scholarly journals Effect of liquid feeding at different water-to-feed ratios on the morphological adaptations in the gastrointestinal tract of growing pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
David Hurst ◽  
Darren Thomas Juniper ◽  
Lynne Clark ◽  
Jennie Litten-Brown ◽  
Anne Corson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Proximal Jejunum ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Villus Height ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Liquid Feeding ◽  
Pelleted Diet ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract

The study examined the morphology of the gastro-intestinal tract (GI) of growing pigs offered dry feed or liquid feed with differing water-to-feed ratios.  Twenty male pigs were randomly allocated to one of four treatment groups; treatments included a standard dry pelleted diet (D) or the same diet soaked in water at a feed-to-water ratio of 1:1.5 (T1:1.5), 1:3 (T1:3) or 1:3 with the addition of lactic acid to adjust the feed to pH 4 (T1:3[4]).  Animals were humanely slaughtered after 6 weeks to enable sampling and histological examination (light, scanning electron (LSEM) and binocular dissection microscope) of the GI tract. Samples were taken at the 2% position (duodenum), the 20% position and 50 % position (jejunum) along the small intestines (SI).  Liquid-fed pigs were heavier (P < 0.05) and exhibited improved feed conversion ratios (FCR) when compared to D animals. These differences in live weight were attributed to alterations in the weight and volume of the stomach and SI, which were also heavier and larger in liquid-fed pigs (P < 0.05).  However, these differences were no longer apparent when intestinal weights and stomach volumes were adjusted for animal live weight. Differences in villus type between the treatments were noted throughout, particularly in the duodenum and proximal jejunum sections. Mean villus height was taller in all liquid-fed animals when compared to D pigs (P<0.05); this was particularly apparent in T1:1.5 and T1:3[4] pigs. There were no differences in crypt depths between treatment groups at the 2% and 20 % positions, but at the 50 % position the T1:1.5 group crypts were deeper (P < 0.05) than those in the D and T1:3 pigs. It is concluded that liquid feeding alters the morphology of the GI tract, which may in part, explain the differences in growth performance observed between liquid and D fed pigs.  The inclusion of organic acid in the diets of T1:3[4] pigs appeared to exert an effect on villus height and crypt depth when compared to those pigs receiving the T1:3 diet.

Influence of energy and protein concentration in the diet on the performance of growing pigs 2. Differing nutrient density at a constant energy: protein ratio

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Lodge ◽  
M. E. Cundy ◽  
R. Cooke ◽  
D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Nutrient Density ◽  
Amino Acid Balance

SUMMARYForty-eight gilts by Landrace sires on Large White × Landrace females were randomly allocated to eight pens and within pens to six treatment groups involving three diets and two levels of feeding from 23 to 59 kg live weight. All diets were formulated to have approximately the same ratio of digestible energy to crude protein (160 kcal DE/unit % CP) but different energy and protein concentrations: (A) 3500 kcal/kg DE and 21 % CP, (B) 3150 kcal/kg DE and 19% CP, and (C) 2800 kcal/kg DE and 17% CP. Amino acid balance was maintained relatively constant with synthetic lysine, methionine and tryptophan. The levels of feeding were such that the lower level of diet A allowed an intake of energy and protein similar to the higher level of diet B, and the lower level of B was similar to the higher level of C.On the lower level of feeding, growth rate, efficiency of feed conversion and carcass fat content increased linearly with each increment in nutrient concentration; on the higher level of feeding growth rate and EFC increased from diet C to B but not from B to A, whereas carcass fat content increased linearly with diet from the lowest to the highest concentration. There was a non-significant tendency for the higher density diets at a similar level of nutrient intake to give better EFC and fatter carcasses than the lower density diets.

scholarly journals Utilisation of reactive lysine from meat and bone meals of different ash content by growing-finishing pigs

1998 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsi Partanen ◽  
Hilkka Siljander-Rasi ◽  
Timo Alaviuhkola ◽  
Nina Van Gilse van der Pals
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Diet Formulation ◽  
Soyabean Meal ◽  
Feed Unit

A growth experiment was conducted using 50 pigs (25-100 kg) to evaluate the use of meat and bone meals of different ash content as a substitute for soyabean meal (SBM) for growing pigs and the potential of 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (FDNB) reactive lysine in diet formulation. The control diet consisted of barley and SBM. For test diets, either 33 or 67% of SBM was replaced with meat and bone meal of low (ML, 205 g ash/kg) or high (MH, 349 g ash/kg) ash content. SBM, ML33, ML67, MH33 and MH67 diets contained 7.8, 7.8, 8.2, 7.8 and 7.9 g FDNB-reactive lysine/feed unit (feed unit is equivalent to 9.3 MJ NE), respectively. For these diets, average daily live weight gains (ADG) were 859, 830, 805, 854 and 813 g/d with feed conversion ratios of 2.25, 2.40, 2.41, 2.31 and 2.44 feed units/kg, respectively. Pigs fed the SBM diet grew faster (P

The effects of liquid feed on the small intestine mucosa and performance of finishing pigs at different water to feed ratios

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 ◽  
pp. 161-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Hurst ◽  
I.J. Lean ◽  
A.D. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Liquid Form ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Liquid Feeding ◽  
Intestine Mucosa ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Dry Diet

Liquid feeding of growing pigs is believed to increase feed intake and growth performance compared to a dry diet. There is little information on the comparative feed conversion efficiency of pigs on the two forms of diet or the underlying physiological basis for the differences and how liquid diets affect the absorptive mucosa of the small intestine. This study was designed to investigate differences in feed utilisation and mucosal structure in modern genotype pigs offered equal amounts of feed in dry and liquid form. Additionally, the effect of reducing the pH of the liquid diet was considered.

scholarly journals Maintenance of villus height and crypt depth, and enhancement of disaccharide digestion and monosaccharide absorption, in piglets fed on cows' whole milk after weaning

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Pluske ◽  
Melinda J. Thompson ◽  
Craig S. Atwood ◽  
Peter H. Bird ◽  
Ian H. Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Maximum Activity ◽  
Proximal Jejunum ◽  
Villus Height ◽  
Crypt Depth ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
And Function

The aims of the present study were (a) to maintain the structure and function of the small intestine of the piglet after weaning, and (b) to compare the capacity in vivo of sucking and weaned piglets to digest oral boluses of lactose and sucrose and absorb their monosaccharide products. Piglets were fed on cows' whole milk ad libitum every 2 h for 5 d after weaning. Physiological doses of lactose plus fructose (treatment LAC + FRU) and sucrose plus galactose (treatment SUC + GAL) were administered on day 27 of lactation and on the fifth day after weaning, after which time piglets were killed. Villus height and crypt depth were maintained (P > 0·05) by feeding cows' milk after weaning. The areas under the curves (AUC) for galactose and glucose, adjusted for live weight and plasma volume, increased (P < 0·05) after weaning. Despite the enhancement of gut function after weaning, the galactose index (Gall: AUC for galactose ingested as lactose divided by the AUC for the same dose of galactose ingested as the monosaccharide) and fructose index (FruI: AUC for fructose ingested as sucrose divide by the AUC for the same dose of fructose ingested as the monosaccharide), which are indices of digestive and absorptive efficiency, both decreased after weaning. This apparent anomaly may be reconciled by increased growth, and hence surface area, of the small intestine between weaning and slaughter such that ‘total’ digestion and absorption most probably increased despite apparent decreases in GalI and FrnI. Positive correlations (P < 0.05) between villus height and Gall are consistent with the maximum activity of lactase occurring more apically along the villus. Significant linear relationships (P < 0·05) were recorded between villus height at the proximal jejunum and adjusted AUC for galactose and glucose following treatment LAC + FRU, and between villus height at the proximal jejunum and adjusted glucose AUC following treatment SUC + GAL. These relationships suggest that maximum digestion and absorption occurs at increasing distances along the crypt:villus axis in the weaned pig.

Moist barley for growing pigs: some effects of storage method and processing

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 547-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Livingstone ◽  
H. Denerley ◽  
C. S. Stewart ◽  
F. W. H. Elsley
Keyword(s):  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Bacterial Development ◽  
Feeding Value

SUMMARYForty-eight pigs were used to compare the feeding value of barley which had been stored dry, and then hammer-milled, with that of barley stored moist, either anaerobically or treated with 1·3% propionic acid, and then rolled. The pigs were fed from 30 kg live weight for a period of 11 weeks and during this period all consumed the same allowance of dry matter. The growth rate and feed conversion ratio of the pigs given the rolled moist barley were significantly poorer than those of others given dry milled or acid treated rolled barley. There were no treatment differences in carcass attributes.Microbiological counts made throughout the experiment showed that there was no significant fungal or bacterial development on the acid treated barley. Similar numbers of bacteria were present on the dry barley as on the moist, but the fungal count for the moist grain was always at least 500 times higher than that of the corresponding dry sample. The dominant organisms were identified.In a further experiment the apparent digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen of diets containing dry, moist or propionic acid treated barley, processed either by milling or rolling, were determined. The highest values were obtained for dry barley. Acid treated moist barley had lower values than moist barley. The method of processing did not affect the apparent digestibility of the dry matter, but that of the N was significantly lower for the rolled barleys.

Influence of Dietary Substitution of Palm Oil by Rapeseed Oil at Different Levels on Growth Performance and Economics of Broilers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Sudharsan ◽  
S. Senthil Murugan ◽  
Biju Chacko ◽  
Sanis Juliet ◽  
Suresh N. Nair ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Rapeseed Oil ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Poultry Diets

Background: Fat and oil are commonly used in poultry diets to increase energy density and also to increase the palatability of feed, feed efficiency and for deposition of fat in broilers. Thus a study was proposed to find the effects of dietary replacement of saturated fatty acid rich palm oil (PO) by omega-3 rich rapeseed oil (RO) on growth performance and economics in broilers. Method: The growth performance feeding trial was conducted in 160 day-old broilers (vencobb 400) with four treatment groups (G1, G2, G3 and G4) with four replicates of ten chicks each. The basal diet (R1) was prepared with palm oil included at the rate of 1.5, 3, and 4.5 per cent in pre-starter, starter and finisher ration, respectively and fed to G1. The other treatment groups G2, G3 and G4 received R2, R3 and R4 experimental rations respectively. The experimental rations R2, R3 and R4 were prepared with rapeseed oil replacing 25, 50 and 100 per cent of palm oil which was included in R1. Result: The broiler ration prepared with rapeseed oil at 50 and 100 per cent level (G3 and G4) replacing palm oil showed increased body weight gain (P less than 0.01) and better feed conversion ratio (P less than 0.05) than G1 group. There was no significant difference in the feed intake among the different treatment groups. Profit per kg live weight in G3 (Rs.12.06) and G4 (Rs.11.14) was more than G1 (Rs.8.21) and G2 (Rs.6.57). The supplementation of omega-3 rich rapeseed oil had significantly improved the performance of broilers.

The use of moist barley in diets for growing pigs

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 561-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Livingstone ◽  
D. M. S. Livingston
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Large White ◽  
Large White Breed ◽  
White Breed

SUMMARYA total of 156 pigs of the Large White breed were used in a series of four experiments to test the suitability of barley which had been stored with a high moisture content as an ingredient in the diets of growing pigs. Barleys with mean moisture contents of 26·3%, 28·1% and 21·2% and a range from 19·6% to 30·5%, from three successive harvests were used.In all the trials there was evidence that the use of moist barley in diets for growing pigs had an adverse effect on live-weight gain and feed conversion ratio, the effect being independent of whether feed intakes were equated on the basis of the dry-matter content of the diets. In one of the experiments performance was depressed to the extent of causing changes in carcass characteristics. The performance of pigs given rolled barley was similar to that of others given ground barley.

Level of feeding during early life and the subsequent reproductive performance of sows

1961 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Lodge ◽  
R. M. McPherson
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Litter Weight ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Medium Level ◽  
Plane Group ◽  
High Level ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Size At Birth

1. Nine groups of 4 litter-mate Wessex Saddleback gilts were divided on a within-litter basis between 4 treatments so that they were reared from 8 weeks of age to 200 1b. live-weight according to different levels of total feed intake; (a) a high level rising to 8·0 1b. meal per day at 200 1b. live-weight, (b) a medium level approximately 80% of the high, (c) a low level approximately 60% of the high and (d) changing from the low to the medium level between 14 and 16 weeks of age. From 200 1b. live-weight to mating at first heat after reaching 300 1b. all were fed to the medium scale (6·5 1b. meal per day), and all were treated alike during each of 3 pregnancies and lactations.2. Mean rate of growth from weaning to 100 1b. and from 100 to 200 1b. differed significantly between treatments (P<0·001), and mean efficiency of feed conversion of the low-plane group was significantly poorer than that of the high-plane group (P<0·05) from weaning to 100 1b. live-weight.3. All gilts, regardless of treatment, reached puberty at approximately the same age (25 weeks), with the result that mean weight at puberty differed markedly between treatments (P<0·001); 116, 154, 189 and 147 1b. for treatments (a) to (d) respectively.4. Gilts reared on medium and high planes of feeding exhibited oestrus less strongly than those reared on the low-plane, with the result that mean weight at successful mating was significantly greater in these two groups (P<0·05).5. Four gilts in the low-plane group and one in the high-plane group failed to conceive after repeated matings, but numbers were insufficient to indicate the significance of this.6. From the original 36 gilts, 27 first litters, 26 second litters and 25 third litters were produced and reared to 8 weeks of age. There was no significant difference between treatment groups in litter size at birth, mean weight of piglets at 3 or 8 weeks of age or total litter weight at weaning.7. Trouble from temporary collapse of the legs was experienced in all but one gilt of the high-plane group between 6½ and 7½ months of age.

Performance and nutrient utilization of growing pigs given an expanded and pelleted diet

1998 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 225-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Vande Ginste ◽  
R. De Schrijver
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Protein Solubility ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Pelleted Diet

AbstractA grower diet containing barley, wheat and soya-bean meal was expanded at 110°C and subsequently pelleted at 80°C. This processing was evaluated in laboratory tests as well as in digestibility experiments involving 12 barrows with an average initial live weight of 40 kg. The unprocessed control diet was offered as a meal. Each diet was offered ad libitum to six pigs during a 5-week period. The 1st week was an adaptation period and measurements were not carried out. Each pig was used in two 5-day digestibility trials which were performed in weeks 2 and 4. Neither food intake, weight gain nor food: gain ratio during the whole 4-week experimental period, nor apparent faecal digestibility and apparent retention of protein were significantly affected (P > 0·05) by expanding and pelleting the diet. Processing caused an increase in the in vitro protein solubility (P < 0·05) and reduced the dietary contents of free lysine and methionine (P < 0·05) while the contents of available lysine and free threonine and tryptophan were not significantly changed (P > 0·05). Apparent faecal digestibility of crude fibre increased substantially (P < 0·05) when the diet was processed, resulting in significantly lower production of faecal mass (P < 0·05) as well as lowerfaecal moisture content (P < 0·05). These phenomena were parallelled by a smaller water consumption (P < 0·05). Apparent digestibility and retention of phosphorus and calcium were diminished (P < 0·05) when the diet was expanded and pelleted.

Responses to variations in dietary energy intakes by growing pigs 2. The effects on feed conversion efficiency of changes in level of intake above maintenance

1972 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Davies ◽  
I. A. M. Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feed Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Agricultural Research Council

SUMMARYAllowances of about 1·4M, 1·8M, 2·2M, 2·6M, 3·OM, and 3·4M (M = feed required for maintenance) were compared for pigs growing over the live-weight ranges 20·40, 40·60, 60·80, and 80·100 kg, with feed conversion efficiency (FCE) as the main response criterion.Response to increased digestible energy (DE) allowance was curvilinear; FCE improved rapidly up to 2·2M-2·6M, and changed much less with intakes above 2·6M. It is concluded that optimum FCE occurs at about 2·7M for pigs of 30 kg and at about 3·OM for pigs of 50, 70 and 90 kg.Allowances of dietary DE suggested by the Agricultural Research Council correspond to 2·56M, 2·95M, 3·04M and 3·08M for pigs of 30, 50, 70 and 90 kg live weight, respectively. It appears that these are near to the optima in promoting the best FCE.Changes of −25%, −15%, −5%, +5% and +15% in daily intake around the optimum levels caused FCE to deteriorate by averages of about 13%, 4·5%, <1%, <1% and 4·5% respectively. Daily weight gains would then change by about −34%, −18%, −5%, +4% and +10%, respectively.

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