scholarly journals Antimicrobial use in pigs, broilers and veal calves in Belgium

2014 ◽  
Vol 83 (5) ◽  
pp. 215-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Filippitzi ◽  
B. Callens ◽  
B. Pardon ◽  
D. Persoons ◽  
J. Dewulf
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
National Level ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Antimicrobial Consumption ◽  
Veal Calves ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Veal Calf ◽  
Daily Dose ◽  
Unit Of Measurement

Given the risks associated with antimicrobial resistance and its link with antimicrobial use, available data on antimicrobial use in the Belgian pig, broiler and veal calf production were compared. Allowing for comparison of the data available from three peer-reviewed scientific articles, the unit of measurement for antimicrobial use was the Treatment Incidence (TI), defined as the number of animals per 1000 treated daily with one ‘defined’ (DDDA) or ‘used daily dose animal’ (UDDA). Moreover, extrapolation of farm-level data to national-level data was attempted according to the European Surveillance of Veterinary Antimicrobial Consumption (ESVAC) methodology, to estimate the amount of antimicrobials used in Belgium per species. Although, among the three species, the highest TI was observed in veal calves (TIDDDA=414, TIUDDA=379), based on the extrapolation, it was estimated that most antimicrobials were administered to pigs (159.4 tons). Thus, the most rapid decline in the total use could potentially be achieved by targeting the pig sector. During the process of data collection for comparison and calculation, it became obvious that there is a need for harmonized monitoring programs.

scholarly journals Global Trends in Antimicrobial Use in Food Animals from 2017 to 2030

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 918
Author(s):  
Katie Tiseo ◽  
Laura Huber ◽  
Marius Gilbert ◽  
Timothy P. Robinson ◽  
Thomas P. Van Boeckel
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Stewardship ◽  
Multivariate Regression ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Antimicrobial Consumption ◽  
Export Markets ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Sales Data ◽  
Intensive Farming

Demand for animal protein is rising globally and has been facilitated by the expansion of intensive farming. However, intensive animal production relies on the regular use of antimicrobials to maintain health and productivity on farms. The routine use of antimicrobials fuels the development of antimicrobial resistance, a growing threat for the health of humans and animals. Monitoring global trends in antimicrobial use is essential to track progress associated with antimicrobial stewardship efforts across regions. We collected antimicrobial sales data for chicken, cattle, and pig systems in 41 countries in 2017 and projected global antimicrobial consumption from 2017 to 2030. We used multivariate regression models and estimated global antimicrobial sales in 2017 at 93,309 tonnes (95% CI: 64,443, 149,886). Globally, sales are expected to rise by 11.5% in 2030 to 104,079 tonnes (95% CI: 69,062, 172,711). All continents are expected to increase their antimicrobial use. Our results show lower global antimicrobial sales in 2030 compared to previous estimates, owing to recent reports of decrease in antimicrobial use, in particular in China, the world’s largest consumer. Countries exporting a large proportion of their production are more likely to report their antimicrobial sales data than countries with small export markets.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial resistance prevalence of pathogenic and commensal Escherichia coli in food-producing animals in Belgium

2014 ◽  
Vol 83 (5) ◽  
pp. 225-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Chantziaras ◽  
J. Dewulf ◽  
F. Boyen ◽  
B. Callens ◽  
P. Butaye
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Commensal Bacteria ◽  
The Other ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Veal Calves ◽  
Veal Calf

In this article, detailed studies on antimicrobial resistance to commensal E. coli (in pigs, meatproducing bovines, broiler chickens and veal calves) and pathogenic E. coli (in pigs and bovines) in Belgium are presented for 2011. Broiler chicken and veal calf isolates of commensal E. coli demonstrated higher antimicrobial resistance prevalence than isolates from pigs and bovines. Fifty percent of E. coli isolates from broiler chickens were resistant to at least five antimicrobials, whereas sixty-one percent of bovine E. coli isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested. On the other hand, bovine pathogenic E. coli isolates showed an extended resistance profile with more than half of the isolates being resistant to ten or more antimicrobials. The results are not significantly different from the results from previously published studies on commensal bacteria in pigs in Belgium, although different methodologies of sampling and susceptibility testing were used.

scholarly journals Evaluation of metrics for benchmarking antimicrobial use in the UK dairy industry

2018 ◽  
Vol 182 (13) ◽  
pp. 379-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harriet L Mills ◽  
Andrea Turner ◽  
Lisa Morgans ◽  
Jonathan Massey ◽  
Hannah Schubert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Dairy Industry ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Daily Dose ◽  
Global Concern ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Risk Of Treatment ◽  
Selection Of

The issue of antimicrobial resistance is of global concern across human and animal health. In 2016, the UK government committed to new targets for reducing antimicrobial use (AMU) in livestock. Although a number of metrics for quantifying AMU are defined in the literature, all give slightly different interpretations. This paper evaluates a selection of metrics for AMU in the dairy industry: total mg, total mg/kg, daily dose and daily course metrics. Although the focus is on their application to the dairy industry, the metrics and issues discussed are relevant across livestock sectors. In order to be used widely, a metric should be understandable and relevant to the veterinarians and farmers who are prescribing and using antimicrobials. This means that clear methods, assumptions (and possible biases), standardised values and exceptions should be published for all metrics. Particularly relevant are assumptions around the number and weight of cattle at risk of treatment and definitions of dose rates and course lengths; incorrect assumptions can mean metrics over-represent or under-represent AMU. The authors recommend that the UK dairy industry work towards the UK-specific metrics using the UK-specific medicine dose and course regimens as well as cattle weights in order to monitor trends nationally.

scholarly journals Targets for the reduction of antibiotic use in humans in the Transatlantic Taskforce on Antimicrobial Resistance (TATFAR) partner countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (28) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio D’Atri ◽  
Jacqueline Arthur ◽  
Hege Salvesen Blix ◽  
Lauri A Hicks ◽  
Diamantis Plachouras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
The United States ◽  
Human Medicine ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Focal Points ◽  
Antimicrobial Consumption ◽  
Inappropriate Use ◽  
And Control

Unnecessary and inappropriate use of antibiotics in human healthcare is a major driver for the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance; many countries are implementing measures to limit the overuse and misuse of antibiotics e.g. through the establishment of antimicrobial use reduction targets. We performed a review of antimicrobial use reduction goals in human medicine in Transatlantic Taskforce on Antimicrobial Resistance partner countries. On 31 March 2017, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control sent a questionnaire to National Focal Points for Antimicrobial Consumption and the National Focal Points for Antimicrobial Resistance in 28 European Union countries, Iceland and Norway. The same questionnaire was sent to the TATFAR implementers in Canada and the United States. Thirty of 32 countries replied. Only nine countries indicated that they have established targets to reduce antimicrobial use in humans. Twenty-one countries replied that no target had been established. However, 17 of these 21 countries indicated that work to establish such targets is currently underway, often in the context of developing a national action plan against antimicrobial resistance. The reported targets varied greatly between countries and can be a useful resource for countries willing to engage in the reduction of antibiotic use in humans.

Assessing the Poverty Impact of India’s Largest Livelihood Security Programme: A Study Based on 68th Round of NSSO

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sagarika Dey
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Welfare Impact ◽  
Mahatma Gandhi ◽  
Rural Employment ◽  
Level Data ◽  
And Control ◽  
Employment Guarantee ◽  
Employment Guarantee Scheme

The enactment of India’s historic livelihood guarantee programme in the form of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA) has been coterminous with a phase of rapid decline in India’s rural poverty rates. This naturally motivates the question as to whether the observed decline in rural poverty can be attributed, at least partly, to efficient targeting and implementation of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MNREGS). This study underscores the fact that the welfare impact of anti-poverty programmes such as the MNREGS is critically dependent on whether these programmes actually reach the intended beneficiaries. Using the unit-level data from the 68th round of the NSSO survey on Employment and Unemployment, the article first investigates the possible ‘capture’ of the MNREGS at the national and also at the state levels and the consequent ‘crowding out’ of asset poor rural households. Statistical analysis of household data reveals that although at the national level, the scheme seems to be predominantly directed towards the poor, considerable variations exist among states. After correcting for confounders in treatment and control groups, the study finds that access to MNREGS employment significantly lowers the probability of a rural household of falling in the poverty trap. The article, therefore, concludes that the scheme has the potential of favourably impacting and protecting consumption standards among rural poor. Maximisation of this potential, however, would depend upon proper identification of needy households and rooting out of the pseudo-poor from the ambit of the programme.

scholarly journals Metagenomic Analysis of the Microbial Communities and Resistomes of Veal Calf Feces

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serajus Salaheen ◽  
Seon Woo Kim ◽  
Ernest Hovingh ◽  
Jo Ann S. Van Kessel ◽  
Bradd J. Haley
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
Veal Calves ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
Veal Calf ◽  
Late Stages

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major public health concern, and dairy calves, including veal calves, are known reservoirs of resistant bacteria. To investigate AMR in the fecal microbial communities of veal calves, we conducted metagenomic sequencing of feces collected from individual animals on four commercial veal operations in Pennsylvania. Fecal samples from three randomly selected calves on each farm were collected soon after the calves were brought onto the farms (n = 12), and again, just before the calves from the same cohorts were ready for slaughter (n = 12). Results indicated that the most frequently identified phyla were Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria. Fecal microbial communities in samples collected from the calves at the early and late stages of production were significantly different at the genus level (analysis of similarities [ANOSIM] on Bray-Curtis distances, R = 0.37, p < 0.05), but not at the phylum level. Variances among microbial communities in the feces of the younger calves were significantly higher than those from the feces of calves at the late stage of production (betadisper F = 8.25, p < 0.05). Additionally, our analyses identified a diverse set of mobile antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in the veal calf feces. The fecal resistomes mostly consisted of ARGs that confer resistance to aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLS), and these ARGs represented more than 70% of the fecal resistomes. Factors that are responsible for selection and persistence of resistant bacteria in the veal calf gut need to be identified to implement novel control points and interrupt detrimental AMR occurrence and shedding.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial resistance national level dialogue and action in Ghana: setting and sustaining the agenda and outcomes

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Augustina Koduah ◽  
Martha Gyansa-Lutterodt ◽  
George Kwesi Hedidor ◽  
Reginald Sekyi-Brown ◽  
Michelle Asiedu-Danso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Policy Change ◽  
Agenda Setting ◽  
Working Group ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
National Level ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Coordination Mechanisms ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Policy Actors

Abstract Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has gained national and international attention. The design and launch of national policy on antimicrobial use and resistance and action plan marked a milestone in Ghana’s commitment to control AMR. These strategies are some outcomes of getting and sustaining AMR issues prominence on government’s agenda. Understanding the agenda setting processes, policy actors involved and policy change is important as this provides insights on how and why policy actors defined and framed AMR issues to sustain its prominence despite the changing priorities of government agenda. Objective To examine the processes of setting and sustaining AMR issues on government agenda, the policy actors involved and resulting outcomes. Methods A qualitative study was conducted and data collected through interviewing twenty-four respondents and reviewing technical working group meeting reports and health sector documents. Data was analysed drawing on Kingdon’s agenda setting framework. Result Members of a multisectoral technical working group (AMR platform) formed in 2011 constantly built consensus on AMR problem definition, solutions and actively engaged decision makers to mobilise support and interest. The AMR platform members sustained AMR attention and prominence on government’s agenda through the following multisectoral coordination mechanisms: (1) institutionalising AMR platform activities (2) gathering evidence, sharing findings, and supporting research (3) creating awareness and training (4) gaining and maintaining political support. The activities of the AMR platform contributed to three remarkable outcomes and these are (1) maintained network of AMR Champions, (2) design of a national policy on antimicrobial use and resistance in Ghana (1st edition) and national action plan (2017–2021), and (3) Ghana’s hosting of the second Global call to action on AMR. Conclusion The AMR platform members as influencers concentrated their efforts to move and sustain AMR issues on government agenda. The identified multisectoral coordination mechanisms collectively contributed to agenda setting processes and policy change. The AMR platform engagements are ongoing and it is important the momentum is maintained. As multisectoral coordination and activities are vital especially for AMR ‘One Health’ approach, we hope this paper presents lessons for better understanding of how and why multisectoral groups influence national level agenda setting processes.

scholarly journals Informing Stewardship Measures in Canadian Food Animal Species through Integrated Reporting of Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Data—Part I, Methodology Development

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1492
Author(s):  
Agnes Agunos ◽  
Sheryl P. Gow ◽  
Anne E. Deckert ◽  
Grace Kuiper ◽  
David F. Léger
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Data Integration ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Integrated Reporting ◽  
Farm Level ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance ◽  
Food Animal ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Selection Of

This study explores methodologies for the data integration of antimicrobial use (AMU) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) results within and across three food animal species, surveyed at the farm-level by the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CIPARS). The approach builds upon existing CIPARS methodology and principles from other AMU and AMR surveillance systems. Species level data integration involved: (1) standard CIPARS descriptive and temporal analysis of AMU/AMR, (2) synthesis of results, (3) selection of AMU and AMR outcomes for integration, (4) selection of candidate AMU indicators to enable comparisons of AMU levels between species and simultaneous assessment of AMU and AMR trends, (5) exploration of analytic options for studying associations between AMU and AMR, and (6) interpretation and visualization. The multi-species integration was also completed using the above approach. In addition, summarized reporting of internationally-recognized indicators of AMR (i.e., AMR adjusted for animal biomass) and AMU (mg/population correction unit, mg/kg animal biomass) is explored. It is envisaged that this approach for species and multi-species AMU–AMR data integration will be applied to the annual CIPARS farm-level data and progressively developed over time to inform AMU–AMR integrated surveillance best practices for further enhancement of AMU stewardship actions.

Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusin German Intensive Care Units During 2000-2003: Data from Project SARI (Surveillance of Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in Intensive Care Units)

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Meyer ◽  
Frank Schwab ◽  
Petra Gastmeier ◽  
Daniel Jonas ◽  
Henning Rueden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Intensive Care Units ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Incidence Density ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Antimicrobial Consumption ◽  
Mrsa Infection ◽  
The Impact ◽  
German Icus

Objectives.The objective of this study was to analyze methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) percentages (defined as the percentage ofS. aureusisolates that are resistant to methicillin) and antimicrobial consumption in intensive care units (ICUs) participating in Project SARI (Surveillance of Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in Intensive Care Units), to look for temporal changes in MRSA percentages and antimicrobial consumption in individual ICUs as an indicator of the impact of an active surveillance system, and to investigate the differences between ICUs with increased MRSA percentages versus those with decreased percentages during a period of 3 years (2001-2003).Methods.This was a prospective, ICU-based and laboratory-based surveillance study involving 38 German ICUs during 2000-2003. Antimicrobial use was reported in terms of defined daily doses (DDDs) per 1,000 patient-days. Temporal changes in the MRSA percentage and antimicrobial use in individual ICUs were calculated by means of the Wilcoxon signed rank test. The incidence density of nosocomial MRSA infection was defined as the number of nosocomial MRSA infections per 1,000 patient-days.Results.From February 2000 through December 2003, a total of 38 ICUs reported data on 499,694 patient-days and 9,552S. aureusisolates, including 2,249 MRSA isolates and 660,029 DDDs of antimicrobials. Cumulative MRSA percentages ranged from 0% to 64.4%, with a mean of 23.6%. The MRSA incidence density ranged from 0 to 38.2 isolates per 1,000 patient-days, with a mean of 2.77 isolates per 1,000 patient-days. There was a positive correlation between MRSA percentage and imipenem and ciprofloxacin use (P<.05). Overall, comparison of data from 2001 with data from 2003 showed that MRSA percentages increased in 18 ICUs (median increase, 13.2% [range, 1.6%-38.4%]) and decreased in 14 ICUs (median decrease, 12% [range, 1.0%-48.4%]). Increased use of third-generation cephalosporins, glycopeptides, or aminoglycosides correlated significantly with an increase in the MRSA percentage (P<.05). The cumulative nosocomial MRSA infection incidence density for 141 ICUs that did not participate in SARI and, therefore, did not receive feedback increased from 0.26 to 0.35 infections per 1,000 patient-days during a 3-year period, whereas the rate in SARI ICUs decreased from 0.63 to 0.40 infections per 1,000 patient-days.Conclusion.The MRSA situation in German ICUs is still heterogeneous. Because MRSA percentages range from 0% to 64.4%, further studies are required to confirm findings that no change in the MRSA percentage and a decrease in the nosocomial MRSA infection incidence density in SARI ICUs reflect the impact of an active surveillance system.

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