Sloppy Typing and Reproduction in a Written Technical Message—An Experiment

1972 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-55
Author(s):  
Richard M. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Reading Time ◽  
Time Judgment ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Good Reproduction ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
The Way

An experiment was performed to determine the effect (if any) of sloppy typing and reproduction upon the effectiveness of a written technical message. The variables tested were the margins, the way in which corrections were made, and the reproduction of the message. Approximately seven hundred subjects in five definably different audiences were tested. Measures were taken of comprehension, reading time, judgment of the author's credibility, and judgment of the author's competence as a writer. Five main effects and five interactions were found at the 0.05 level of probability. Each variable, each measure of the effectiveness of the message, and each audience was involved in one or more of these effects. In each main effect and each interaction subject to easy interpretation, the unaltered form (good typing and good reproduction) of the variable(s) concerned appeared to be the more effective.

scholarly journals Effects of kinship correction on inflation of genetic interaction statistics in commonly used mouse populations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna L Tyler ◽  
Baha El Kassaby ◽  
Georgi Kolishovski ◽  
Jake Emerson ◽  
Ann E Wells ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Genetic Interaction ◽  
Recombinant Inbred Lines ◽  
Test Statistics ◽  
Test Statistic ◽  
Kinship Matrix ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Interaction Test

Abstract It is well understood that variation in relatedness among individuals, or kinship, can lead to false genetic associations. Multiple methods have been developed to adjust for kinship while maintaining power to detect true associations. However, relatively unstudied, are the effects of kinship on genetic interaction test statistics. Here we performed a survey of kinship effects on studies of six commonly used mouse populations. We measured inflation of main effect test statistics, genetic interaction test statistics, and interaction test statistics reparametrized by the Combined Analysis of Pleiotropy and Epistasis (CAPE). We also performed linear mixed model (LMM) kinship corrections using two types of kinship matrix: an overall kinship matrix calculated from the full set of genotyped markers, and a reduced kinship matrix, which left out markers on the chromosome(s) being tested. We found that test statistic inflation varied across populations and was driven largely by linkage disequilibrium. In contrast, there was no observable inflation in the genetic interaction test statistics. CAPE statistics were inflated at a level in between that of the main effects and the interaction effects. The overall kinship matrix overcorrected the inflation of main effect statistics relative to the reduced kinship matrix. The two types of kinship matrices had similar effects on the interaction statistics and CAPE statistics, although the overall kinship matrix trended toward a more severe correction. In conclusion, we recommend using a LMM kinship correction for both main effects and genetic interactions and further recommend that the kinship matrix be calculated from a reduced set of markers in which the chromosomes being tested are omitted from the calculation. This is particularly important in populations with substantial population structure, such as recombinant inbred lines in which genomic replicates are used.

scholarly journals A Sequential Multiple Assignment Randomized Trial (SMART) study of medication and CBT sequencing in the treatment of pediatric anxiety disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley S. Peterson ◽  
Amy E. West ◽  
John R. Weisz ◽  
Wendy J. Mack ◽  
Michele D. Kipke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Randomized Trial ◽  
The Other ◽  
Smart Study ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Multiple Assignment ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Treatment Sequences

Abstract Background Treatment of a child who has an anxiety disorder usually begins with the question of which treatment to start first, medication or psychotherapy. Both have strong empirical support, but few studies have compared their effectiveness head-to-head, and none has investigated what to do if the treatment tried first isn’t working well—whether to optimize the treatment already begun or to add the other treatment. Methods This is a single-blind Sequential Multiple Assignment Randomized Trial (SMART) of 24 weeks duration with two levels of randomization, one in each of two 12-week stages. In Stage 1, children will be randomized to fluoxetine or Coping Cat Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). In Stage 2, remitters will continue maintenance-level therapy with the single-modality treatment received in Stage 1. Non-remitters during the first 12 weeks of treatment will be randomized to either [1] optimization of their Stage 1 treatment, or [2] optimization of Stage 1 treatment and addition of the other intervention. After the 24-week trial, we will follow participants during open, naturalistic treatment to assess the durability of study treatment effects. Patients, 8–17 years of age who are diagnosed with an anxiety disorder, will be recruited and treated within 9 large clinical sites throughout greater Los Angeles. They will be predominantly underserved, ethnic minorities. The primary outcome measure will be the self-report score on the 41-item youth SCARED (Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders). An intent-to-treat analysis will compare youth randomized to fluoxetine first versus those randomized to CBT first (“Main Effect 1”). Then, among Stage 1 non-remitters, we will compare non-remitters randomized to optimization of their Stage 1 monotherapy versus non-remitters randomized to combination treatment (“Main Effect 2”). The interaction of these main effects will assess whether one of the 4 treatment sequences (CBT➔CBT; CBT➔med; med➔med; med➔CBT) in non-remitters is significantly better or worse than predicted from main effects alone. Discussion Findings from this SMART study will identify treatment sequences that optimize outcomes in ethnically diverse pediatric patients from underserved low- and middle-income households who have anxiety disorders. Trial registration This protocol, version 1.0, was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov on February 17, 2021 with Identifier: NCT04760275.

Prägen metallischer Grünfolien*/Embossing of metal green tapes – Investigation of factors influencing the formability of metal green tapes

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (10) ◽  
pp. 722-725
Author(s):  
Q. Spiller ◽  
M. Baumeister ◽  
J. Fleischer
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Powder Technology ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Statistische Methoden ◽  
Material Process ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
The Way

Im Bereich der Pulvertechnologie ist das Prägen metallischer Grünfolien eine wirtschaftliche und ressourcenschonende Möglichkeit zur Herstellung strukturierter Halbzeuge. Im Rahmen des AIF (Arbeitsgemeinschaft industrieller Forschungsvereinigungen)-Projekts „Inka“ werden die Einflüsse der Werkstoff-, Prozess- und Geometrieparameter auf die Prägbarkeit von Grünfolien aus dem Werkstoff 17–4PH experimentell untersucht. Dabei kommen statistische Methoden zur Ermittlung der Haupt- und Wechselwirkungseffekte zum Einsatz.   In powder technology, the embossing of metal green tapes offers an economic way to produce structured semi-finished products. The AIF project “Inka“ aims to experimentally investigate how material, process and geometry parameters affect the way metal green tapes made of 17–4PH can be embossed. Statistical methods are used to find out the main effects and interdependencies.

scholarly journals Effect of Frozen Storage on Polyphenol Oxidase, Antioxidant Content, and Color of Pawpaw (Asimina Triloba [L.] Dunal) Fruit Pulp

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G Brannan ◽  
Gai Wang
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Polyphenol Oxidase ◽  
Frozen Storage ◽  
Color Difference ◽  
Browning Index ◽  
Air Samples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Effect Of Treatment ◽  
Main Effects

Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity values for pawpaw pulp during frozen storage were measured for the main effect of month of storage at three levels (0, 4, 8 months) and treatment at four levels (vacuum, air, ascorbic acid or n-acetylcysteine). A significant effect of treatment was observed in PPO activity (p<0.001). Post hoc analysis revealed no significant difference between samples that were vacuum packaged and those for which no attempt to exclude air was made. The addition of the two chemical browning inhibitors significantly lowered PPO activity. Ascorbic acid exhibited a significant 69% reduction in PPO activity compared to vacuum and air samples and n-acetylcysteine was significantly more effective than ascorbic acid and almost completely inhibited PPO activity compared to the vacuum and air samples. CIELAB tristimulous color values (L*, a*, b*) were used to generate the applied color values total color difference (DE), browning index, hue and chroma in pawpaw pulp for the two main effects. Analysis of variance for the main effects showed significance for all seven color attributes at p<0.001. For the main effect of storage time, ANOVA showed significance during storage for all seven color attributes at p<0.001, indicating that there were color changes during storage. Pawpaw pulp samples at 8 months of storage were significantly darker (lower L*), more yellow (higher b*), more vivid (higher chroma), and had a higher browning index than the samples at 0 or 4 months of storage. For the main effect of treatment, ascorbic acid and n-acetylcysteine treatment produced pawpaw pulp that was significantly different than samples to which air was not excluded for all seven dependent color variables. Specifically, n-acetylcysteine and ascorbic acid produced pulp that was lighter (higher L*), less red (lower a*), and more yellow (higher b* and hue), more vivid (higher chroma), and exhibited more color difference (higher DE). A strategy to inhibit enzymatic browning during frozen storage would be useful for the nascent pawpaw industry.

The Ergonomic Impact of Swype

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 1374-1378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibukun A. Sonaike ◽  
Tosin A. Bewaji ◽  
Paul Ritchey ◽  
S. Camille Peres
Keyword(s):  
New Technology ◽  
Touch Screen ◽  
Dynamic Activity ◽  
Extensor Muscles ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
Touch Screen Devices ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Biomechanical Strain

Background:Shape writing is relatively new technology for on-screen keyboards that enable users of mobile touch-screen devices to input text by drawing continuous lines. With growth of touch-screen device usage, there has risen the need to investigate potential risks that may occur during prolonged usage. Objective: The biomechanical strain on upper limb muscles were assessed while study-participants used Swype technology on a tablet touch screen device and compared with traditional/regular input methods. Methods: Study-participants performed typing tasks (email and text) using Swype and regular input methods under counterbalanced conditions with sEMG data collected to measure muscle activity during tasks. Results: Email & Text had the same exertion for all muscles except the Extensor. The interaction between task and muscle was significant, F (1.6, 27.5) = 15.39, p < .001, ηp2 = 0.48. The interaction between muscle, task and method was also significant, F (2.19, 37.19) = 3.6, p = 0.03, ηp2= 0.18. Exertion was lower for Swype but with marginal significance. Overall, Email resulted in less dynamic activity than Text with Main effects F(1, 17) = 10.07, p = 0.006, ηp2 = 0.37. Extensor has more dynamic activity than other muscles with main effect F(1.8, 29.9) = 16.51, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.49. Conclusion: Results indicate that Swype presents no more biomechanical strain than regular input for most muscles. Swype may result in less exertion for the Extensor muscles in the lower arm. This may be particularly true for tasks requiring interactions like those found in the email task.

Nine, Seven, Five, or Three: How Many Figures Do We Need for Assessing Body Image?

2005 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 488-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neala Ambrosi-Randić ◽  
Alessandra Pokrajac-Bulian ◽  
Vladimir Takšić
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Optimal Number ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Main Effects

320 Croatian female students ( M = 20.4 yr.) were recruited to examine the validity and reliability of figural scales using different numbers of stimuli (3, 5, 7, and 9) and different serial presentation (serial and nonserial order). A two-way analysis of variance (4 numbers × 2 orders of stimuli) was performed on ratings of current self-size and ideal size as dependent variables. Analysis indicated a significant main effect of number of stimuli. This, together with post hoc tests indicated that ratings were significantly different for a scale of three figures from scales of more figures, which in turn did not differ among themselves. Main effects of order of stimuli, as well as the interaction, were not significant. The results support the hypothesis that the optimal number of figures on a scale is seven plus (or minus) two.

scholarly journals Effects of symmetry and familiarity on the attractiveness of human faces

Psihologija ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatjana Mentus ◽  
Slobodan Markovic
Keyword(s):  
Facial Attractiveness ◽  
Cognitive Factor ◽  
Perceptual Factor ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Perfect Symmetry ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Human Faces ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Unfamiliar Faces ◽  
Font Color

The effects of both symmetry (perceptual factor) and familiarity (cognitive factor) on facial attractiveness were investigated. From the photographs of original slightly asymmetric faces, symmetric left-left (LL) and right-right (RR) versions were generated. Familiarity was induced in the learning block using the repetitive presentation of original faces. In the test block participants rated the attractiveness of original, previously seen (familiar) faces, original, not previously seen faces, and both LL and RR versions of all faces. The analysis of variance showed main effects of symmetry. Post hoc tests revealed that asymmetric original faces were rated as more attractive than both LL and RR symmetric versions. Familiarity doesn?t have a significant main effect, but the symmetry-familiarity interaction was obtained. Additional post hoc tests indicated that facial attractiveness is positively associated with natural slight asymmetry rather than with perfect symmetry. Also, unfamiliar LL symmetric versions were rated as more attractive than familiar LL versions, whereas familiar RR versions were rated as more attractive than RR unfamiliar faces. These results suggested that symmetry (perceptual factor) and familiarity (cognitive or memorial factor) play differential roles in facial attractiveness, and indicate a relatively stronger effect of the perceptual compared to the cognitive factor. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. ON179018 i br. ON179033] <br><br><font color="red"><b> This article has been corrected. Link to the correction <u><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/PSI1701101E">10.2298/PSI1701101E</a><u></b></font>

scholarly journals Who can enjoy the unavoidable emotional labor

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 719-742
Author(s):  
SeungGeun Baeck ◽  
KangHyun Shin ◽  
JongHyun Lee ◽  
ChangGoo Heo
Keyword(s):  
Work Engagement ◽  
Emotional Labor ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Job Burnout ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Positive Effect

The purpose of this study was to examine the positive effect of self-monitoring among emotional display rules (fostering positive emotion(FPE) & suppressing negative emotion(SNE)) and consequential work attitude (job burnout & work engagement). A sample of 191 hotel employees were participated in this study and data were analyzed by SPSS. The results are as follows. First, the main effect of FPE on work engagement was supported, but the main effect of SNE on job burnout was not. Second, the main effects of self-monitoring on engagement and burnout were supported. Third, the moderation effects of self-monitoring which buffer the relationship of SNE on burnout and which facilitate the relationship FPE on engagement were significant. Finally, the implications and limitations were discussed.

scholarly journals Factors influencing the imposition of a charge on the entrance to the interpretive trails in the large protected areas

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 1041-1049
Author(s):  
Josef Navrátil ◽  
Kamil Pícha
Keyword(s):  
Discrete Choice ◽  
Choice Experiment ◽  
Fractional Factorial Design ◽  
Multinomial Logit Model ◽  
Fractional Factorial ◽  
Large Protected Areas ◽  
A Charge ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Way

The aim of this paper is to assess the relation between the character of the interpretive trail and the imposition of a charge on the entrance. This was done using the discrete choice experiment that involves eight attributes, seven of which are with three levels: the overall character of the trail, the way that the route signs are used in the terrain, the ways of providing information, the length of the trail, the way of the routing, the focus of the trail, and the price of the entrance. There is also one with two levels that involves the existence of the places for rest. The fractional factorial design was used (the orthogonal main effects plan) and the Multinomial Logit Model was used in analyzing the data. The 2,830 choices were done by random sampled visitors from eight tourist locations in the Tourist Regions of the Šumava Mts. and South Bohemia during the summer season 2012. The impact of the character of the trail was especially detected in the model. Except for that, the equipment of the trail and its length have had the fundamental impact on the choice of the trail as well. Those longer and worse equipped trails have a significantly lower degree of utility for the respondents. What is quite surprising is that the respondents refused the ecotourism elements of the interpretive trails, such as the possibility of going through the trail on horseback or the accompaniment of an expert who would provide some comments, as it is common to do this at historical attractions within those sightseeing paths.

scholarly journals Main Effects and Interaction Effects of Bank Ownership Types and Bank Core Capital Category to the Bank NPL Performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-50
Author(s):  
Fongnawati Budhijono
Keyword(s):  
Financial Services ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Interaction Effects ◽  
Financial Reports ◽  
Management Capability ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Bank Ownership ◽  
Asset Quality ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Ownership Types

Credit management capability is seen as a crucial aspect for banks sustainability. The variable that is directly related to bank credit risk is a non-performing loan (NPL) which is commonly used to assess the asset quality of a bank. The purpose of this research is to analyze main effects and interaction effects of  bank ownership types and bank core capital category (BUKU) to the bank NPL performance. The study was conducted using secondary data obtained from bank quarterly reports from the Financial Services Authority (OJK) through the website ojk.go.id, bank financial reports, and infobank magazine. Bank’s performance in the classification of bank ownership types and bank core capital category were evaluated with respect to bank’s  NPL which in this case is used as  indicator of the bank’s performance. Tests were performed using TWO WAY ANOVA and  Post Hoc Test. The findings of this study found that the main effect type of bank ownership had a significant effect on the performance of NPL management, the main effect of banks’ BUKU had no significant effect on the performance of NPL management and the interaction effect of bank type and banks’ BUKU had a significant effect on the performance of NPL management.  

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