Investigation of Lead Levels in Potable Water from Faucets, Water Fountains and Water Dispensers Using Various Sampling Protocols in Schools

Impact ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (7) ◽  
pp. 50-52
Author(s):  
Ding-Quan Ng ◽  
Yi-Pin Lin
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Research Team ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Galvanic Corrosion ◽  
Assistant Professor ◽  
Lead Contamination ◽  
University Of Technology ◽  
Sampling Protocols ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
Lead Release

Lead contamination is an example of how elements that leach into drinking water can lead to considerable health problems in local communities. A research team led by Assistant Professor Ding-Quan Ng, from Chaoyang University of Technology, has been investigating the levels of lead found in drinking water in schools. They are also investigating lead release that occurs as a result of galvanic corrosion into potable water. Ng and his colleagues hope to shine a light on the dangers of lead contamination in drinking water supplies and seek to use their findings to promote the establishment of new regulations and policies to improve monitoring of water quality to local needs.

Effects of pH value, chloride and sulfate concentrations on galvanic corrosion between lead and copper in drinking water

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ding-Quan Ng ◽  
Yi-Pin Lin
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Lead Concentration ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Galvanic Corrosion ◽  
Corrosion Products ◽  
Lead Contamination ◽  
Lead Corrosion ◽  
Effects Of Ph ◽  
Lead Release

Environmental context Galvanic corrosion has been recently reported as the main cause of lead contamination in drinking water in urban cities. Conditions that can deter or promote galvanic corrosion, however, are not well understood. Fundamental investigations exploring the mechanisms and processes involved in galvanic corrosion in drinking water could help to implement proper corrective measures to safeguard public health from lead contamination. Abstract This study investigates the effects of pH value, chloride and sulfate concentrations on galvanic corrosion between lead and copper in drinking water. We hypothesised that galvanic corrosion would occur immediately when a lead–copper couple is first formed and that the release of lead would be suppressed by the subsequent formation of lead corrosion products. Therefore, unlike previous long-term studies using harvested lead pipes, batch experiments employing high-purity lead and copper (99.9%) wires under stagnant and completely mixed conditions were conducted for a 7-day period to test our hypotheses. It was found that enhanced lead release was indeed observed after the lead–copper couple was formed and the lead profiles after 48h were strongly influenced by lead corrosion products formed in the system. Under stagnant conditions, reducing pH and increasing either chloride or sulfate concentrations promoted lead release, leading to the formation of lead corrosion products such as cerussite and hydrocerussite as experiments proceeded. The effect of chloride concentration on total lead concentration measured in the aqueous phase was similar to that of sulfate at the same molar concentration, showing that the chloride-to-sulfate mass ratio may not provide a good indication for total lead concentration in water. This study provides essential information on fundamental mechanisms and processes involved in galvanic corrosion in drinking water and may be used to explain related phenomena observed in real drinking-water distribution systems.

Copper-Induced Metal Release from Lead Pipe into Drinking Water

CORROSION ◽  
10.5006/0616 ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 68 (11) ◽  
pp. 1037-1048 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hu ◽  
F. Gan ◽  
S. Triantafyllidou ◽  
C.K. Nguyen ◽  
M.A. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Galvanic Corrosion ◽  
Lead Contamination ◽  
Stagnant Water ◽  
Galvanic Current ◽  
Bench Scale ◽  
Lead Pipe ◽  
Lead Pipes ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Lead Release

The effect of added cupric ions (0 mg/L to 5 mg/L Cu+2) on possible deposition corrosion of lead pipe was investigated in bench-scale experiments under flowing and stagnant water conditions. Under stagnation the presence of cupric ions in the water feeding lead pipes marginally increased lead release into the water, but under continuous recirculation it could increase lead release by orders of magnitude. Other bench-scale experiments investigated galvanic corrosion between lead and copper pipes under stagnation, confirming that water chemistry (particularly the chloride-to-sulfate mass ratio [CSMR]) is a controlling factor in either “strengthening” galvanic corrosion and increasing water lead contamination by orders of magnitude (high CSMR water) or “weakening” the galvanic effect with less but still significant contribution to water lead contamination (low CSMR water). Longitudinal water pH measurements along the length of the galvanic rigs revealed a significant pH drop close to the lead:copper junction at relatively short stagnation times in high CSMR water, which is consistent with the observations of higher lead leaching and higher galvanic current measured in that situation.

Impact of sodium silicate on lead release from lead(ii) carbonate

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bofu Li ◽  
Benjamin F. Trueman ◽  
Javier M. Locsin ◽  
Yaohuan Gao ◽  
Mohammad Shahedur Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Silicate ◽  
Theoretical Support ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
Lead Release

Sodium silicate has been used to control lead levels in drinking water, but there is little theoretical support for this practice. We find that sodium silicate is not effective in controlling lead release from lead(ii) carbonate.

Lead removal from drinking water - development and validation of point-of-use treatment devices

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 209-216
Author(s):  
R. Sublet ◽  
A. Boireau ◽  
V.X. Yang ◽  
M.-O. Simonnot ◽  
C. Autugelle
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Lead Removal ◽  
Ministry Of Health ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Taste And Odor ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
Safety Considerations

Two lead removal water filters were developed to lower lead levels in drinking water below 10 μg.L-1 in order to meet the new regulation given by the European Directive 98-83, applicable in December 2013. An appropriate adsorbent was selected through a stringent research program among a wide range of media, and is composed of a synthetic zeolite and an activated carbon. Two prototypes were developed: the first is a faucet-mounted filter which contains a fixed bed of the adsorbent and a hollow fiber bundle, while the second is an under-sink cartridge made of a porous extruded block of carbon and adsorbent. Both are able to treat at least 1,000 litres of any water containing on average 100 to 150 μg Pb.L-1, by lowering the lead concentration below 10 μg.L-1. Once their safety considerations were addressed by an independent laboratory according to the French Ministry of Health recommendations, 20 prototypes were installed at consumers' taps in northeastern France. Their performance in terms of lead removal, HPC control and bad taste and odor reduction was followed for 6 months. This field testing program resulted in the validation of both prototypes which meet the new French Ministry of Health recommendations and assures that the filtered water is fully ED 98-83 compliant. Their commercialization will be launched first in France in middle 2002.

Flavor Profile Analysis and GC/MS Detection of Phenolic Iodinated Disenfection Byproducts in Drinking Water for the USA Space Program

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 45-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea M. Dietrich ◽  
Susan Mirlohi ◽  
Willian F. DaCosta ◽  
Jennifer Peters Dodd ◽  
Richard Sauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Profile Analysis ◽  
Major Product ◽  
Space Program ◽  
Odor Threshold ◽  
Odor Evaluation ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Flavor Profile Analysis ◽  
Flavor Profile

Reactions of iodine and phenol were investigated to determine which iodophenols were produced and their odor properties. The research was performed in support of the USA space program that applies iodine to disinfect potable water for spacecraft use. Higher concentrations (50 mg/l) and higher iodine:phenol (e.g. 10:1) ratios resulted in the formation of greater iodophenol concentrations and higher substituted iodophenols. The reactions were fast and nearly complete within 1 hour. For pH 5.5 and 8 and all iodine:phenol ratios, formation of monosubstituted compounds indicated that 2-iodophenol was favored over 4-iodophenol. At the intermediate iodine:phenol ratios of 1:1 and 2:1, substantial amounts of the diiophenols formed and persisted for up to 32 days. The diiodophenols were not detected at iodine:phenol ratios of 0.2:1 and 10:1. The compound 2,4,6-triiodophenol was the major product formed at a 10:1 iodine:phenol ratio and the formation of this trisubstituted phenol appeared nearly complete. Odor evaluation indicated that the iodophenols have much lower odor threshold concentrations (OTC) than phenol. The 2- and 4- iodophenol had OTC values of ≅ 1 and 500 μg/l, respectively, with odors described as “medicinal, phenol, chemical”.

Predicting drinking water lead levels

1981 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. Bailey ◽  
P.F. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Lead Levels

Associations of Community Water Lead Concentrations with Hemoglobin Concentrations and Erythropoietin-Stimulating Agent Use among Patients with Advanced CKD

2021 ◽  
pp. ASN.2020091281
Author(s):  
John Danziger ◽  
Kenneth J. Mukamal ◽  
Eric Weinhandl
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
The United States ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Community Water Systems ◽  
Community Water ◽  
Lead Levels

BackgroundAlthough patients with kidney disease may be particularly susceptible to the adverse health effects associated with lead exposure, whether levels of lead found commonly in drinking water are associated with adverse outcomes in patients with ESKD is not known.MethodsTo investigate associations of lead in community water systems with hemoglobin concentrations and erythropoietin stimulating agent (ESA) use among incident patients with ESKD, we merged data from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Safe Drinking Water Information System (documenting average 90th percentile lead concentrations in community water systems during 5 years before dialysis initiation, according to city of residence) with patient-level data from the United States Renal Data System.ResultsAmong 597,968 patients initiating dialysis in the United States in 2005 through 2017, those in cities with detectable lead levels in community water had significantly lower pre-ESKD hemoglobin concentrations and more ESA use per 0.01 mg/L increase in 90th percentile water lead. Findings were similar for the 208,912 patients with data from the first month of ESKD therapy, with lower hemoglobin and higher ESA use per 0.01 mg/L higher lead concentration. These associations were observed at lead levels below the EPA threshold (0.015 mg/L) that mandates regulatory action. We also observed environmental inequities, finding significantly higher water lead levels and slower declines over time among Black versus White patients.ConclusionsThis first nationwide analysis linking EPA water supply records to patient data shows that even low levels of lead that are commonly encountered in community water systems throughout the United States are associated with lower hemoglobin levels and higher ESA use among patients with advanced kidney disease.

Effect of connection methods on lead release from galvanic corrosion

2013 ◽  
Vol 105 (7) ◽  
pp. E337-E351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yin Wang ◽  
Vrajesh Mehta ◽  
Gregory J. Welter ◽  
Daniel E. Giammar
Keyword(s):  
Galvanic Corrosion ◽  
Lead Release
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document