The Efficacy of Hypnotic and Nonhypnotic Response-Based Imagery for Self-Managing Recurrent Headache

1995 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert P. Nolan ◽  
Nicholas P. Spanos ◽  
Amber A. Hayward ◽  
Heather A. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Group Treatment ◽  
Migraine Headache ◽  
Tension Headache ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Recurrent Headache ◽  
Imagery Training ◽  
Imagery Group ◽  
Medication Consumption

Two experiments investigated the use of hypnotic and nonhypnotic response-based imagery training for recurrent headache. In Experiment 1, subjects with symptoms of chronic migraine headache (CMH), or chronic mixed migraine/tension headache (Mixed CMH/CTH) were assigned to a Hypnotic or Nonhypnotic Imagery group, or to a Monitoring Control group. Treatment efficacy was assessed over two-week intervals, at Baseline, Post-treatment, and three successive follow-up periods. In Experiment 2, subjects with symptoms of chronic tension headache (CTH) were assigned to four conditions (Hypnotic Imagery/Nonhypnotic Imagery/Placebo/Monitoring Control), and studied across two-week intervals at Baseline, Post-treatment, and eight-week Follow-up. Hypnotic and Nonhypnotic Imagery conditions did not differ in demonstrating efficacy in reducing headache activity in both experiments. Treatment outcome was not associated with medication consumption, or actual changes in physiologic processes (cardiovascular functioning and frontalis EMG). Headache reduction was not correlated with hypnotizability or the trait propensity to engage in vivid imagery. These results replicate and extend previous findings, and support the use of imagery strategies as a treatment component in pain management programs.

scholarly journals Behavioural Management of Headache Triggers: Three Case Examples Illustrating a New Effective Approach (Learning to Cope with Triggers)

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 202-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul R. Martin ◽  
Moira Callan ◽  
Archana Kaur ◽  
Karen Gregg
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Tension Type Headache ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Medication Consumption ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Treatment Changes ◽  
Type Headache ◽  
Behavioural Management

The traditional approach to headache trigger management is to advise avoidance of all triggers, but we have advocated an alternative approach called ‘Learning to Cope with Triggers’ (LCT), in which the objective is to desensitise headache sufferers to some triggers or to build up tolerance for the triggers, using exposure techniques. A recent publication established the efficacy of this approach to trigger management. Reported here are three cases to illustrate how LCT is used in practice. Two cases were male and one was female, with ages ranging from 32 to 67 years. The headache diagnoses were frequent episodic tension-type headache, migraine without aura, and chronic tension-type headache; all had had headaches since childhood/adolescence. The headache triggers that were the focus of the intervention were heat, tiredness, and stress/anger. Post-treatment, changes in the capacity of the triggers to elicit headaches were reported in all three cases. Reductions in headaches from pre- to post-treatment, and from pre- to 4-month follow-up, were: case 1, 69% and 60% respectively; case 2, 76% and 80% respectively; and case 3, 73% and 61% respectively. Decreases in medication consumption, and enhanced self-efficacy were also recorded.

A Multifacetted Behavioral Group Treatment for Test Anxiety

1986 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 535-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henk M. Van Der Ploeg ◽  
Jeanne D. Van Der Ploeg-Stapert
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Test Anxiety ◽  
Group Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group Training ◽  
Trained Group ◽  
Methods Of Evaluation ◽  
Behavioral Group ◽  
Selection Of

A report is given of a behavioral group training of secondary school pupils to reduce test anxiety. After a brief description of trends in the treatment of test anxiety, the selection of the pupils, the methods of evaluation, and the treatment program are described. Training takes eight sessions plus homework assignments. Administration of (test) anxiety inventories was repeated. After treatment scores on test anxiety decreased significantly. Comparison of the test scores in the waiting-list control group with those of the trained group after training shows improvement at retest. At follow-up after 12 wk. decrease in anxiety in the trained group is even greater.

scholarly journals Mindfulness-Based Program Plus Amygdala and Insula Retraining (MAIR) for the Treatment of Women with Fibromyalgia: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 3246
Author(s):  
Juan P. Sanabria-Mazo ◽  
Jesus Montero-Marin ◽  
Albert Feliu-Soler ◽  
Virginia Gasión ◽  
Mayte Navarro-Gil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Active Control Group ◽  
Treatment As Usual ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

The lack of highly effective treatments for fibromyalgia (FM) represents a great challenge for public health. The objective of this parallel, pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) was two-fold: (1) to analyze the clinical effects of mindfulness plus amygdala and insula retraining (MAIR) compared to a structurally equivalent active control group of relaxation therapy (RT) in the treatment of FM; and (2) to evaluate its impact on immune-inflammatory markers and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in serum. A total of 41 FM patients were randomized into two study arms: MAIR (intervention group) and RT (active control group), both as add-ons of treatment as usual. MAIR demonstrated significantly greater reductions in functional impairment, anxiety, and depression, as well as higher improvements in mindfulness, and self-compassion at post-treatment and follow-up, with moderate to large effect sizes. Significant decreases in pain catastrophizing and psychological inflexibility and improvements in clinical severity and health-related quality of life were found at follow-up, but not at post-treatment, showing large effect sizes. The number needed to treat was three based on the criteria of ≥50% Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) reduction post-treatment. Compared to RT, the MAIR showed significant decreases in BDNF. No effect of MAIR was observed in immune-inflammatory biomarkers (i.e., TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, and hs-CRP). In conclusion, these results suggest that MAIR, as an adjuvant of treatment-as-usual (TAU), appears to be effective for the management of FM symptoms and for reducing BDNF levels in serum.

Two psychological treatments for hypochondriasis

1998 ◽  
Vol 173 (3) ◽  
pp. 218-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Clark ◽  
Paul M. Salkovskis ◽  
Ann Hackmann ◽  
Adrian Wells ◽  
Melanie Fennell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Management ◽  
Cognitive Therapy ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Waiting List ◽  
Control Group ◽  
One Year ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Better Than

BackgroundHypochondriasis is generally considered difficult to manage. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of cognitive therapy and to compare it with an equally credible, alternative treatment.MethodForty-eight patients with hypochondriasis were initially randomly assigned to either cognitive therapy, behavioural stress management or a no treatment waiting list control group. At the end of the waiting period, patients in the control group were randomly assigned to one of the two treatments. Assessments were at pre-, mid- and post-treatment or waiting list and at three-, six- and 12-month post-treatment follow-up.ResultsComparisons with the waiting list group showed both treatments were effective. Comparisons between the treatments showed that cognitive therapy was more effective than behavioural stress management on measures of hypochondriasis, but not general mood disturbance at mid-treatment and at post-treatment. One year after treatment patients who had received either treatment remained significantly better than before treatment, and on almost all measures the two therapies did not differ from each other.ConclusionsCognitive therapy is a specific treatment for hypochondriasis. Behavioural stress management is also effective but its specificity remains to be demonstrated.

Autonomous Mode of Systematic Dilemma Counseling

1981 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 231-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morton Wagman
Keyword(s):  
Group Treatment ◽  
Previous Experiment ◽  
Complete System ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Autonomous Mode ◽  
Contact Control ◽  
And Control

The autonomous dilemma counseling system is described and evaluated. The Dilemma Counseling Module teaches the dilemma problem-solving method. Solution components contain 75 representative life-choice problems and over 400 specific and general solutions. The Dilemma Therapeuter Component provides, on cassettes, supportive commentary from a counselor. 75 students with troublesome psychological dilemmas were randomly assigned to treatment groups or to a no-contact control group. One treatment condition consisted of the complete system while the other condition omitted the Dilemma Therapeuter. Treatment and control subjects responded to measures of problem improvement at a 1-wk. follow-up session. Each treatment group improved significantly more than the control group. Treatment groups did not differ. Findings are compared with those of a previous experiment in which the same design and dependent measures were used but in which treatment was given counselors using either the Dilemma Counseling ( n = 20) or an eclectic method ( n = 20). A combined analysis indicated no difference between the autonomous and counselors' treatments. It was concluded that the system can be independently applied. Future research is discussed.

scholarly journals Testing the Efficacy of ‘Unlearning’, a Mindfulness and Compassion-Based Programme for Cultivating Nonviolence in Teenagers: A Randomised Controlled Trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Delgado-Suárez ◽  
Yolanda López-del-Hoyo ◽  
Javier García-Campayo ◽  
Adrián Pérez-Aranda ◽  
Marta Modrego-Alarcón ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Randomised Controlled Trial ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Multiple Comparisons ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Self Compassion ◽  
Baseline Levels ◽  
Secondary Outcomes ◽  
Randomised Controlled

Background: Most programmes developed to reduce aggressive attitudes among teenagers are based on cultivating nonviolence, a construct that has been related to compassion and, more indirectly, mindfulness. This study aims at testing the efficacy of ‘Unlearning’, a mindfulness and compassion-based programme, for reducing aggressive attitudes in adolescents.Method: A sample of 164 students from three high schools in Zaragoza (Spain) participated in the study. They were randomly assigned to (1) ‘Unlearning’, or (2) relaxation programme. Three assessment points were established: baseline, post-treatment and a 4-month follow-up. The outcome variables were the subscales of the ‘Attitudes Toward Social Aggression Scale’. Mindfulness and compassion were assessed as secondary outcomes.Results: ‘Unlearning’ did not produce changes in the primary outcomes, but significant effects were observed post-treatment in self-compassion; and in the follow-up, in self-compassion and mindfulness. The control group did not experience any change post-treatment, but a significant effect in mindfulness was observed in the follow-up. The intergroup analyses indicated that ‘Unlearning’ improved self-compassion, both post-treatment (t = −2.48, p = 0.014) and after 4-months (t = −2.03, p = 0.044), although these results were not statistically significant after correcting for multiple comparisons.Conclusion: ‘Unlearning’ did not produce significant reductions in aggressive attitudes compared to the control group. The low baseline levels may have hindered the efficacy of the interventions. ‘Unlearning’ showed potential to improve self-compassion, which is related to nonviolence, and this may have positive implications for the adolescents. Future interventions should include teachers and families to enhance the effectiveness of the programmes.

A Comparison of Acupuncture with Advice and Exercises on the Symptomatic Treatment of Osteoarthritis of the Hip – a Randomised Controlled Trial

2001 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roisin Haslam
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Randomised Trial ◽  
Symptomatic Treatment ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group A ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Group B ◽  
Randomised Controlled

Acupuncture is becoming a common technique within the physiotherapy profession as a treatment modality for pain relief; however, few randomised controlled trials have been undertaken to assess the effectiveness of acupuncture, particularly in the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) of the hip. Therefore, a randomised trial to compare the effectiveness of acupuncture with advice and exercises on the symptomatic treatment of OA of the hip was carried out. Thirty-two patients awaiting a total hip arthroplasty were randomly allocated to either the experimental group, (A), to have six sessions of acupuncture each lasting up to 25 minutes, or the control group, (B), to be given advice and exercises for their hip over a six week period. Group A consisted of three men and 13 women, and group B consisted of four men and eight women. The average age in group A was 66 years and in group B it was 68 years. Patients were assessed for pain and functional ability, using a modified version of the WOMAC questionnaire, pre-treatment, immediately post-treatment and at eight weeks post-treatment. The pre-treatment WOMAC scores in the two groups were similar (p=0.85). There was a significant improvement in group A (decrease in WOMAC score) immediately post-treatment (p=0.002) and this was maintained at the eight-week follow-up (p=0.03). There were no significant changes in group B. When the changes in WOMAC scores were compared between groups, a significantly greater improvement was found between pre-treatment and immediately post-treatment in group A, compared with group B (p=0.02). The changes between pre-treatment and the eight-week follow-up also showed a significant improvement in group A compared with group B (p=0.03). In conclusion, this trial supports the hypothesis that acupuncture is more effective than advice and exercises in the symptomatic treatment of OA of the hip.

Evaluating the Effect of Probiotic Containing Milk on Salivary mutans streptococci Levels

2012 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Juneja ◽  
A Kakade
Keyword(s):  
Lactobacillus Rhamnosus ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Mutans Streptococci ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Group I ◽  
Probiotic Lactobacillus ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
The Difference

Purpose: To evaluate the changes in mutans streptococci counts in saliva after short term probiotic intervention and its delayed effects on salivary mutans streptococci count. Methods: 40 children in the age group of 12-15 years with medium to high caries activity were randomly divided into Group I Control (plain milk group) and Group II Experimental (probiotic supplemented milk group). Duration of the study was 9 weeks; which was evenly divided into three phases: baseline, intervention and post-treatment period; each phase consisting of three weeks. After baseline period of 3 weeks, children in group I were given plain milk and in group II milk containing probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus hct 70 for 3 weeks; followed by a 3 weeks follow up period. After every phase saliva samples were collected to estimate salivary mutans streptococci counts. Results: The difference in the post follow up mutans streptococci count of group I and group II, was highly significant with p value < 0.001. In the control group, the difference in the mean salivary baseline, post treatment and post follow up mutans streptococci counts was not statistically significant (p = 0.001). In the experimental probiotic group, the difference in mean salivary baseline, post treatment and post follow up mutans streptococci counts was statistically highly significant ( p = 0.000, p ≤ 0.001). Conclusions: Statistically significant reduction in salivary mutans streptococci counts immediately after consumption of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus hct 70 containing milk suggest a beneficial effect of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus hct 70 in the prevention of dental caries.

A 40-Year Follow-Up of School Children with Migraine

Cephalalgia ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 488-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Bille
Keyword(s):  
School Children ◽  
Migraine Headache ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Prevalence Study ◽  
Recall Bias ◽  
Recurrent Headache ◽  
Migraine Group ◽  
Swedish School

A prevalence study of 9000 Swedish school children conducted in 1955 showed that nearly 4% had migraine. The prevalence of migraine was 1.4% at 7 years of age and 5.3% at 15 years of age. From the age of 11 there was a gradual increase of migraine headache and a predominance among girls. A subgroup of 73 children with pronounced migraine and an average onset of 6 years was followed during a period of 40 years. The results showed that 23% of the children were migraine-free before the age of 25, boys significantly more often than girls. However, around the age of 50, more than half of the migraine group still had migraine attacks. A recall bias was found it that a number of the subjects in their middle-life (41%) could not remember that they had had aura symptoms previously. Of those who had become parents, 52% have in their present or previous families had one child or more who had developed recurrent headache, probably of the migraine-type.

A Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating the Efficacy of a Psychoeducation Program for Families of Children and Adolescents With ADHD in the United Kingdom: Results After a 6-Month Follow-Up

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 768-779 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maite Ferrin ◽  
Viviana Perez-Ayala ◽  
Samaa El-Abd ◽  
Teresa Lax-Pericall ◽  
Brian Jacobs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Group Treatment ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Treatment As Usual ◽  
Time Interaction ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Additional Approach

Objective: Psychoeducation forms part of the current practice for ADHD; however, its efficacy is yet to be established. Method: Sixty-nine children/adolescents with ADHD were randomly assigned for their families to receive either a well-structured psychoeducation program ( n = 35), or belong to a control group (treatment-as-usual, n = 34). Results: One-way analyses of variance showed a statistically significant Treatment × Time interaction, for ADHD total symptoms, inattention/cognition, and hyperactivity/impulsivity subdomains according to the parents, the first two with medium-large effect sizes. The effects of the intervention on the ADHD total and the inattention/cognition domain persisted after 6 months follow-up. No significant differences in teacher ratings were found; however, an improvement in clinical functioning as measured by clinicians was observed. Conclusion: This psychoeducation program has shown effectiveness in reducing ADHD symptoms when compared with treatment as usual. Psychoeducation needs to be considered as a valid and additional approach in ADHD.

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