scholarly journals Sulfonación de ésteres metílicos derivados del aceite de palma

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesús Alfonso Torres Ortega ◽  
Oscar Yesid Suárez Palacios ◽  
Paulo César Narváez Rincón ◽  
Francisco José Sánchez Castellanos
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Sulfur Trioxide ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Palm Stearin ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Gaseous Flow ◽  
Sulfuric Acid Content

<p class="Corpoica">En la presente investigación se estudió la sulfonación con trióxido de azufre (SO3) de ésteres metílicos fabricados mediante una transesterificación de la estearina hidrogenada de palma. La generación del agente sulfonante (SO3) mediante calentamiento, agitación y burbujeo de nitrógeno sobre óleum permitió establecer las condiciones de procesamiento. La materia prima se caracterizó mediante cromatografía de gases y espectroscopia infrarroja, y a través de titulaciones volumétricas se determinó el porcentaje de materia activa (Hyamina 1622) y del ácido sulfúrico contenido en el producto. Se determinaron el aceite libre mediante extracciones con éter de petróleo, y la coloración mediante espectrofotometría (420 nm). Se sugieren valores de las condiciones de proceso con miras a un escalamiento piloto. Las variables que tienen una influencia más determinante sobre las propiedades finales del producto son: el caudal de reactante líquido, la razón molar SO3/metiléster, la fracción molar de SO3 (o el porcentaje volumétrico) en la corriente sulfonante, la temperatura del proceso. </p><p class="Corpoica"> </p><p class="Corpoica"><strong>Sulfonation of methyl esters derived from palm oil </strong></p><p class="Corpoica">Sulfonation with sulfur trioxide (SO3) of methyl esters produced by a transesterification of hydrogenated palm stearin, was studied in the present research. The generation of sulfur trioxide (SO3), by heating, stirring and bubbling nitrogen on oleum, helped establish the conditions for processing. Through gas chromatography and infrared spectroscopy, raw materials were characterized; and with volumetric titrations, the percentage of active substance (Hyamina 1622) and sulfuric acid content in the product were determined, oil-free through drawings with petroleum ether, and coloring was also determined in a spectrophotometer (420 nm). Recommendations were developed from the standpoint of the process used to identify the main variables for the functionality of the sulfonation plant to a scaling-level pilot. The flow of liquid reactant, the molar ratio SO3/methyl ester, the mole fraction of SO3 (or the percentage by volume) in the sulfonante gaseous flow, and the temperature process are the variables that have a more decisive influence on the conversion and properties of the product. </p>

Synthesis of Flavor 3-Methylthiopropionaldehyde Diethyl Acetal

2011 ◽  
Vol 335-336 ◽  
pp. 1352-1357
Author(s):  
Wei Guan ◽  
Yu Ping Liu ◽  
Zhi Wei Miao ◽  
De Li Shen ◽  
Yu Cao
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Triethyl Orthoformate ◽  
Diethyl Acetal ◽  
Mechanism Of The Reaction

3-Methylthiopropionaldehyde diethyl acetal was synthesized from the reaction of 3-methylthiopropional with ethanol and triethyl orthoformate. The effecting factors including the kinds of catalyst, the mole ratio of raw materials, the amount of catalyst and the reaction time were optimized. The structure of product was characterized by gas chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance. Additionally, the mechanism of the reaction was speculated; the odor characteristics were evaluated.

scholarly journals Methyl Linoleate Synthesis From Cotton Seeds Oil : Optimization Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 163
Author(s):  
Erin Ryantin Gunawan ◽  
Dedy Suhendra ◽  
Rohana Rohana ◽  
Desy Komalasari
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Linoleate ◽  
Cotton Seed ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Molecular Formula ◽  
Seed Oils ◽  
Colorless Liquid ◽  
Enzymatic Transesterification ◽  
Optimization Study

Methyl esters are derivatives of triglycerides (oils or fats) that can be produced through esterification and transesterification process. One example of the methyl esters are widely used as an industrial raw material is methyl linoleate. Methyl linoleate is a colorless liquid with molecular formula C19H34O2. Methyl linoleate is a fatty acid ester and has a lot of common use as biodiesel ingredient, textiles, in medical research, emulsifiers and lubricants. The raw materials commonly used for the synthesis of methyl esters are palm oil, coconut oil, soybean oil, and others. But these oils are edible oil materials, so that in this case the raw materials that will be used is the cotton seed that has not been exploited well. The optimization reaction of the methyl linoleate synthesis through enzymatic transesterification from cotton (Ceiba pentandra L.) seed oils and methanol by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was carried out.  Immobilized lipase (lipozymeTL IM)  used as catalyst. This research aims to optimize the reaction by observing variety of conditions that are influenced by several variables, such asreaction time, molar ratio, the amount of enzyme and the reaction temperature.  Design Expert v.7 software used to view the interaction between the variables via RSM. The mathematical equations and statistical methods showed that the optimum condition of the enzymatic transesterification was obtained at 0.15 gram of amount of the enzyme, the ratio of cotton seed oils: methanol of 1: 2.05 (g/g), a reaction time of 14 hours and a temperature of 49.95 oC with the predicted  and actual percentages yield of 37.87 and 38.24%, respectively. The model recommended for obtaining optimum results is a quadratric model with a R-squared value of 0.6957. Keywords: Methyl linoleate, Cotton seed oils, Lipozyme, Optimization study, Design Expertv.7

scholarly journals DYEBINDING AND MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDE CONTENT IN CONNECTIVE TISSUE

1958 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 416-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
ENDRE A. BALAZS ◽  
JOHN A. SZIRMAI
Keyword(s):  
Hyaluronic Acid ◽  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Cationic Dye ◽  
Anionic Sites ◽  
Fresh Tissue ◽  
Nasal Cartilage ◽  
Sulfuric Acid Content

The hyaluronic acid content of the mucoid layer of the rooster comb and the chondroitin sulfuric acid content of bovine nasal cartilage were determined in the fresh tissue, in the water extract of the tissue, and in the water-extracted residue. The binding of cationic dye by the tissue, the tissue extract and the residue was compared with the mucopolysaccharide content. The molar ratio of the bound dye to the anionic sites of the mucopolysaccharides varied between 1.1 and 1.8. In the comb extract this ratio was one. This indicates that, with the exception of the comb extract, anionic sites other than those of the mucopolysaccharides are also responsible for the dyebinding.

Confirmation of Chlorophenoxy Acid Herbicide Residues by Transesterification

1971 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-345
Author(s):  
George Yip
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Electron Capture ◽  
Organic Phase ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Transesterification Reaction ◽  
Acid Water ◽  
Propyl Esters ◽  
Chlorophenoxy Acids

Abstract Low level residues of 5 chlorophenoxy acids (MCP, 2,4-D, 2,4,5-TP, 2,4,5-T, and 2,4-DB) can be easily confirmed by a transesterification reaction in which the methyl esters are converted to the propyl esters. An aliquot of the methyl ester is heated 5 min with n-propanol and sulfuric acid. Water is added and the organic phase is analyzed by either electron capture or microcoulo metric gas chromatography. A fruit sample fortified with 0.02 ppm 2,4,5-T illustrates the usefulness of the procedure.

Synthesis of Fragrance 1-(3,3-dimethylcyclohexyl)Ethyl Acetate

2013 ◽  
Vol 781-784 ◽  
pp. 983-987
Author(s):  
De Li Shen ◽  
Xin He ◽  
Wei Guan ◽  
Yu Ping Liu ◽  
Bao Guo Sun
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Floral Odor ◽  
Odor Evaluation

1-(3,3-dimethylcyclohexyl) ethyl acetate was synthesized by the reaction of dihydromycene with acetic acid in the presence of sulfuric acid. The effecting factors including the amount of catalyst, the reaction temperature, the molar ratio of raw materials and the reaction time were investigated. The experimental results showed that the molar raio of the dihydromyrcene to acetic acid to sulfuric acid was 1:3:0.2, the reaction temperature is 60 °C and the reaction time was 6.5 h. The yield reached 45.3%. The structure of product was characterized by gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance. The odor evaluation result indicated that the product had a sweet, woody, floral odor.

scholarly journals PEMANFAATAN ABU CANGKANG KERANG DARAH (ANADARA GRANOSA) SEBAGAI KATALIS DALAM PEMBUATAN METIL ESTER DARI MINYAK JELANTAH

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 13-19
Author(s):  
Bernandus Petrus ◽  
Andika Prasetyo Sembiring ◽  
Mersi Suriani Sinaga
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Kinematic Viscosity ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Clam Shell ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Used Cooking Oil ◽  
Blood Clam ◽  
Anadara Granosa

Transesterification is the reaction to produce methyl esters in which this reaction’s involves catalyst of blood clam shell ashes of combustion at temperatures of 900 ° C for 3 hours and the amount of ash that is used by 8%, 10%, 12% (w / w). Ash used in dissolved in methanol with a molar ratio of methanol: oil of 9: 1, 12: 1 (n / n) to obtain a compound of calcium methoxide. Used cooking oil is filtered and then esterified with catalyst 3.0% (w / w) H2SO4 98% and methanol: oil TG (6: 1) to reduce the FFA to <1%. Transesterification reaction is carried out at a reaction temperature of 65 ° C for 3 hours, and keep stirring 700 rpm. Quantitatively, the optimum yield of methyl ester in the amount of ash produced is 12% (w / w) and the molar ratio of methanol: oil at 12: 1 (n / n) of 56.51% with specification methyl esters such as density, kinematic viscosity and purity methyl ester biodiesel in accordance with SNI 04-7182-2006, based on the analysis of GC (Gas Chromatography), the purity of the resulting methyl ester was 98.79%.

scholarly journals Biolubricants from Rapeseed and Castor Oil Transesterification by Using Titanium Isopropoxide as a Catalyst: Production and Characterization

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 366 ◽  
Author(s):  
José María Encinar ◽  
Sergio Nogales-Delgado ◽  
Nuria Sánchez ◽  
Juan Félix González
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Castor Oil ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Titanium Isopropoxide ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Catalyst Production ◽  
Better Than

The transesterification of rapeseed and castor oil methyl esters with different alcohols (2-ethyl-1-hexanol, 1-heptanol and 4-methyl-2-pentanol) and titanium isopropoxide as a catalyst, to produce biolubricants, was carried out. Parameters such as temperature, alcohol/methyl ester molar ratio, and catalyst concentration were studied to optimize the process. The reaction evolution was monitored with the decrease in FAME concentration by gas chromatography. In general, the reaction was almost complete in two hours, obtaining over 93% conversions. All the variables studied influenced on the reaction yields. Once the optimum conditions for the maximum conversion and minimum costs were selected, a characterization of the biolubricants obtained, along with the study of the influence of the kind of alcohol used, was carried out. The biolubricants had some properties that were better than mineral lubricants (flash points between 222 and 271 °C), needing the use of additives when they do not comply with the standards (low viscosity for rapeseed biolubricant, for instance). There was a clear influence of fatty acids of raw materials (oleic and ricinoleic acids as majority fatty acids in rapeseed and castor oil, respectively) and the structure of the alcohol used on the final features of the biolubricants.

Determination of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters in Biodiesel Catalyzed by Shell based on Gas Chromatography

2011 ◽  
Vol 347-353 ◽  
pp. 44-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Jun Zhang ◽  
Xiao Zhen Shen ◽  
Sheng Yong Liu
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Methyl Esters ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Internal Standard ◽  
Chromatography Method ◽  
Acid Methyl ◽  
Relative Standard

In order to analyze the content of fatty acid methyl esters, biodiesel was analyzed by gas chromatography method. Biodiesel was produced from the raw materials soybean oil and mussel shell catalysts. GC analysis was developed by using HP-innowax chromatographic column and FID detector. Undecanoic acid methyl ester was chosen as internal standard solution. The results show that five kinds of fatty acid methyl esters were linear at range 4 g•L-1～31 g•L-1 (γ≥0.9928). The average recovery rate was 98.28%～101.85%, and relative standard deviation was less than 0.31%. The coefficient of variance of precision was less than 1.59%. This GC method is simple, rapid and accurate and it will be the base for further research.

Mango (Magnifera indica) seed oil grown in Dilla town as potential raw material for biodiesel production using NaOH- a homogeneous catalyst

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chem Int
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Pollution Prevention ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Homogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Minimal Amount

Biodiesel produced by transesterification process from vegetable oils or animal fats is viewed as a promising renewable energy source. Now a day’s diminishing of petroleum reserves in the ground and increasing environmental pollution prevention and regulations have made searching for renewable oxygenated energy sources from biomasses. Biodiesel is non-toxic, renewable, biodegradable, environmentally benign, energy efficient and diesel substituent fuel used in diesel engine which contributes minimal amount of global warming gases such as CO, CO2, SO2, NOX, unburned hydrocarbons, and particulate matters. The chemical composition of the biodiesel was examined by help of GC-MS and five fatty acid methyl esters such as methyl palmitate, methyl stearate, methyl oleate, methyl linoleate and methyl linoleneate were identified. The variables that affect the amount of biodiesel such as methanol/oil molar ratio, mass weight of catalyst and temperature were studied. In addition to this the physicochemical properties of the biodiesel such as (density, kinematic viscosity, iodine value high heating value, flash point, acidic value, saponification value, carbon residue, peroxide value and ester content) were determined and its corresponding values were 87 Kg/m3, 5.63 Mm2/s, 39.56 g I/100g oil, 42.22 MJ/Kg, 132oC, 0.12 mgKOH/g, 209.72 mgKOH/g, 0.04%wt, 12.63 meq/kg, and 92.67 wt% respectively. The results of the present study showed that all physicochemical properties lie within the ASTM and EN biodiesel standards. Therefore, mango seed oil methyl ester could be used as an alternative to diesel engine.

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