scholarly journals EFEKTIVITAS COLD WATER IMMERSION SUHU 15° C DAN 25° C TERHADAP PERBAIKAN DAYA TAHAN DAN PERSEPSI NYERI OTOT TUNGKAI PADA PEMAIN SEPAK BOLA USIA DINI

MEDIKORA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-16
Author(s):  
Muhammad Rifqi Fatoni ◽  
Sigit Nugroho
Keyword(s):  
Pain Perception ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Muscle Endurance ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Signed Rank Test

Akumulasi pertandingan dengan masa pemulihan yang singkat menyebabkan kelelahan, kerusakan dan inflamasi otot yang dapat menurunkan daya tahan otot dan meningkatkan resiko cedera. Pada keadaan cedera akut, penggunaan terapi dingin dapat mencegah kerusakan jaringan yang lebih luas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas Cold Water Immersion (CWI) suhu 15°C dan 25°C terhadap daya tahan dan persepsi nyeri otot tungkai pada pemain sepak bola usia dini. Desain yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah eksperimen semu dengan pola Two Group Pretest-Posttest. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah tes dan pengukuran nyeri dan daya tahan otot tungkai. Subjek penelitian ini adalah atlet sepak bola Sekolah Sepak Bola (SSB) KKK Klajuaran usia 9-11 tahun. Teknik sampel menggunakan quota sampling dengan subyek sebanyak 14 orang. Subyek dibagi menjadi dua kelompok yaitu, perlakuan CWI 15°C (G15) dan CWI suhu 25°C (G25). Data pretest pada kedua perlakuan dan data post test kedua perlakuan diuji dengan uji Mann Whitney. Daya tahan otot dan persepsi nyeri sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan pada masing masing kelompok terkumpul dianalisis secara deskriptif dan diuji dengan analisis Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. Uji efektivitas dihitung dengan membandingkan selisih data post test dan pretest terhadap data pretest. Tidak ditemukan perbedaan daya tahan otot dan persepsi nyeri sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan antara kedua kelompok perlakuan. Pada kelompok G15 terjadi penurunan persepsi nyeri sebesar 55% dengan uji wilcoxon dengan nilai p = 0,018, akan tetapi tidak ditemukan perubahan daya tahan otot setelah perlakuan. Hasil yang sama ditemukan pada kelompok G25 dimana terdapat penurunan persepsi nyeri sebesar 58% dengan uji wilcoxon dengan p = 0,018 serta tidak ditemukan perubahan daya tahan otot tungkai. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa perlakuan CWI 15°C dan 25°C dapat menurunkan nyeri tapi tidak mempengaruhi daya tahan otot. Tidak terdapat perbedaan efektivitas kedua jenis perlakuan tersebut dalam menurunkan persepsi nyeri dan meningkatkan daya tahan otot. EFFECTIVENESS OF COLD WATER IMMERSION TEMPERATURE OF 15 ° C AND 25° C AGAINST IMPROVEMENT IN ENDURANCE AND PERCEPTION OF LEG MUSCLE PAIN IN EARLY AGE FOOTBALL PLAYERSAbstractAccumulation of matches with a short recovery period causes fatigue, damage and inflammation of the muscles which can reduce muscle endurance and increase the risk of injury. In the case of acute injury, the use of cold therapy can prevent damage to broader tissue. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Cold Water Immersion (CWI) temperatures of 15 ° C and 25 ° C on the endurance and perception of leg muscle pain in early age soccer players.The design used in this study was quasi-experimental with Two Group Pretest-Posttest patterns. The instrument used was a test and measurement of pain and endurance of leg muscles. The subjects of this study were the soccer athletes of Klajuaran KKK Soccer School (SSB) aged 9-11 years. The sampling technique uses quota sampling with subjects as many as 14 people. The subjects were divided into two groups namely, 15 ° C (G15) CWI treatment and 25 ° C (G25) CWI treatment. Pretest data on both treatments and post-test data on both treatments were tested with the Mann Whitney test. Muscle endurance and pain perception before and after treatment in each group collected were analyzed descriptively and tested with the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test analysis. The effectiveness test is calculated by comparing the difference between the post test and pretest data against the pretest data. There were no differences in muscle endurance and pain perception before and after treatment between the two treatment groups. In the G15 group there was a decrease in pain perception by 55% with the Wilcoxon test with a value of p = 0.018, but there was no change in muscle endurance after treatment. Similar results were found in the G25 group where there was a decrease in pain perception by 58% with the Wilcoxon test with p = 0.018 and no changes in endurance of leg muscles were found. It can be concluded that the CWI treatment of 15 ° C and 25 ° C can reduce pain but does not affect muscular endurance. There is no difference in the effectiveness of the two types of treatment in reducing pain perception and increasing muscle endurance.

scholarly journals PENGARUH PEMBERIAN PAKET “KIAT SEHAT” TERHADAP KECEMASAN PADA IBU HAMIL

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
Jelita Herlina Siska Hinonaung ◽  
Elsi Dwi Hapsari ◽  
Widyawati
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Consecutive Sampling ◽  
Correct Information ◽  
Signed Rank ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Signed Rank Test

ABSTRAKTujuan penelitian: Mengetahui pengaruh pemberian paket “kiat sehat” terhadap kecemasan pada ibu hamil. Metode: Jenis penelitian ini adalah pra-eksperimental one-group pra-post test design. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada tanggal 11 Juli 2016-18 Agustus 2016. Pemilihan sampel secara consecutive sampling. Jumlah sampel adalah 51 responden. Pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner yang terdiri atas 2 bagian, yaitu karakteristik responden dan kecemasan ibu hamil yang telah digunakan oleh Setyaningsih (2012). Uji wilxocon signed rank test digunakan untuk melihat perbedaan skor kecemasan ibu hamil sebelum dan setelah empat belas hari diberikan paket “kiat sehat”. Hasil: mayoritas responden adalah umur 19-35 tahun (82,4%), pendidikan menengah (52,9%), mendapatkan informasi tentang kehamilan dari petugas kesehatan (78,4%). Median skor dan simpangan baku kecemasan responden sebelum diberikan paket “kiat sehat” adalah 71(10,6) dan setelah diberikan paket “kiat sehat” 61(10). Uji wilcoxon untuk mengukur pengaruh pemberian paket “kiat sehat” terhadap kecemasan menunjukkan nilai p<0,001. Diskusi: pemberian paket “kiat sehat” berpengaruh bermakna secara klinis menurunkan kecemasan pada ibu hamil. Penting untuk membekali diri ibu hamil dengan informasi yang benar tentang kehamilan. Paket “kiat sehat” dapat dimanfaatkan oleh ibu hamil maupun keluarga sebagai bahan bacaan mengenai kiat sehat selama kehamilan sehingga wawasan bertambah dan kecemasan berkurang selama proses kehamilan. Kesimpulan: Ibu hamil perlu dibekali informasi yang benar tentang kehamilan untuk menurunkan kecemasan. Paket ‘kiat sehat’ dapat digunakan sebagai alternatif media pembelajaran yang digunakan oleh petugas kesehatan untuk diberikan pada ibu hamil.Kata kunci: Paket “kiat sehat”, kecemasan, ibu hamilEFFECT OF GIVING “HEALTHY TIPS (KIAT SEHAT)” PACKAGE ON ANXIETY IN PREGNANT WOMENABSTRACTObjective: To identify the effect of “healthy tips (kiat sehat)” package on anxiety in pregnant women. Methods: This research is pre-experimental with one-group pre-posttest design. It was conducted on 11 July 2016-18 August 2016. Samples were taken using consecutive sampling with a sample size of 51 respondents. Data were collected using a questionnaire consisting of 2 parts, namely characteristics of respondents and anxiety of pregnant women that had been used by Setyaningsih (2012). A Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to see differences anxiety scores in pregnant women before and after fourteen days of being given a “healthy tips” package. Results: The majority of respondents were aged 19-35 years (82.4%), had secondary education (52.9%), obtained information about pregnancy from healthcare workers (78.4%). The median score and standard deviation of respondents’ anxiety before being given the “healthy tips” package was 71 (10.6) and after being given the “healthy tips” package was 61 (10). The Wilcoxon test to measure the effect of giving “healthy tips” package on anxiety showedp value of <0.001. Discussion: Giving “healthy tips” package has a clinically significant effect on reducing anxiety in pregnant women. It is important to equip pregnant women with correct information about pregnancy. The “healthy tips” package can be used by pregnant women andfamilies as reading material concerning healthy tips during pregnancy so that their knowledge increases and anxiety decreases during the pregnancy, Conclusion: Pregnant women need to be equipped with correct information about pregnancy to reduce anxiety. The ‘healthy tips ’package can be used as an alternative learning medium by healthcare workers to be given to pregnant women.Keywords: “Healthy tips ” Package, anxiety, pregnant women

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Cold Compress and Lavender Aromatherapy on Reduction in Postpartum Perineal Pain Intensity

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Yuanita Syaiful ◽  
Lilis Fatmawati ◽  
Siti Nur Qomariah ◽  
Aidatur Runis
Keyword(s):  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Perineal Wound ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
Perineal Pain ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Test Statistic ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Signed Rank Test

Introduction: Every postpartum mother got a perineal wound and experience pain. This pain results in unpleasant effect such as fear of movement which can lead to problems such as sub uterine involution, unhealthy release of lochea, and postpartum bleeding. The purpose of the study was to determine effectiveness of cold compress and lavender aromatherapy on the reduction in postpartum perineal pain intensity. Methods: This study uses a Quasi-Experiment method with a pre-post test design. 32 samples were divided into 16 cold compresses and 16 lavender aromatherapy. The independent variable is the supply of cold compresses and lavender aromatherapy. The dependent variable is postpartum perineal pain. Data collection with standard operating procedures (SOP) for cold compresses, and lavender aromatherapy and observation sheets with bourbonic pain scales. Analyzed using the Wilcoxon test to find out before and after, to determine the effectiveness of using the Mann Whitney test. Results : Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test P=0.000 which means there is a difference in pain intensity before and after cold compresses are given, As for the lavender aromatherapy variable, the value of P=0.008 means that there is a difference in pain intensity before and after lavender aromatherapy is given. Mann-Whitney U Test statistic shows that the significance value P = 0.077, so there is no significant difference between giving cold compress and lavender aromatherapy to reduction in postpartum perineal pain intensity. Conclusions: Cold compresses and lavender aromatherapy can be used as nonpharmacological therapy in reducing the intensity of postpartum perineal pain.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Picture Story Books Reading to Increase Kindness in Children Aged 5-6 Years

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giyati Retnowati ◽  
Rose Mini Agoes Salim ◽  
Airin Y Saleh
Keyword(s):  
Test Score ◽  
Measurement Instrument ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Storybook Reading ◽  
Signed Rank ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Signed Rank Test

This research aimed to determine the effectiveness of picture in storybook reading to increase kindness in children. This research involved 31 children aged 5-6 years; they were taken from the kindergarten in Bandung as the participants. The intervention was done by reading eight picture books in eight days. The kindness was measured using a measurement instrument created by the researcher, in the form of nine coloured cards that described the behaviour of kindness. The measurement was also done by seeing through the kindness tree and observation sheets that filled out by the teacher. The data analysis using the Wilcoxon Signed-rank test shows a significant difference in the average score of kindness (p<0,05) before and after picture storybook reading. Two weeks after the intervention, the improvement on all kindness behaviours with the post-test score is greater than pre-test score that still can be found. Observation through kindness tree and observational sheets shows the same result.

scholarly journals Cold water immersion attenuates anabolic signaling and skeletal muscle fiber hypertrophy, but not strength gain, following whole-body resistance training

2019 ◽  
Vol 127 (5) ◽  
pp. 1403-1418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jackson J. Fyfe ◽  
James R. Broatch ◽  
Adam J. Trewin ◽  
Erik D. Hanson ◽  
Christos K. Argus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Muscle Fiber ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Leg Press ◽  
Before And After

We determined the effects of cold water immersion (CWI) on long-term adaptations and post-exercise molecular responses in skeletal muscle before and after resistance training. Sixteen men (22.9 ± 4.6 y; 85.1 ± 17.9 kg; mean ± SD) performed resistance training (3 day/wk) for 7 wk, with each session followed by either CWI [15 min at 10°C, CWI (COLD) group, n = 8] or passive recovery (15 min at 23°C, control group, n = 8). Exercise performance [one-repetition maximum (1-RM) leg press and bench press, countermovement jump, squat jump, and ballistic push-up], body composition (dual X-ray absorptiometry), and post-exercise (i.e., +1 and +48 h) molecular responses were assessed before and after training. Improvements in 1-RM leg press were similar between groups [130 ± 69 kg, pooled effect size (ES): 1.53 ± 90% confidence interval (CI) 0.49], whereas increases in type II muscle fiber cross-sectional area were attenuated with CWI (−1,959 ± 1,675 µM2 ; ES: −1.37 ± 0.99). Post-exercise mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling (rps6 phosphorylation) was blunted for COLD at post-training (POST) +1 h (−0.4-fold, ES: −0.69 ± 0.86) and POST +48 h (−0.2-fold, ES: −1.33 ± 0.82), whereas basal protein degradation markers (FOX-O1 protein content) were increased (1.3-fold, ES: 2.17 ± 2.22). Training-induced increases in heat shock protein (HSP) 27 protein content were attenuated for COLD (−0.8-fold, ES: −0.94 ± 0.82), which also reduced total HSP72 protein content (−0.7-fold, ES: −0.79 ± 0.57). CWI blunted resistance training-induced muscle fiber hypertrophy, but not maximal strength, potentially via reduced skeletal muscle protein anabolism and increased catabolism. Post-exercise CWI should therefore be avoided if muscle hypertrophy is desired. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study adds to existing evidence that post-exercise cold water immersion attenuates muscle fiber growth with resistance training, which is potentially mediated by attenuated post-exercise increases in markers of skeletal muscle anabolism coupled with increased catabolism and suggests that blunted muscle fiber growth with cold water immersion does not necessarily translate to impaired strength development.

Pemberdayaan Keluarga Meningkatkan Self Efficacy dan Kualitas Hidup Lansia di Puskesmas Oebobo Kupang

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 96
Author(s):  
Marice Oktavia Hutagalung ◽  
Joni Haryanto ◽  
Rista Fauziningtyas
Keyword(s):  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Signed Rank ◽  
Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Signed Rank Test ◽  
General Self Efficacy

Pendahuluan: Disabilitas merupakan masalah yang paling umum dihadapi oleh lansia. Hal tersebut dapat mempengaruhi kualitas hidup lansia, sehingga dibutuhkan perawatan dari keluarga. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberdayaan keluarga terhadap self-efficacy dan kualitas hidup lansia.Metode: Rancangan penelitian ini adalah penelitian Quasy Experimental dengan menggunakan data kuantitatif. Sampel sejumlah 39 responden yang berkunjung di Puskesmas Oebobo Kota Kupang Nusa Tenggara Timur dengan menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Data diperoleh dari kuesioner General self efficacy scale (GSES) dan kualitas hidup lansia menggunakan WHOQOL – BREF. Analisis dengan menggunakan uji statistik wilcoxon test dan mann- whitney.Hasil: Hasil uji wilcoxon signed rank test menunjukkan adanya pengaruh pemberdayaan keluarga terhadap kualitas hidup lansia sebelum dan sesudah intervensi dengan nilai p = 0,034 atau ≤ 0,05. Uji mann whitney post-test kelompok perlakuan dan kelompok kontrol menunjukka terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna antara nilai post-test kecemasan kelompok perlakuan dibandingkan kelompok kontrol dengan nilai p = 0,000 atau p ≤ 0,05.Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan yang positif pada pemberdayaan keluarga dalam meningkatkan self efficacy dan kualitas hidup lansia. Semakin baik pola peran keluarga maka semakin baik tingkat self efficacy dan kualitas hidup lansia. Perawat komunitas dapat memberikan edukasi atau penyuluhan tentang pemberdayaan keluarga dalam ikutserta perawatan pada lansia untuk meningkatkan kualitas hidup lansia.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Pendidikan Kesehatan Dengan Metode Ceramah Plus Diskusi Dan Tugas (CPDT) Terhadap Pengetahuan Dan Sikap Remaja Putri Tentang Pencegahan Keputihan Di SMPN 29 Surabaya

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erlita Kusuma R
Keyword(s):  
Health Education ◽  
Research Impact ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Signed Rank ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Signed Rank Test ◽  
Knowledge And Attitude ◽  
Female Teenagers

Flour albus incidents increase every year. Flour albus is a normal condition but it will be dangerous if flour albums becomes ill smelling, color of fluid, itching, and in a large amount. The low level of the female teenagers knowledge about flour albus prevention will cause negative attitudes. Lecture plus discussion and assignment (CPDT) methods used to accompany respondents on health education. This method was expected to change the knowledge and attitude of persons in order to increase his health quality.;The research used pre experimental with one group pre post test design. Population subject of this research is the female teenagers. Questioner filled before and after the researcher give lecture plus discussion and assignment (CPDT) method to 14 respondents who fulfil the inclusion criteria. Independent variable is health education with lecture plus discussion and assignment (CPDT) method. Dependent variable is female teenagers knowledge and attitude. Data was collected and then analyzed by using Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test with significant value p≤ 0.05.;`This results showed that there was effect of lecture plus discussion and assignment (CPDT) method on the female teenagers knowledge and attitude about flour albus prevention. Based on that results we can concluded that the lecture plus discussion and assignment (CPDT) method can be able to increase knowledge (p=0,001) and attitude (p=0,002). Adequate and effective information through lecture plus discussion and assignment (CPDT) method can increase knowledge. It will influence the positive attitude and action at daily activity.; Hopefully, this research impact on decresing number of flour albus incidens in female teenagers through an effective health education methods.

scholarly journals PENAMBAHAN LATIHAN CORE STABILITY PADA PROGRAM PELATIHAN ATLET DAYUNG UNTUK PENINGKATAN KECEPATAN MENDAYUNG

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dyno Aryo Christanto ◽  
N. Adiputra ◽  
S. Indra Lesmana ◽  
Dw P. Sutjana ◽  
Made Muliarta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Training Program ◽  
Core Stability ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
P Value ◽  
Signed Rank ◽  
Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Signed Rank Test ◽  
The Difference

Introduction: Generally, core stability exercise as a training program is needed in almost kind of sport including paddle, analysis of movement in any kind of paddle sport such as kayak, canoe, or even rowing have been showed that the activity of core stability muscles are really needed. Purpose: purpose of this research is to know the effectivity of core stability exercise replenishment to increase sculling speed in paddle training program. Methods: This research is experimental with treatment by subject design project, involving 15 paddle athletes which divided into two groups and consists of II periods which are, Period I and Period II. In the 1st period, the athletes were given extra core stability exercise along with their normal paddling routine mean while in the 2nd period, the athletes only doing their normal paddling routine. Each period do the trial in 6 weeks, so this reseach took 12 weeks. In 1st period, the subjects were given extra core stability training 3 times a week along with their normal paddling routine where as subjects in period II only do their normal paddling routine. Results: The used of parametric paired t test is to know the difference of sculling speed before and after the trials were given. To period I pre test value is 3.80 ± 0.26 meters/second while the post test value is 4.06 ± 0.41 meters/second and the value 0.001 (p<0.05)mean while the 2nd period use Wilcoxon signed rank test to know the difference of sculling speed between before and after the trial were given resulting pre test value 3.80 ± 0.22 meters/second and post test value 3.91 ± 0.27 meters/second while the p value is 0.004 (p<0.05). After 12 weeks of sculling speed test between both period using Wilcoxon signed rank test and resulting obvions with period I value 0.26 ± 0.20 meters/second and period II value is 0.11 ± 0.12 meters/second along with p value 0.001 (p<0.05). Conclusion: Therefore, based on the result of my research test, we can concluded that the addition of core stability exercise in paddle training program is more effective to increase sculling speed.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Program Empathic Caring Consultation terhadap Professional Quality of Life Pada Psikolog

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-106
Author(s):  
Anya Asbar ◽  
Maya Khairani ◽  
Marty Mawarpury
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Professional Quality Of Life ◽  
Professional Quality ◽  
Signed Rank ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Signed Rank Test

This study aims to determine the effect of the Empathic Caring Consultation (ECC) program on Professional Quality of Life (ProQOL) in psychologists. This study involved seven psychologists. The research sample was taken using purposive sampling method. The research method used was one group pretest-post test design. ProQOL is measured using the Professional Quality of Life Version V scale, while the implementation of ECC training refers to the concept of Prawitasari. Analysis using Wilcoxon signed-rank test with a significant value (p) = 0.340 (BO); 0.932 (STS); 0.496 (CS) (p> 0.05). The results of the study showed that there was no effect of the ECC program on ProQOL on psychologists. This is because there are several variations of the three ProQOL components before and after treatment.

scholarly journals Efektivitas Pelatihan Hardiness untuk Meningkatkan Sikap Tangguh dalam Menyelesaikan Masalah

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-80
Author(s):  
Joice Mailoa ◽  
Aulia Ramdani
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Brief Cope ◽  
Resilience Scale ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Signed Rank Test

Any changes in the system of an organization could be stressful. Having hardiness would be important to deal with a problem. This study aims to seek out the effectiveness of hardiness training in improving problemsolving. A quasi-experimental design with one group pretest-post test design was applied. There were sixteen employees of various organizational divisions enrolled in this study. Data were collected before and after the six-session of hardiness training using the Brief COPE scale and the Dispositional Resilience Scale (DRS-15) developed by Bertone. Results from the Wilcoxon signed-rank test showed that there was no significant difference in the attitude of the effectiveness of problem-solving among employees before and after training (p>0,05). However, there were differences in knowledge of understanding hardiness before and after training. (p=.002, p>0,05). It can be concluded that hardiness training could increase the knowledge about hardiness; but not the attitude toward problem-solving.

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