L'Etat et les femmes en Belgique (fin XIXe - début du XXe siècle) : Propositions pour un modèle d'analyse

Res Publica ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-158
Author(s):  
Pascale Delfosse
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
The 19Th Century

Throughout the 19th. century and at the beginning of the 20th various European states, including those of Britain, Germany, France and Belgium, undertook fairly similar measures affecting women. These had a bearing on their civic status, political rights and rights at work.The aim of this study is to seek a pattern of these farms of intervention. Though the case of Belgium is used to illustrate this proposed pattern, it can be held valid for other European countries, despite slight differences in their application or the fact that these steps took place at varying dates according to the precise stage of development of the countries concerned.

A COMPARATIVE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE HUNGARIAN AND SLOVAKIAN NATIONAL PHILOSOPHIES: A CENTRAL EUROPEAN CASE

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-14
Author(s):  
Béla Mester
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
National Identities ◽  
European Countries ◽  
National Cultures ◽  
Central European ◽  
Latin Language ◽  
The 19Th Century

The paper analyses a well‐known phenomenon, that of the 19th century Central European so‐called “national philosophies”. However, the philosophical heritages of the Central European countries have their roles in the national identities; historians of philosophy in these countries know; our philosophies have common institutional roots with our neighbours. The paper deadlines paradigmatic problems from the Hungarian and Slovakian philosophy: the Latin language in philosophy, the different role of Kantianism and Hegelianism in the national cultures, and the problems of canonisation. Vengrų ir slovakų nacionalinių filosofijų komparatyvistinė istoriografija: Vidurio Europos atvejis Santrauka Straipsnyje tyrinėjamas gerai žinomas fenomenas, XIX a. Vidurio Europoje vadinamas „nacionalinėmis filosofijomis“. Kad ir kaip būtų, filosofiniai Vidurio Europos valstybių palikimai turi įtakos nacionaliniams tapatumams, ir tai žino šių valstybių filosofijos istorikai. Mūsų ir mūsų kaimynų filosofijos turi bendrąsias paprotines šaknis. Straipsnyje brėžiama paradigminių vengrų ir slovakų filosofijos problemų perskyra pagal lotynų kalbą filosofijoje, skirtingą kantizmo ir hėgelizmo vaidmenį tautinėse kultūrose bei kanonizacijos problemas. Reikšminiai žodžiai: kanonizacija, Vidurio Europos filosofijos, hėgelizmas, vengrų filosofija, kantizmas, lotynų kalba filosofijoje, tautinis tapatumas, „nacionalinės filosofijos“, slovakų filosofija.

scholarly journals The Influence of Different Seeding Space and Organic Fertilization Level Upon Production and Mass of 1000 Seeds, Recorded in Some Hemp Varieties

2014 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-48
Author(s):  
Adriana Iuliana DAN ◽  
Marcel M. DUDA ◽  
Cristina MOLDOVAN ◽  
Teodora FLORIAN
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Organic Fertilization ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Production Values ◽  
Fertilization Level ◽  
Industrial Hemp ◽  
The 19Th Century

AbstractHemp (Cannabis sativa L.) was used for textile and cordage more than 4000 years. The cultivation of industrial hemp declined in the 19th century but it remains one of the oldest crops in history. Despite of the decline, nowadays interest for this crop has recently been renewed within various European countries (Roman et al., 2012). The aim of the research is to observe the evolution of production values and physical parameters (MMB- grain) under the influence of different seeding space and organic fertilization level recorded in some hemp varieties approved in Romania, with a low level of THC.

1. History

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Les Iversen
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Scientific Investigation ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Recreational Drugs ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Medicinal Drugs ◽  
The 19Th Century

‘History’ outlines the knowledge and use of drugs through the ages. Early written records of medicinal drugs are known to have existed in a range of ancient cultures, including the Greek, Egyptian, Indian, and Chinese civilizations. In the medieval world, both Arabic and European countries studied drugs. Scientific investigation came about with the Renaissance, but medicine did not become truly scientific until the 19th century, when antiseptics, vaccines, and anaesthetics were discovered and produced. Drugs have also been used recreationally and ceremonially for millennia, whether naturally occurring (cannabis or opium), or artificially synthesized (LSD or ecstasy). Both medicinal and recreational drugs have become major, worldwide industries.

Penology at source: Francis Lieber

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-95
Author(s):  
Karolina Całkowska
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Scientific Discourse ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Separate System ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
New Look

The first half of the 19th century was the time of the American penitentiary solutions rising. New look at the penalty of imprisonment caused that from the end of the 18th century, so right after the first modern American separate system prison was built in Wallnut (1790) travels of representatives of European countries visiting new US penitentiary establishments have been widely spreaded. Theoretical travels in search of the best prison solutions. Reports from the prison reformers were produced, and the discussions around them were accompanied by the development of a modern scientific discourse on prison and the penitentiary system that was being created at that time. The first wave of these trips took place at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, document it in particular, the reports of the French F. A. F. La Raochefoucauld-Liancourt (1796), Englishman J. Turnbull (1797), Pole J.U. Niemcewicz (1807) . The intensification of these journeys took place after 1830, when the second type of separate system (the Auburn system) developed in America. During this time, reports of visits to American prisons were published, among others, by leading reformers of the prison, particularly considered to be the creator of the German prison science N.H. Julius (1833), or W. Crawford from England .

scholarly journals Mysticism in the courtroom in 19th-century Europe

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 21-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Graus
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Expert Testimony ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Public Concern ◽  
Criminal Courts ◽  
Criminal Proceedings ◽  
Criminal Charges ◽  
Mystical Experiences ◽  
The 19Th Century

This article examines how and why criminal proceedings were brought against alleged cases of Catholic mysticism in several European countries during modernity. In particular, it explores how criminal charges were derived from mystical experiences and shows how these charges were examined inside the courtroom. To bring a lawsuit against supposed mystics, justice systems had to reduce their mysticism to ‘facts’ or actions involving a breach of the law, usually fraud. Such accusations were not the main reason why alleged mystics were taken to court, however. Focusing on three representative examples, in Spain, France and Germany, I argue that ‘mystic trials’ had more to do with specific conflicts between the defendant and the ecclesiastical or secular authorities than with public concern regarding pretence of the supernatural. Criminal courts in Europe approached such cases in a similar way. Just as in ecclesiastical inquiries, during the trials, judges called upon expert testimony to debunk the allegedly supernatural. Once a mystic entered the courtroom, his or her reputation was profoundly affected. Criminal lawsuits had a certain ‘demystifying power’ and were effective in stifling the fervour surrounding the alleged mystics. All in all, mystic trials offer a rich example of the ways in which modern criminal justice dealt with increasing enthusiasm for the supernatural during the 19th century.

scholarly journals Analysis of Measuring the Deformation Resistance of the Subgrade Surface of a Modernised Line Považská Teplá - Žilina

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 210-218
Author(s):  
Libor Ižvolt ◽  
Peter Dobeš
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Deformation Resistance ◽  
European Countries ◽  
World War ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Post World War Ii ◽  
The 19Th Century

AbstractMost of the railway lines in Slovakia were built in the second half of the 19th century, or until 1918 (the establishment of Czechoslovakia). Except for the post-World War II period, when approximately 71 % of the Slovak lines had to be renewed, limited funds have been spent on repair and reconstruction works on the lines located in the Slovak territory. As some trans-European corridors cross the Slovak territory and the Slovak Republic assumed obligations arising from the AGC and AGTC agreements, the line modernization is more than desirable. The primary objective of the modernisation of railway lines in the territory of Slovakia is to ensure a high-quality and safe railway, which by its qualitative parameters corresponds to the standards of developed European countries. In this context, the paper deals with a section of the modernised corridor no. Va, specifically the section Považská Teplá - Žilina. During the period 2014-2017, quality diagnostics of the performed work was carried out on the sub-ballast layers of the above-mentioned line. Consequently, we carried out an analysis of the obtained values of the deformation resistance of the subgrade surface, as the weakest element in the construction of the sub-ballast layers.

scholarly journals CLASSIFICATION OF INVALID TRANSACTIONS IN PRESENT LAW DOCTRINE OF EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

10.23856/4624 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 190-194
Author(s):  
Roman Tashian
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Ancient Rome ◽  
Relevant Today ◽  
The Times ◽  
Traditional Approaches ◽  
The 19Th Century

The aim of this paper is providing the analysis of the classification of invalid transactions into void and voidable, which is recognized in many countries. This classification takes roots from the times of Ancient Rome, and was further developed in the 19th century thanks to the works of pandectists, primarily F.K. von Savigny and B. Windscheid. Today many European states are reforming their civil legislation. This fact allows us to take a fresh look at many institutions of civil law. In addition to the traditional approaches that are characteristic of the countries of the pandecto system, special attention should be paid to the “theorie moderne”, which is widespread in the countries of the Romanesque legal system. In the context of the invalidity of transactions, the article analyzes the provisions of the legislation of the leading European countries – Germany, France, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Belgium. Based on the above, it is concluded that this classification of the invalidity of transactions has not lost its meaning and is relevant today.

scholarly journals The Haban pottery from the Belgrade fortress: Archaeological contexts, chronology, decorative designs

Starinar ◽  
2012 ◽  
pp. 205-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vesna Bikic
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Reform Movement ◽  
Central European ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City ◽  
Archaeological Excavations

Haban pottery, named after its makers, members of the Anabaptist reform movement, flourished in Central-European countries from the end of the 16th until the 19th century. It is tin-glazed earthenware marked by distinctive decorative expression dominated by floral patterns. Archaeological excavations within the area of the Belgrade Fortress have recovered some eighty pieces of Haban pottery from well-defined and precisely dated contexts. The pottery occurred in two separate phases of Austrian rule over Belgrade. The earlier lasted for only two years, 1688-90, while the later began with the Austrian capture of the city in 1717 and lasted for over two decades, until 1739. These finds make it possible to establish the chronology and repertoire of Haban pottery in Belgrade, contributing to our better knowledge of this distinctive category of earthenware.

Western International Law and China's Confucianism in the 19th Century. Collision and Integration

2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Zewei
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
World View ◽  
World Order ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Qing Government ◽  
To Come ◽  
Tributary System ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Chinese View

The Confucian world view in China was based on the concept of the Celestial Empire of China and embodied in the Tributary System. The Chinese view could not fit into the equal international relationship asserted among European countries. In the mid-19th century, especially after the Opium Wars, international law embarked on a furious collision with Chinese traditional Confucianism. Threatened by forces of Western powers, the Qing government had no choice but to come to compromise with the Western powers. Consequently, the Confucian world order based on the Celestial Empire of China collapsed and Chinese officials and scholars began to learn, accept and apply international law.

The Formation of Pastoral Theology as an Academic Discipline on the Example of Moscow Theological Academy (1814-1869)

2020 ◽  
pp. 179-201
Author(s):  
Андрей Владимирович Дружинин
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Pastoral Theology ◽  
Academic Discipline ◽  
Educational Environment ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Theological School ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

Цель статьи - проследить начальный этап развития одной из наиболее дискуссионных областей богословских наук - пастырского богословия - в учебном курсе духовных академий первой половины XIX в. на примере московской духовной академии. согласно уставу духовных училищ, академии должны были готовить преподавателей по семинарскому курсу пастырского богословия. однако на практике в течение действия устава 1814 г. преподавание и развитие данной дисциплины было сопряжено с рядом коллизий, зависящих как от внешних обстоятельств, так и от специфики концептуализации идеи пастырской подготовки. в историографии данный период развития пастырского богословия освещён скудно и тенденциозно. мнение об отсутствии оригинальной пасторологической мысли в данный период складывается без учёта архивных источников, что является упущением. в связи с этим в докладе предлагается взгляд на генезис и содержание пастырского богословия на основании проработки материалов московской духовной академии из архивных учреждений москвы, датированных периодом с 1816 по 1869 г. результаты исследования позволяют судить о значении пастырского богословия в дореволюционной духовной школе. The following article is devoted to the history of one of the most debatable areas of theological sciences - pastoral theology. The report attempts to trace the initial stage of development of this discipline in the course of theological academies (1st half of the 19th century) on the example of Moscow Theological Academy. During the validity of the Charter of 1814, the teaching and development of pastoral theology was associated with a number of collisions, depending both on external circumstances and on the conceptualization of understanding the pastor in the spiritual and educational environment. In this regard, the article offers a look at the genesis and content of pastoral theology based on the elaboration of archival materials from Moscow Theological Academy from the archival institutions of Moscow dated 1816-1869. The results of the study make it possible to judge the significance of pastoral theology in the prerevolutionary theological school.

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