition zone (only 0.3 %) and in regions with lower glacier elevations. Climatic controls (higher average temperatures and more abundant precipitation), coupled with higher glacier thinning rates and lower average glacier velocities, further favour pond incidence and the development of supraglacial vegetation. With continued advances in satellite data and further method refinements, the approach presented here provides avenues towards achieving large-scale, repeated mapping of supraglacial features.

scholarly journals Rare allanite in granulitised eclogites constrains timing of eclogite to granulite facies transition in the Bhutan Himalaya

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleni Wood ◽  
Clare Warren ◽  
Nick Roberts ◽  
Tom Argles ◽  
Barbara Kunz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Granulite Facies ◽  
Continental Collision ◽  
Eastern Himalaya ◽  
Pb Isotope ◽  
Crustal Rocks ◽  
Metamorphic Terrane ◽  
Eclogite Facies ◽  
Lower Crustal ◽  
The Himalaya

During continental collision, crustal rocks are buried, deformed, transformed and exhumed. The rates, timescales and tectonic implications of these processes are determined by linking geochemical, geochronological and microstructural data from metamorphic rock-forming and accessory minerals. Exposures of lower orogenic crust provide important insights into orogenic evolution, but are rare in young continental collision belts such as the Himalaya. In NW Bhutan, eastern Himalaya, a high-grade metamorphic terrane provides a rare glimpse into the evolution and exhumation of the deep eastern Himalayan crust and a detailed case study for deciphering the rates and timescales of deep-crustal processes in orogenic settings. We have collected U-Pb isotope and trace element data from allanite, zircon and garnet from metabasite boudins exposed in the Masang Kang valley in NW Bhutan. Our observations and data suggest that allanite cores record growth under eclogite facies conditions (>17 kbar ~650°C) at ca. 19 Ma, zircon inner rims and garnet cores record growth during decompression under eclogite facies conditions at ca 17-15.5. Ma, and symplectitic allanite rims, garnet rims and zircon outer rims record growth under granulite facies conditions at ~9-6 kbar; >750°C at ca. 15-14.5 Ma. Allanite is generally considered unstable under granulite-facies conditions and we think that this is the first recorded example of such preservation, likely facilitated by rapid exhumation. Our new observations and petrochronological data show that the transition from eclogite to granulite facies conditions occurred within 4-5 Ma in the Eastern Himalaya. Our data indicate that the exhumation of lower crustal rocks across the Himalaya was diachronous and may have been facilitated by different tectonic mechanisms.

scholarly journals Teacher Upgrading Skill in Preparing Materials and Examination Based on Images in Sibolga City

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 677-683
Author(s):  
Andriayani Andriayani ◽  
Cut Fatimah Zuhra ◽  
Awan Maghfirah ◽  
Maulida Yanti ◽  
Saharman Gea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Schools ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Community Service ◽  
Junior High Schools ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Job Market ◽  
Teaching Materials ◽  
The City ◽  
Outstanding Work

There are 61 primary/ibtidaiyah schools, 18 junior high schools, and 18 senior high schools in the city of Sibolga, which is located in Teluk Tapian Nauli, with a total number of teachers of about 2000. This is in line with the vision of Sibolga city (2016-2021) in order to create a stable, advanced, and successful Sibolga City by producing highly competitive quality human beings in order to create a harmonious, peaceful, secure and unified society. As mentioned above, one of its mission points is to prepare human resources (HR) that have integrity, reliable, competitive, expert in science and technology so that they able to compete in the global job market. As the education stakeholder, Sibolga Education and Culture Official has plan many outstanding work programs such as made a collaboration in partnership with the Universitas Sumatera Utara community service team. As a result, based on field observations and discussions, it was known that one of the obstacle that facing by the teachers in Sibolga is not being able to provide teaching materials and also picture-based examination questions as contained in the question grid. Currently, there are several technology-driven applications that can be used to make images or graphics creating process easier. Two of them are, GeoGebra Classic that used to create graphics and images in mathematics and Chemdraw that used to create structure images that related to chemistry. In addition word optimization training was also conducted to optimize teacher on preparing teaching materials with Ms. word.

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