The objective of these studies was to perform a comparative evaluation of the acute toxicity of VNP20009, a genetically engineered Salmonella strain, in monkeys, pigs, and mice. It is hypothesized that mice would be more susceptible than other animal species to the toxic effects of VNP20009, because mice are the most sensitive natural host for the parental wild-type Salmonella typhimurium strain. These studies also compared the virulence of VNP20009 and the parental Salmonella in mice. In Cynomolgus monkeys and Yorkshire pigs ( n = 2/dose), various doses (expressed as colony forming units [cfu] per animal) of VNP20009, or vehicle, were administered as a single IV injection (∼ 1 ml/min). The body weight, body temperature, clinical signs, clinical pathology (serum chemistry and hematology), and ophthalmic examinations (only in monkeys) were evaluated at various times. Necropsy was performed on day 15 in the pigs, and necropsy and histopathology on days 8 or 15 in the monkeys. In C57BL/6 mice ( n = 10/dose), various doses of VNP20009, or the parental Salmonella, were administered as a single IV bolus injection. The mice were observed daily over 3 weeks. The results from monkeys showed that VNP20009-related changes in clinical pathology were primarily confined to fiver enzymes and fiver function tests (i.e., cholesterol, triglyceride, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase levels). Significant toxicological changes occurred only at the dose of 1 × 1010 cfu/monkey, but not at the doses of 1 × 108 or 3 × 109 cfu/monkey. Gross necropsy and histology findings were primarily confined to the spleen (enlargement, weight increase, and reticuloendothelial hyperplasia), thymus (size and weight reduction and lymphoid depletion), mesenteric lymph node (enlargement), and lung (weight increase). Most of these necropsy and microscopic findings, which occurred mostly in the high-dose group, may be related to the physiological responses to infection, rather than related to the intrinsic toxicity of VNP20009. The results from pigs showed that VNP20009 induced toxicological effects only at the dose of 3 × 109 cfu/pig, but not at the doses of 3 × 108 or 3 × 1010 cfu/pig. Both pigs treated with 3 × 1010 cfu/pig died within the first 2 days post-treatment. Necropsy showed the presence of abdominal transudate fluid, skin blotching, and pulmonary-and gall bladder-associated edema. Therefore, the pig mortality may have been related to the physical damage induced by the sudden systemic presence of large amounts of suspension. The results from mice showed that VNP20009, at doses as high as 1 × 106 cfu/mouse, did not induce any mortality. A 30% mortality rate was induced by 3 × 106 cfu/mouse, and 100% mortality by 1 × 107 cfu/mouse. The parental Salmonella, at a dose of 1 × 102 or 3 × 102 cfu/mouse, induced a 100% mortality. In conclusion, the doses of VNP20009 that induced acute toxicity are very high, suggesting that VNP20009 may be a safe agent. The virulence is 50,000 × less in VNP20009 than the parental Salmonella.
Clinical signs and clinical pathology of horses with equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis
