Copper-Induced Metal Release from Lead Pipe into Drinking Water

CORROSION ◽  
10.5006/0616 ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 68 (11) ◽  
pp. 1037-1048 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hu ◽  
F. Gan ◽  
S. Triantafyllidou ◽  
C.K. Nguyen ◽  
M.A. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Galvanic Corrosion ◽  
Lead Contamination ◽  
Stagnant Water ◽  
Galvanic Current ◽  
Bench Scale ◽  
Lead Pipe ◽  
Lead Pipes ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Lead Release

The effect of added cupric ions (0 mg/L to 5 mg/L Cu+2) on possible deposition corrosion of lead pipe was investigated in bench-scale experiments under flowing and stagnant water conditions. Under stagnation the presence of cupric ions in the water feeding lead pipes marginally increased lead release into the water, but under continuous recirculation it could increase lead release by orders of magnitude. Other bench-scale experiments investigated galvanic corrosion between lead and copper pipes under stagnation, confirming that water chemistry (particularly the chloride-to-sulfate mass ratio [CSMR]) is a controlling factor in either “strengthening” galvanic corrosion and increasing water lead contamination by orders of magnitude (high CSMR water) or “weakening” the galvanic effect with less but still significant contribution to water lead contamination (low CSMR water). Longitudinal water pH measurements along the length of the galvanic rigs revealed a significant pH drop close to the lead:copper junction at relatively short stagnation times in high CSMR water, which is consistent with the observations of higher lead leaching and higher galvanic current measured in that situation.

Investigation of Lead Levels in Potable Water from Faucets, Water Fountains and Water Dispensers Using Various Sampling Protocols in Schools

Impact ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (7) ◽  
pp. 50-52
Author(s):  
Ding-Quan Ng ◽  
Yi-Pin Lin
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Research Team ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Galvanic Corrosion ◽  
Assistant Professor ◽  
Lead Contamination ◽  
University Of Technology ◽  
Sampling Protocols ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
Lead Release

Lead contamination is an example of how elements that leach into drinking water can lead to considerable health problems in local communities. A research team led by Assistant Professor Ding-Quan Ng, from Chaoyang University of Technology, has been investigating the levels of lead found in drinking water in schools. They are also investigating lead release that occurs as a result of galvanic corrosion into potable water. Ng and his colleagues hope to shine a light on the dangers of lead contamination in drinking water supplies and seek to use their findings to promote the establishment of new regulations and policies to improve monitoring of water quality to local needs.

Effects of pH value, chloride and sulfate concentrations on galvanic corrosion between lead and copper in drinking water

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ding-Quan Ng ◽  
Yi-Pin Lin
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Lead Concentration ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Galvanic Corrosion ◽  
Corrosion Products ◽  
Lead Contamination ◽  
Lead Corrosion ◽  
Effects Of Ph ◽  
Lead Release

Environmental context Galvanic corrosion has been recently reported as the main cause of lead contamination in drinking water in urban cities. Conditions that can deter or promote galvanic corrosion, however, are not well understood. Fundamental investigations exploring the mechanisms and processes involved in galvanic corrosion in drinking water could help to implement proper corrective measures to safeguard public health from lead contamination. Abstract This study investigates the effects of pH value, chloride and sulfate concentrations on galvanic corrosion between lead and copper in drinking water. We hypothesised that galvanic corrosion would occur immediately when a lead–copper couple is first formed and that the release of lead would be suppressed by the subsequent formation of lead corrosion products. Therefore, unlike previous long-term studies using harvested lead pipes, batch experiments employing high-purity lead and copper (99.9%) wires under stagnant and completely mixed conditions were conducted for a 7-day period to test our hypotheses. It was found that enhanced lead release was indeed observed after the lead–copper couple was formed and the lead profiles after 48h were strongly influenced by lead corrosion products formed in the system. Under stagnant conditions, reducing pH and increasing either chloride or sulfate concentrations promoted lead release, leading to the formation of lead corrosion products such as cerussite and hydrocerussite as experiments proceeded. The effect of chloride concentration on total lead concentration measured in the aqueous phase was similar to that of sulfate at the same molar concentration, showing that the chloride-to-sulfate mass ratio may not provide a good indication for total lead concentration in water. This study provides essential information on fundamental mechanisms and processes involved in galvanic corrosion in drinking water and may be used to explain related phenomena observed in real drinking-water distribution systems.

Effect of connection methods on lead release from galvanic corrosion

2013 ◽  
Vol 105 (7) ◽  
pp. E337-E351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yin Wang ◽  
Vrajesh Mehta ◽  
Gregory J. Welter ◽  
Daniel E. Giammar
Keyword(s):  
Galvanic Corrosion ◽  
Lead Release

scholarly journals Worth a Closer Look: Raman Spectra of Lead-Pipe Scale

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1047
Author(s):  
Jill Dill Pasteris ◽  
Yeunook Bae ◽  
Daniel E. Giammar ◽  
Sydney N. Dybing ◽  
Claude H. Yoder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Water System ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Real Time Analysis ◽  
Fiber Optic Probes ◽  
Lead Pipe ◽  
Lead Pipes ◽  
Non Destructive

The identification and characterization of lead-bearing and associated minerals in scales on lead pipes are essential to understanding and predicting the mobilization of lead into drinking water. Despite its long-recognized usefulness in the unambiguous identification of crystalline and amorphous solids, distinguishing between polymorphic phases, and rapid and non-destructive analysis on the micrometer spatial scale, the Raman spectroscopy (RS) technique has been applied only occasionally in the analysis of scales in lead service lines (LSLs). This article illustrates multiple applications of RS not just for the identification of phases, but also compositional and structural characterization of scale materials in harvested lead pipes and experimental pipe-loop/recirculation systems. RS is shown to be a sensitive monitor of these characteristics through analyses on cross-sections of lead pipes, raw interior pipe walls, particulates captured in filters, and scrapings from pipes. RS proves to be especially sensitive to the state of crystallinity of scale phases (important to their solubility) and to the specific chemistry of phases precipitated upon the introduction of orthophosphate to the water system. It can be used effectively alone as well as in conjunction with more standard analytical techniques. By means of fiber-optic probes, RS has potential for in situ, real-time analysis within water-filled pipes.

Immunoperoxidase Detection of Whey Protein Soils on Ultrafiltration Membranes1

1990 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 484-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN A. PARTRIDGE ◽  
MUCIO M. FURTADO
Keyword(s):  
Whey Protein ◽  
Phosphate Buffer ◽  
Whey Proteins ◽  
Polyclonal Antiserum ◽  
Tween 20 ◽  
Immunoperoxidase Method ◽  
Bench Scale ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Uf Membranes ◽  
Peroxidase Conjugate

An immunoperoxidase method was developed for detection of whey proteins in ultrafiltration (UF) membranes. A polyclonal antiserum was prepared against whey proteins in rabbits and coupled to horseradish peroxidase using sodium m-periodate as the oxidizing agent. The immunoperoxidase method was evaluated using a bench-scale, thin-channel UF unit equipped with polysulfone membranes for the concentration of whey to a 7.5 times concentration factor. Following rinse, membranes were washed for periods ranging from 0 to 60 min. The whey protein antibody-peroxidase conjugate was diluted in phosphate buffer and circulated in the system for 4 min. Unbound antibodies were removed by three consecutive washes with phosphate buffer containing 0.2% (v/v) Tween-20. Bound peroxidase conjugate was eluted by circulation of 2 M NaCl, pH 8.5, followed by distilled water, pH 7.4. To determine bound peroxidase, a chromogenic substrate was added to 2.5 ml portions of the eluants and absorbance recorded at 414 nm 30 min later. Nitrogen residues in the membranes varied from 0.061 to 0.317% and absorbance values in the respective eluents ranged from .381 to .582%. A significant correlation (r = 0.89, P<0.05) was found between nitrogen residue and bound peroxidase. The results suggested that the immunoperoxidase method has the desired sensitivity for non-destructive assessment of whey protein soils on bench-scale UF systems.

Corrosion at a Holiday in an Organic Coated-Metal Substrate System

CORROSION ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 316-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. D. CRAIG ◽  
D. L. OLSON
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Ion Transport ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Galvanic Corrosion ◽  
Organic Coating ◽  
Metal Substrate ◽  
Galvanic Current ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Coated Metal ◽  
Significant Factors

Abstract The galvanic corrosion at a holiday in an organic coating was investigated by measuring the galvanic current as a function of time. It was found that an area of exposed metal (holiday) in the coating will be anodic to the coated areas. Water uptake and ion transport of the coating are significant factors affecting the corrosion taking place at a holiday. Thickness of the coating was also found to be an important influence on the corrosion rate at a holiday.

Estimating the Throwing Power of SS316 when Coupled with AA7075 Through Finite Element Modeling

CORROSION ◽  
10.5006/3438 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 476-484
Author(s):  
R.S. Marshall ◽  
A. Goff ◽  
C. Sprinkle ◽  
A. Britos ◽  
R.G. Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Noble Metal ◽  
Galvanic Corrosion ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Total Surface Area ◽  
Electrochemical Kinetics ◽  
Throwing Power ◽  
Galvanic Current ◽  
Fastener Hole ◽  
The Impact

Galvanic corrosion is common in applications involving a fastener and panel assembly. Often, the fastener is made from a more noble metal and the panel is made from a less noble metal, selected for their respective mechanical properties. The ability for the more noble material to galvanically couple to the panel’s surface as a function of distance is referenced to as “throwing power,” and was the main subject of this research. In this work, SS316 and AA7075 were investigated as the fastener and panel material, respectively. A Ti-6Al-4V fastener and a sol-gel coated SS316 fastener were also considered to determine the impact of different materials on the galvanically driven throwing power. Along with different fastener materials, different fastener geometries were considered as well. Raised fasteners are generally used in tandem with washers, while countersunk fasteners are not in order to remain flush with the surface. The difference between these two geometries on the throwing power was investigated. It was determined that the SS316 washer was the largest contributor to the galvanic current in the raised fastener assembly, due to its large surface area. At distances of two inches away, the SS316 fastener and washer were able to double the natural corrosion rate of AA7075. A countersunk SS316 fastener, with the same total surface area as that of the raised fastener and washer assembly, was seen to lower the throwing power which forced a large amount of current down the fastener hole. Throughout all of the computational tests, the model relies on the generation of accurate electrochemical kinetics measured in solutions of appropriate composition.

Controlling lead release due to uniform and galvanic corrosion — An evaluation of silicate-based inhibitors

2021 ◽  
Vol 407 ◽  
pp. 124707
Author(s):  
Bofu Li ◽  
Benjamin F. Trueman ◽  
Mohammad Shahedur Rahman ◽  
Graham A. Gagnon
Keyword(s):  
Galvanic Corrosion ◽  
Lead Release

Fundamental Study of Corrosion Preventive Compounds: Part II—Effects on Galvanic Corrosion of Coated Al Alloy Panels Coupled to Noble Fasteners

CORROSION ◽  
10.5006/2654 ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 499-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shan-Shan Wang ◽  
J. Boerstler ◽  
G.S. Frankel
Keyword(s):  
Galvanic Corrosion ◽  
Al Alloy ◽  
Test Panel ◽  
Galvanic Current ◽  
Fundamental Study ◽  
Corrosion Morphology ◽  
Layered Coatings ◽  
Equivalent Mass ◽  
Zero Resistance ◽  
Through Hole

The effects of corrosion preventive compounds (CPCs) on galvanic corrosion of coated Al alloy panels coupled to noble material fasteners were studied using a test specimen consisting of a painted AA7075-T6 panel and uncoated through-hole noble material fasteners. This specimen provides accelerated degradation of multi-layered coatings through galvanic attack. Homemade hard film CPCs formulated based on the general composition of a commercial hard film CPC were applied on the test specimens. The galvanic current between the panel and each fastener was monitored using a zero-resistance ammeter during exposure of the test panels in an ASTM B117 chamber for 3 weeks. The corrosion morphology, depth, and volume of the test panels after exposure and removal of the coating systems were investigated using optical profilometry (OP). The equivalent mass losses determined by two means, OP analysis and charge calculations by integration of galvanic currents with exposure time, were compared. For comparison with the homemade CPCs, test specimens without CPC and with commercial hard and soft film CPCs were also studied. CPCs reduced the galvanic current to a large extent and correspondingly mitigated galvanic attack. In particular, the commercial CPCs and a homemade CPC without corrosion inhibitor exhibited the best performance. This homemade CPC was also applied on a pre-corroded test panel. The galvanic current decreased after the CPC was applied on the pre-corroded test panel, indicating that the homemade CPC inhibited both the initiation and growth of galvanic corrosion.

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