Self-Ratings of Past, Present, and Future Cognitive Performance across Adulthood

1994 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen L. Fingerman ◽  
Marion Perlmutter
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Implicit Theories ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Future Performance ◽  
Over Time

Age differences in self-ratings of present and projected past and future cognitive performance were examined across a variety of cognitive domains. Participants ( N = 151) in their twenties, forties, sixties, and eighties completed a battery of cognitive tasks and rated their present performance, likely performance five years ago (past), and projected performance five years hence (future) for each task. Performance on fluid/speeded intelligence, memory, and reasoning tasks followed a progression of poorer performance with age. Age differences in self-assessment of projected past and future performance were found, as were age by time interactions. Self-ratings of participants in their twenties tended to reflect projections of continuing improvement from past to present to future, but self-ratings of participants in older age groups tended to reflect perceptions of increasing decline over time. These findings suggest that age differences in self-ratings of cognitive performance may be related to age specific implicit theories of cognitive development.

The Influence of Age and Experience on the Performance of a Data Entry Task

1997 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 144-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara J. Czaja ◽  
Joseph Sharit
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Data Entry ◽  
Age Effects ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Task Experience ◽  
Over Time

Findings from research examining age and computer task performance indicate that older people perform less well than younger people on these types of tasks. The present study examined whether age-related performance differences are maintained with task experience. To address this issue one hundred and ten subjects, ranging in age from 20—75 yrs., performed a data entry task over a three day period. The task represented a simulation of a real world job. The data indicated significant age differences in work output (amount of data entered). Further, although there were significant improvements in performance with increased task experience across subjects, age group differences were maintained over time. With respect to errors there were no age effects and there was a significant reduction in errors across the three days. However, the pattern of change varied across age groups. These results are consistent with other studies which suggest that experience does not compensate for age effects for tasks which emphasize speed of processing.

Effects of Fatigue on Cognitive Performance in Long-Duration Simulated Flight Missions

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-93
Author(s):  
Eduardo Rosa ◽  
Ola Eiken ◽  
Mikael Grönkvist ◽  
Roger Kölegård ◽  
Nicklas Dahlström ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Fatigue Index ◽  
Fighter Aircraft ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Metacognitive Accuracy

Abstract. Fighter pilots may be exposed to extended flight missions. Consequently, there is increasing concern about fatigue. We investigated the effects of fatigue and cognitive performance in a simulated 11-hr mission in the 39 Gripen fighter aircraft. Five cognitive tasks were used to assess cognitive performance. Fatigue was measured with the Samn–Perelli Fatigue Index. Results showed that performance in the non-executive task degraded after approximately 7 hr. Fatigue ratings showed a matching trend to the performance in this task. Performance in tasks taxing executive functions did not decline. We interpreted that fatigue can be overridden by increased attentional effort for executive tasks but not for non-executive components of cognition. Participants underestimated their performance and metacognitive accuracy was not influenced by fatigue.

scholarly journals T189. FREE THYROXIN CONCENTRATIONS MODERATE THE RESPONSE TO A COGNITIVE REMEDIATION THERAPY IN PEOPLE WITH EARLY PSYCHOSIS: PRELIMINARY FINDINGS

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S303-S304
Author(s):  
Francesc Estrada ◽  
Josep Maria Crosas ◽  
Maribel Ahuir ◽  
Sara Pérez ◽  
Wanda Zabala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Cognitive Remediation ◽  
Early Psychosis ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Cognitive Changes ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Episode Psychosis ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background Cognitive deficits are a common cause of functional disability in people with psychotic disorders. Cognitive remediation produces moderate improvements in cognitive performance in people with schizophrenia, although there is variability in the responses between patients. As previous longitudinal studies suggest that free thyroxin (FT4) levels influence attention cognitive tasks in patients with early psychosis, we aimed to conduct a pilot study to explore whether thyroid hormones might predict the response to cognitive remediation therapy (CRT) in patients with first-episode psychosis. Methods 27 patients (8 women; 19 men) with first-episode psychosis aged between 18 and 35 years old were randomized to receive a computerized CRT for three months (2 sessions/week) (N=14) or treatment as usual (TAU) (N=13). A full cognitive battery (CANTAB Schizophrenia) was administered at baseline and follow-up (3 months later, after the CRT/TAU period). Plasma levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and FT4 were measured. Data were analyzed on an intention-to-treat basis. Correlation analyses were conducted to explore the association between TSH and FT4 levels and cognitive changes over time. An ANOVA for repeated measures was used to compare longitudinal changes over time by the experimental group while adjusting for TSH and FT4 levels. Significance was defined as p<0.05. Results TSH concentrations were not associated with cognitive changes over time. FT4 concentrations were associated with cognitive worsening over time in cognitive tasks dealing with reaction time (simple median movement time [r= 0.60, p= 0.003]; simple median reaction time [r= 0.44, p= 0.039]), sustained attention (signal detection for the rapid visual processing task [r= -0.46, p= 0.028]) and verbal memory (immediate recognition [r= -0.54, p= 0.008]; delayed recognition [r= -0.48, p= 0.019]). The ANOVA for repeated measures did not show time by group effects although a time by FT4 significant effect was found for cognitive tasks dealing with these cognitive domains (p<0.05 for all). Discussion Although a direct effect of the CRT on cognitive improvement was not found, baseline FT4 concentrations appeared to predict the response to CRT in people with early psychosis. Significant associations were found for cognitive domains dealing with attention processes, which are in accordance with previous studies exploring the association between thyroid function and cognitive functioning in early psychotic patients. Our preliminary findings suggest that the determination of thyroid function status might be important for establishing which patients could show cognitive improvements over time. If these results are replicated in larger studies, the determination of thyroid status might help identify those individuals more prone for showing cognitive improvements, and allowing the implementation of a personalized medicine approach in the field of cognitive rehabilitation in psychosis.

Age Differences in Self-Reported Anxiety and Psychomotor Performance

1984 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-138
Author(s):  
Joan T. Erber
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Psychomotor Performance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Age Effect ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Total Group ◽  
The Individual

10 young and 10 older adults completed a self-report questionnaire on Debilitative and Facilitative Anxiety both prior to and following 10 psychomotor coding trials. Older adults were higher on Facilitative Anxiety at both times. These scores were negatively correlated with coding task performance for the total group but not for the individual age groups. There was no age effect for Debilitative Anxiety, although it was lower at Time 2, particularly for older adults. Debilitative Anxiety was not correlated with psychomotor performance. These results do not support the hypothesis that the psychomotor performance of older adults is differentially negatively affected by anxiety.

scholarly journals Quantifying streams of thought during cognitive task performance using sequence analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Paul Zanesco
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Considerable Variability ◽  
Task Constraints ◽  
Analytic Methods ◽  
Cognitive Task Performance ◽  
Thought Probes ◽  
Over Time

Streams of thoughts vary in content from one moment to the next, and these temporal patterns have been argued to be critical to understanding the wandering mind. But few analytic methods have been proposed that can account for both the content and temporal ordering of thoughts over time. In the present study, I apply sequence analysis and related methods to quantify the dynamics of thought from time series sequences of categorical experience sampling thought probes delivered across five different cognitive tasks in the same individuals (N = 545). Sequence analysis revealed a modicum of order and consistency in streams of thought within-individuals, but also demonstrated considerable variability within and between task sessions. Hierarchical clustering of sequence dissimilarities further revealed common typologies of mind wandering across individuals. These findings demonstrate the application of sequence analytic methods for quantifying the dynamics of thought over the course of task performance and show that contextual task constraints are associated with how streams of thought unfold over time. More broadly, sequence analysis provides a valuable framework for investigation of time ordered cognitive and behavioral processes across psychological domains.

Age Differences in the Useful Field of View in a Part-Task Driving Simulator

1993 ◽  
Vol 37 (14) ◽  
pp. 960-963 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Walker ◽  
Catherine Sedney ◽  
Kathryn Wochinger ◽  
Deborah A. Boehm-Davis ◽  
William A. Perez
Keyword(s):  
Age Differences ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Task Load ◽  
Useful Field Of View ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Motion Threshold

This study investigated age-related differences in the useful field of view (UFOV) using a part-task driving simulator. Thirty-six licensed drivers, aged 20-25, 40-45, and 65-70, participated. Dynamic roadway images were projected on screens to the front and sides of the driver. Target stimuli consisted of full-size simplified images of a van moving forward on the side screens at a speed below the motion threshold. Subjects performed forward view tracking and cognitive tasks while responding to the van stimuli on the side screens. Increased levels of the forward view task load adversely affected response times to the vans for the older group only, but performance of the tracking task declined for all age groups with increased load.

scholarly journals Reward-associated distractors can harm cognitive performance

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorottya Rusz ◽  
Erik Bijleveld
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Impaired Performance ◽  
Monetary Rewards ◽  
Math Task ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Task Irrelevant

When people carry out cognitive tasks, they sometimes suffer from distractions, that is, drops in performance that occur close in time to task-irrelevant stimuli. In this research, we examine how the pursuit of rewards contributes to distractions. In two experiments, participants performed a math task (in which they could earn monetary rewards vs. not) while they were exposed to task-irrelevant stimuli (that were previously associated with monetary rewards vs. not). In Experiment 1, irrelevant cues that were previously associated with rewards (vs. not) impaired performance. In Experiment 2, this effect was only replicated when these reward-associated distractors appeared relatively early during task performance. While the results were thus somewhat mixed, they generally support the idea that reward associations can augment the negative effect of distractors on performance.

Cognitive Function During Low-Intensity Walking: A Test of the Treadmill Workstation

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 752-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon L. Alderman ◽  
Ryan L. Olson ◽  
Diana M. Mattina
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Response Speed ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Cognitive Tests ◽  
Low Intensity

Background:The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of walking at self-selected speed on an active workstation on cognitive performance.Methods:Sixty-six participants (n = 27 males, 39 females; mean age = 21.06 ± 1.6 years) completed a treadmill-desk walking and a seated control condition, separated by 48 hours. During each condition, participants completed computerized versions of the Stroop test, a modified flanker task, and a test of reading comprehension.Results:No significant differences in response speed or accuracy were found between walking and sitting conditions for any the cognitive tests.Conclusions:These findings reveal that performance on cognitive tasks, including executive control processes, are not impaired by walking on an active workstation. Implementing active workstations into offices and classrooms may help to decrease sedentariness without impairing task performance.

scholarly journals Chimpanzee intellect: personality, performance and motivation with touchscreen tasks

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 170169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Drew M. Altschul ◽  
Emma K. Wallace ◽  
Ruth Sonnweber ◽  
Masaki Tomonaga ◽  
Alexander Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Academic Performance ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Learning Performance ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Human Intellect ◽  
Study Performance ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Related Personality

Human intellect is characterized by intercorrelated psychological domains, including intelligence, academic performance and personality. Higher openness is associated with higher intelligence and better academic performance, yet high performance among individuals is itself attributable to intelligence, not openness. High conscientiousness individuals, although not necessarily more intelligent, are better performers. Work with other species is not as extensive, yet animals display similar relationships between exploration- and persistence-related personality traits and performance on cognitive tasks. However, previous studies linking cognition and personality have not tracked learning, performance and dropout over time—three crucial elements of cognitive performance. We conducted three participatory experiments with touchscreen cognitive tasks among 19 zoo-housed chimpanzees, whose personalities were assessed 3 years prior to the study. Performance and participation were recorded across experiments. High conscientiousness chimpanzees participated more, dropped out less and performed better, but their performance could be explained by their experience with the task. High openness chimpanzees tended to be more interested, perform better and continue to participate when not rewarded with food. Our results demonstrate that chimpanzees, like humans, possess broad intellectual capacities that are affected by their personalities.

scholarly journals Obesity Measures in Relation to Cognition in the Northern Manhattan Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 1653-1660
Author(s):  
Hannah Gardener ◽  
Michelle Caunca ◽  
Chuanhui Dong ◽  
Ying Kuen Cheung ◽  
Tatjana Rundek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Initial Assessment ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

Background: Mid-life obesity is associated with cognitive impairment, though the relationship for late-life obesity is equivocal, and may depend on the anthropometric measure. Objective: We examined the relationship between adiposity and cognition across age categories, cognitive domains, and by measures of obesity in a multi-ethnic population-based cohort. Methods: The study included 1,179 Northern Manhattan Study participants with obesity measures at baseline (44% overweight, 30% obese), an initial neuropsychological assessment conducted within 7 years (mean age = 70), and a second cognitive assessment conducted on average 6 years later. Z-scores were derived for cognitive domains (episodic and semantic memory, executive function, processing speed) and averaged to calculate global cognition. Body mass index (BMI) and waist:hip ratio (WHR) were examined in relation to cognitive performance and change over time, stratified by age, using linear regression models adjusting for vascular risk factors. Results: Among those age<65 years at baseline, greater WHR was associated with worse global cognitive performance at initial assessment and directly associated with decline in performance between assessments. The association with initial performance was strongest for non-Hispanic Whites (beta = –0.155/standard deviation, p = 0.04), followed by non-Hispanic Black/African Americans (beta = –0.079/standard deviation, p = 0.07), and Hispanics (beta = –0.055/standard deviation, p = 0.03). The associations were most apparent for the domains of processing speed and executive function. There was no association for BMI among those <65 years. Among those age ≥65, there was no association for BMI or WHR with cognitive performance at initial assessment nor decline over time. Conclusion: Our results support the detrimental effect of mid-life rather than later life obesity, particularly abdominal adiposity, on cognitive impairment and decline.

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