scholarly journals Methyl Linoleate Synthesis From Cotton Seeds Oil : Optimization Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 163
Author(s):  
Erin Ryantin Gunawan ◽  
Dedy Suhendra ◽  
Rohana Rohana ◽  
Desy Komalasari
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Linoleate ◽  
Cotton Seed ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Molecular Formula ◽  
Seed Oils ◽  
Colorless Liquid ◽  
Enzymatic Transesterification ◽  
Optimization Study

Methyl esters are derivatives of triglycerides (oils or fats) that can be produced through esterification and transesterification process. One example of the methyl esters are widely used as an industrial raw material is methyl linoleate. Methyl linoleate is a colorless liquid with molecular formula C19H34O2. Methyl linoleate is a fatty acid ester and has a lot of common use as biodiesel ingredient, textiles, in medical research, emulsifiers and lubricants. The raw materials commonly used for the synthesis of methyl esters are palm oil, coconut oil, soybean oil, and others. But these oils are edible oil materials, so that in this case the raw materials that will be used is the cotton seed that has not been exploited well. The optimization reaction of the methyl linoleate synthesis through enzymatic transesterification from cotton (Ceiba pentandra L.) seed oils and methanol by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was carried out.  Immobilized lipase (lipozymeTL IM)  used as catalyst. This research aims to optimize the reaction by observing variety of conditions that are influenced by several variables, such asreaction time, molar ratio, the amount of enzyme and the reaction temperature.  Design Expert v.7 software used to view the interaction between the variables via RSM. The mathematical equations and statistical methods showed that the optimum condition of the enzymatic transesterification was obtained at 0.15 gram of amount of the enzyme, the ratio of cotton seed oils: methanol of 1: 2.05 (g/g), a reaction time of 14 hours and a temperature of 49.95 oC with the predicted  and actual percentages yield of 37.87 and 38.24%, respectively. The model recommended for obtaining optimum results is a quadratric model with a R-squared value of 0.6957. Keywords: Methyl linoleate, Cotton seed oils, Lipozyme, Optimization study, Design Expertv.7

scholarly journals Chemical and Biological Investigation of Organic Wastes of Frying Oils and Beef Fats: Valorization for Biodiesel Production

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasmine Souissi ◽  
Meha Alouini ◽  
Wissem Mnif
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Organic Wastes ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Biological Investigation ◽  
Frying Oils ◽  
Enzymatic Transesterification ◽  
Different Sources

The present study investigates the different approaches of biodiesel production by exploiting low cost feedstocks such as organic wastes of frying oils (WFO) and wastes of beef fats (WBF). The aim was to compare not only two different sources of waste raw materials but also different approaches of biodiesel production. Biodiesel which refers to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) was produced by both chemical and enzymatic transesterification. The characterization of the biodiesel produced by both approaches was performed according to the European standard EN 14214. The results showed that the biological method gave a richer FAME biodiesel through the catalysis of whole-cell lipase. However, for the chemical method, better biodiesel physicochemical properties were observed for the two raw materials. Therefore, it would be interesting to compromise by optimizing the biological biodiesel production approach in order to obtain a better quality in coherence with EN 14214 requirements.

scholarly journals Lipase-catalyzed transesterification of epoxidized soybean oil to prepare epoxy methyl esters

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 247 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Liu ◽  
F. Duan
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Competitive Inhibition ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Oxirane Oxygen ◽  
Epoxidized Soybean Oil ◽  
Novozym 435 ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Enzymatic Transesterification ◽  
Mechanism Model ◽  
Ping Pong

Epoxidized soybean oil methyl esters could be efficiently prepared with the transesterification of epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO) with a lower dosage of methanol using lipase Novozym 435 as catalyst. The optimum parameters were as follows: the molar ratio of 5:1 (methanol to ESBO), 5% Novozym 435 as catalyst, at 45 °C for 14 h, with a stirring speed of 600rpm, under which the epoxidized soybean oil methyl esters (ESBOME) could be obtained at a 95.7% yield. During the enzymatic transesterification process, the oxirane oxygen values were kept unchangeable, which indicated that excellent functional group tolerance could be achieved under such mild reaction conditions. In addition, the recyclability of the immobilized enzyme Novozym 435 in this transesterification process was examined and the results showed that the biocatalyst could be reused ten times without losing any reaction activity or selectivity. And the final products of ESBOME were also identified by IR and NMR analysis. The kinetic data obtained followed the Ping-Pong Bi mechanism model (Vmax = 6.132 mol·L-1min-1, Km,S = 0,0001 mol·L-1, Km, A = 796.148 mol·L-1, Ki, A = 0,0004 mol·L-1) with competitive inhibition by methanol.

scholarly journals Sulfonación de ésteres metílicos derivados del aceite de palma

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesús Alfonso Torres Ortega ◽  
Oscar Yesid Suárez Palacios ◽  
Paulo César Narváez Rincón ◽  
Francisco José Sánchez Castellanos
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Sulfur Trioxide ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Palm Stearin ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Gaseous Flow ◽  
Sulfuric Acid Content

<p class="Corpoica">En la presente investigación se estudió la sulfonación con trióxido de azufre (SO3) de ésteres metílicos fabricados mediante una transesterificación de la estearina hidrogenada de palma. La generación del agente sulfonante (SO3) mediante calentamiento, agitación y burbujeo de nitrógeno sobre óleum permitió establecer las condiciones de procesamiento. La materia prima se caracterizó mediante cromatografía de gases y espectroscopia infrarroja, y a través de titulaciones volumétricas se determinó el porcentaje de materia activa (Hyamina 1622) y del ácido sulfúrico contenido en el producto. Se determinaron el aceite libre mediante extracciones con éter de petróleo, y la coloración mediante espectrofotometría (420 nm). Se sugieren valores de las condiciones de proceso con miras a un escalamiento piloto. Las variables que tienen una influencia más determinante sobre las propiedades finales del producto son: el caudal de reactante líquido, la razón molar SO3/metiléster, la fracción molar de SO3 (o el porcentaje volumétrico) en la corriente sulfonante, la temperatura del proceso. </p><p class="Corpoica"> </p><p class="Corpoica"><strong>Sulfonation of methyl esters derived from palm oil </strong></p><p class="Corpoica">Sulfonation with sulfur trioxide (SO3) of methyl esters produced by a transesterification of hydrogenated palm stearin, was studied in the present research. The generation of sulfur trioxide (SO3), by heating, stirring and bubbling nitrogen on oleum, helped establish the conditions for processing. Through gas chromatography and infrared spectroscopy, raw materials were characterized; and with volumetric titrations, the percentage of active substance (Hyamina 1622) and sulfuric acid content in the product were determined, oil-free through drawings with petroleum ether, and coloring was also determined in a spectrophotometer (420 nm). Recommendations were developed from the standpoint of the process used to identify the main variables for the functionality of the sulfonation plant to a scaling-level pilot. The flow of liquid reactant, the molar ratio SO3/methyl ester, the mole fraction of SO3 (or the percentage by volume) in the sulfonante gaseous flow, and the temperature process are the variables that have a more decisive influence on the conversion and properties of the product. </p>

scholarly journals Biolubricants from Rapeseed and Castor Oil Transesterification by Using Titanium Isopropoxide as a Catalyst: Production and Characterization

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 366 ◽  
Author(s):  
José María Encinar ◽  
Sergio Nogales-Delgado ◽  
Nuria Sánchez ◽  
Juan Félix González
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Castor Oil ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Titanium Isopropoxide ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Catalyst Production ◽  
Better Than

The transesterification of rapeseed and castor oil methyl esters with different alcohols (2-ethyl-1-hexanol, 1-heptanol and 4-methyl-2-pentanol) and titanium isopropoxide as a catalyst, to produce biolubricants, was carried out. Parameters such as temperature, alcohol/methyl ester molar ratio, and catalyst concentration were studied to optimize the process. The reaction evolution was monitored with the decrease in FAME concentration by gas chromatography. In general, the reaction was almost complete in two hours, obtaining over 93% conversions. All the variables studied influenced on the reaction yields. Once the optimum conditions for the maximum conversion and minimum costs were selected, a characterization of the biolubricants obtained, along with the study of the influence of the kind of alcohol used, was carried out. The biolubricants had some properties that were better than mineral lubricants (flash points between 222 and 271 °C), needing the use of additives when they do not comply with the standards (low viscosity for rapeseed biolubricant, for instance). There was a clear influence of fatty acids of raw materials (oleic and ricinoleic acids as majority fatty acids in rapeseed and castor oil, respectively) and the structure of the alcohol used on the final features of the biolubricants.

Mango (Magnifera indica) seed oil grown in Dilla town as potential raw material for biodiesel production using NaOH- a homogeneous catalyst

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chem Int
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Pollution Prevention ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Homogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Minimal Amount

Biodiesel produced by transesterification process from vegetable oils or animal fats is viewed as a promising renewable energy source. Now a day’s diminishing of petroleum reserves in the ground and increasing environmental pollution prevention and regulations have made searching for renewable oxygenated energy sources from biomasses. Biodiesel is non-toxic, renewable, biodegradable, environmentally benign, energy efficient and diesel substituent fuel used in diesel engine which contributes minimal amount of global warming gases such as CO, CO2, SO2, NOX, unburned hydrocarbons, and particulate matters. The chemical composition of the biodiesel was examined by help of GC-MS and five fatty acid methyl esters such as methyl palmitate, methyl stearate, methyl oleate, methyl linoleate and methyl linoleneate were identified. The variables that affect the amount of biodiesel such as methanol/oil molar ratio, mass weight of catalyst and temperature were studied. In addition to this the physicochemical properties of the biodiesel such as (density, kinematic viscosity, iodine value high heating value, flash point, acidic value, saponification value, carbon residue, peroxide value and ester content) were determined and its corresponding values were 87 Kg/m3, 5.63 Mm2/s, 39.56 g I/100g oil, 42.22 MJ/Kg, 132oC, 0.12 mgKOH/g, 209.72 mgKOH/g, 0.04%wt, 12.63 meq/kg, and 92.67 wt% respectively. The results of the present study showed that all physicochemical properties lie within the ASTM and EN biodiesel standards. Therefore, mango seed oil methyl ester could be used as an alternative to diesel engine.

Calculation of the Glaze Recipe for Porcelain Feldspar Products Based on their Molecular Formula Rationalization

2008 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-134
Author(s):  
Ion Teoreanu ◽  
Roxana Lucia Dumitrache ◽  
Stefania Stoleriu
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Computer Programs ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Molecular Formula ◽  
Design Equation ◽  
Material Sources

Any change of the raw material sources for glazes, economically, ecologically motivated, and also from the glaze quality point of view, is conditioned by the molecular formula rationalization and by the variation limits of the molecular formula, respectively. The proper glaze compositions are placed within their limit variation intervals with optimized processing and utilization properties. For this purpose, the rationalization criteria and procedures of molecular formulas are summarized in the present paper, as well as the results referring to their rationalization obtained in the authors� previous work. Thus, one starts from a base of raw materials that are selected, usable and also accessible for the design and producing of the glazes. On these bases the groundwork and the design equation for the glaze recipes are developed, exemplified for a single glaze. For an easy access to results, computer programs are used for an easy access to results.

Chemical composition of Azadirachta indica A. Juss and Ricinus communis Linn. seed oils growing in Marigat, Baringo County, Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Kiplagat Jepkorir ◽  
Charles Maina Irungu ◽  
Philip Bett Kendagor
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Ricinoleic Acid ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Ricinus Communis ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Octadecenoic Acid ◽  
Seed Oils ◽  
Octadecanoic Acid ◽  
Alkyd Resins ◽  
Natural Remedies

All parts of A. indica (neem) and R. communis (castor) plants have mostly been used as natural remedies in the control and treatment of several ailments, control of pests and insects, animal feeds and production of industrial products globally. The seed oils of A. indica and R. communis are known to have antidiabetic, anti-helminthic, antifertility, antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, insecticidal and mosquitocidal activity. This study reports for the first time the chemical composition of A. indica and R. communis seed oils from Marigat, Baringo County, Kenya. Seed oils of A. indica and R. communis were   extracted from mature dried seeds through cold pressing and boiling respectively and chemical composition determined using Gas Chromatography (GC)-Mass Spectrometry (MS).  The constituents of both seed oils were dominated by saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, cyclic esters and methyl esters. The predominant constituents of R. communis were (Z)-6-Octadecenoic acid (37.33%), Ricinoleic acid (30.22%) and 13-Hexyloxacyclotridec-10-en-2-one (26.67%) while those of A. indica were 2-hexyl-1-decanol (30.97%), Octadecanoic acid (29.69%) and Oxalic acid, 6-ethyloct-3-yl ethyl ester (15.55%). Oils contained Hexadecanoic acid and Octadecanoic acid which are used in the manufacture of several products such as candles, soaps, lotions, perfumes and cosmetics. Octadecenoic acid is important in control of human diseases and Ricinoleic acid in production of alkyd resins for surface coating and biofuel.  From the results, A. indica and R. communis seed oils constituents have potential in the agricultural, industrial, comestics and pharmaceutical sectors but require further fractionation to isolate the bioactive compounds.

Efficient Micromixing for Continuous Biodiesel Production from Jatropha Oil

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-139
Author(s):  
Waleed S. Mohammed ◽  
Ahmed H. El-Shazly ◽  
Marwa F. Elkady ◽  
Masahiro Ohshima
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
High Mass ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Jatropha Oil ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Gel Preparation

Introduction: The utilization of biodiesel as an alternative fuel is turning out to be progressively famous these days because of worldwide energy deficiency. The enthusiasm for utilizing Jatropha as a non-edible oil feedstock is quickly developing. The performance of the base catalyzed methanolysis reaction could be improved by a continuous process through a microreactor in view of the high mass transfer coefficient of this technique. Materials & Methods: Nanozirconium tungstovanadate, which was synthetized using sol-gel preparation method, was utilized in a complementary step for biodiesel production process. The prepared material has an average diameter of 0.066 &µm. Results: First, the NaOH catalyzed methanolysis of Jatropha oil was investigated in a continuous microreactor, and the efficient mixing over different mixers and its impact on the biodiesel yield were studied under varied conditions. Second, the effect of adding the nanocatalyst as a second stage was investigated. Conclusion: The maximum percentage of produced methyl esters from Jatropha oil was 98.1% using a methanol/Jatropha oil molar ratio of 11 within 94 s using 1% NaOH at 60 &°C. The same maximum conversion ratio was recorded with the nanocatalyst via only 0.3% NaOH.

scholarly journals Enzymatic Transesterification of Waste Frying Oil from Local Restaurants in East Colombia Using a Combined Lipase System

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 3566
Author(s):  
Mary Angélica Ferreira Vela ◽  
Juan C. Acevedo-Páez ◽  
Nestor Urbina-Suárez ◽  
Yeily Adriana Rangel Basto ◽  
Ángel Darío González-Delgado
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Enzyme Concentration ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Frying Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Waste Frying Oil ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Enzymatic Transesterification

The search for innovation and biotechnological strategies in the biodiesel production chain have become a topic of interest for scientific community owing the importance of renewable energy sources. This work aimed to implement an enzymatic transesterification process to obtain biodiesel from waste frying oil (WFO). The transesterification was performed by varying reaction times (8 h, 12 h and 16 h), enzyme concentrations of lipase XX 25 split (14%, 16% and 18%), pH of reaction media (6, 7 and 8) and reaction temperature (35, 38 and 40 °C) with a fixed alcohol–oil molar ratio of 3:1. The optimum operating conditions were selected to quantify the amount of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) generated. The highest biodiesel production was reached with an enzyme concentration of 14%, reaction time of 8 h, pH of 7 and temperature of 38 °C. It was estimated a FAMEs production of 42.86% for the selected experiment; however, best physicochemical characteristics of biodiesel were achieved with an enzyme concentration of 16% and reaction time of 8 h. Results suggested that enzymatic transesterification process was favorable because the amount of methyl esters obtained was similar to the content of fatty acids in the WFO.

Sol-Gel Synthesis and Characterization of Ultrafine ZrSiO4 Powder

2014 ◽  
Vol 906 ◽  
pp. 66-71
Author(s):  
Zhen Quan Li ◽  
Qiang Zhen ◽  
Ya Li Wang
Keyword(s):  
Wavelength Range ◽  
High Purity ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Formation Rate ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Sem And Tem ◽  
Homogeneous Product ◽  
Sol Gel Synthesis ◽  
Calcined Temperature

High purity ZrSiO4 powder were synthesized using Si (C2H5O)4 and ZrOCl2·8H2O as raw materials by the sol-gel method, LiCl was added as mineralizer to promote crystallization of zircon. The influences of molar ratio of Zr:Si, calcined time and calcined temperature on the synthesis of ZrSiO4 powder were investigated. XRD, SEM and TEM were used to characterize the powders. It was found that when the molar ratio of Zr:Si was 1:1.2, the calcined temperature was 1600°C and the calcined time was 4h, the high purity ZrSiO4 ultrafine powder was obtained. The ZrSiO4 formation began at 1300°C and when the gel was calcined at 1600°Cfor 4 h, the formation rate of ZrSiO4 was up to 95%. SEM and TEM studies reveal a homogeneous product with particle sizes on the order of 0.1-1μm. The IR emissivity of ultrafine ZrSiO4 is 0.892 at the whole wavelength range, and that is up to 0.951 at the wavelength range of 8-14 μm.

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