PEMANFAATAN ABU CANGKANG KERANG DARAH (ANADARA GRANOSA) SEBAGAI KATALIS DALAM PEMBUATAN METIL ESTER DARI MINYAK JELANTAH

Transesterification is the reaction to produce methyl esters in which this reaction’s involves catalyst of blood clam shell ashes of combustion at temperatures of 900 ° C for 3 hours and the amount of ash that is used by 8%, 10%, 12% (w / w). Ash used in dissolved in methanol with a molar ratio of methanol: oil of 9: 1, 12: 1 (n / n) to obtain a compound of calcium methoxide. Used cooking oil is filtered and then esterified with catalyst 3.0% (w / w) H2SO4 98% and methanol: oil TG (6: 1) to reduce the FFA to <1%. Transesterification reaction is carried out at a reaction temperature of 65 ° C for 3 hours, and keep stirring 700 rpm. Quantitatively, the optimum yield of methyl ester in the amount of ash produced is 12% (w / w) and the molar ratio of methanol: oil at 12: 1 (n / n) of 56.51% with specification methyl esters such as density, kinematic viscosity and purity methyl ester biodiesel in accordance with SNI 04-7182-2006, based on the analysis of GC (Gas Chromatography), the purity of the resulting methyl ester was 98.79%.

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Identification of Methyl Ester Content from Waste Cooking Oil Using Gas Chromatographic Method

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.660.297 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 660 ◽

pp. 297-300

Author(s):

Nor Hazwani Abdullah ◽

Sulaiman Hassan

Keyword(s):

Gas Chromatography ◽

Methyl Ester ◽

Acid Methyl Ester ◽

Waste Cooking Oil ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Ionization Detector ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Ester Content ◽

Flame Ionization ◽

Acid Methyl

Waste cooking oil has always been an environment problem in food factories and one method of effect disposing this oil without effecting the environment is to convert it to fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) using small scale pilot plant. The conversion of waste cooking oil with sodium hydroxide as a catalyst in conversional process at 22kHz speed. The reaction of time, molar ratio, speed, catalyst and amount of catalyst will be effect in FAME quality. The quality of biodiesel define is total ester content using gas chromatography. Gas chromatography analysis is a one of technique for identification and quantitation of compounds in a biodiesel sample. From biodiesel sample can identification of contaminants and fatty acid methyl ester. In this research biodiesel sample were analyses using a gas chromatography-flame ionization detector ( Perkin Elmer GC Model Clarus 500) equipped with a DB-5 HT capillary column ( 0.53mm x 5 m) J&W Scientific. The analytic conditions for ester content were as follow by: column temperature used 2100C, temperature flame ionization detector (FID) of 2500C, pressure of 80kPa, flow carrier gas of 1ml/min, temperature injector of 2500C, split flow rate of 50ml/min, time for analysis 20 minute and volume injected of 1 μl. The ester content (C), expresses as a mass fraction in present using formula (EN 14103, 2003a) calculation. Conversion of triglyceride (TG) to FAME using conversional process obtained 96.54 % w.t with methanol to oil molar ratio 6:1, 1%w.t acid sulphuric and 1% w.t sodium hydroxide catalyst.

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Catalytic Transesterification of Used Cooking Oil to Biodiesel: Effect of Oil-Methanol Molar Ratio and Reaction Time

Automotive Experiences ◽

10.31603/ae.v2i3.2991 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 73-77 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Diah Ayu ◽

Rizca Aulyana ◽

Esti Widya Astuti ◽

Kusmiyati Kusmiyati ◽

Nur Hidayati

Keyword(s):

Fly Ash ◽

Catalyst Surface ◽

Coal Fly Ash ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

National Standard ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Used Cooking Oil ◽

Alkali Activated ◽

Catalyst Load

Used cooking oil has the potential as biodiesel so that it can reduce environmental pollution. Transesterification of triglycerides in used cooking oil with an alcohol to form methyl esters of fatty acids or biodiesel and glycerol. The type of catalyst is one of the determinants of the transesterification reaction and coal fly ash has the potential to be used as a catalyst in the production of biodiesel. Therefore, this study aims to examine the effect of the oil-methanol ratio and the time of the transesterification of used cooking oil to the yield of biodiesel produced using an alkali-activated fly ash catalyst. Transesterification is carried out at 60 °C, the stirring speed is 700 rpm, and the amount of catalyst load is 4%. The result, the highest yield of biodiesel reached almost 89%. This biodiesel consists of 48.86% methyl oleate and 33.86% methyl palmitate and has a density that meets the Indonesian National Standard, which is 0.85 - 0.90 g/cm3. Finally, the BET test on the fly ash catalyst shows a catalyst surface area of around 104.106 m2/g.

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Hybrid Response Surface Method-African Buffalo Optimization Technique for Ultrasonic Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil using Li doped CaO Nanocatalyst

International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering - Special Issue ◽

10.35940/ijitee.e2930.039520 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 1938-1947

Keyword(s):

Response Surface ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Optimization Technique ◽

Research Work ◽

Waste Cooking Oil ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

African Buffalo ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Used Cooking Oil

In the current era, there is an increasing emphasis on green fuels for a clean environment. Authors in this work have tried to devise an innovative method to optimize ultrasonic production of biodiesel from used cooking oil, using composite technique combining Response surface Methodology and African Buffalo optimization. In this research work, heterogeneous catalyst Lithium doped CaO has been obtained from a new natural source by high-temperature thermal decomposition of Musa Balbisiana root ash and tested its Conversion efficiency for conversion of waste cooking oil into methyl esters. It was observed that the catalyst is really effective for the production of biodiesel from even high Free Fatty Acid waste cooking oil. For optimization of production parameters authors have used ABO complemented with RSM to maximize the biodiesel production yield. The maximum biodiesel yield of 96.67% was achieved using ABO which is about 15% higher than provided by RSM which is 81.01%. The highest biodiesel yield of 96.67 % is obtained at 15:1 Molar Ratio with 3.5% catalyst wt. percent, 60 Degree C Temp. in 45 Minutes with an error of 2.5 % in yield prediction by ABO. The work may be utilized by industries and researchers to use ultrasonic reactors optimally to extract better biodiesel volume in very short time instead of presently used slow mechanical stirring tank reactors.

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PEMANFAATAN ABU KULIT BUAH KELAPA SEBAGAI KATALIS PADA REAKSI TRANSESTERIFIKASI MINYAK SAWIT MENJADI METIL ESTER

Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU ◽

10.32734/jtk.v2i4.1486 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 17-24

Author(s):

Muhammad Yusuf Ritonga ◽

Doni Hermanto Sihombing ◽

Allen Rianto Sihotang

Keyword(s):

Gas Chromatography ◽

Methyl Ester ◽

Atomic Absorption ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Kinematic Viscosity ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Transesterification Reaction ◽

Esterification Reaction ◽

Processing Stage ◽

Potassium Methoxide

Transesterification is the reaction to produce methyl esters in which this reaction’s catalyst involves coconut shell burnt ash at temperature of 550, 600, 650 °C for 8 hours and uses 1%, 2%, 3% (w/w) of ash. Ash used was dissolved in 75 ml of methanol to obtain potassium methoxide compound and was analyzed by AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer) to determine potassium content. Palm oil involved in the processing stage of degumming with the addition of 0,6% (w/w) H3PO4 85% to remove gum then followed by an esterification reaction using 3,0% (w/w) H2SO498% as the catalyst to reduce FFA<1%. The temperature of transesterification reaction was at 65 °C for 2 hours, ratio of methanol: CPO 6:1 (n/n) and 500 rpm agitation. Quantitatively, the optimum yield of 81% methyl esters is gained with shell burnt ash at temperature of 600 ° C, 1% (w/w) of ash with the specification of methyl esters as density, kinematic viscosity and flash point are relatively conformed to SNI04-7182-2006 biodiesel and 92.99% purity methyl ester with 4.62% total glycerin,2.39% free glycerin based on GC (Gas Chromatography).

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Two-Stage Biodiesel Synthesis from Used Cooking Oil with a High Acid Value via an Ultrasound-Assisted Method

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14123703 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (12) ◽

pp. 3703

Author(s):

Ming-Chien Hsiao ◽

Wei-Ting Lin ◽

Wei-Cheng Chiu ◽

Shuhn-Shyurng Hou

Keyword(s):

Acid Value ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Optimal Conditions ◽

Two Stage ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

High Acid ◽

Used Cooking Oil ◽

Biodiesel Synthesis ◽

Stage Process ◽

Ultrasound Assisted

In this study, ultrasound was used to accelerate two-stage (esterification–transesterification) catalytic synthesis of biodiesel from used cooking oil, which originally had a high acid value (4.35 mg KOH/g). In the first stage, acid-catalyzed esterification reaction conditions were developed with a 9:1 methanol/oil molar ratio, sulfuric acid dosage at 2 wt %, and a reaction temperature of 60 °C. Under ultrasound irradiation for 40 min, the acid value was effectively decreased from 4.35 to 1.67 mg KOH/g, which was decreased to a sufficient level (<2 mg KOH/g) to avoid the saponification problem for the subsequent transesterification reaction. In the following stage, base-catalyzed transesterification reactions were carried out with a 12:1 methanol/oil molar ratio, a sodium hydroxide dosage of 1 wt %, and a reaction temperature of 65 °C. Under ultrasound-assisted transesterification for 40 min, the conversion rate of biodiesel reached 97.05%, which met the requirement of EN 14214 standard, i.e., 96.5% minimum. In order to evaluate and explore the improvement of the ultrasound-assisted two-stage (esterification–transesterification) process in shortening the reaction time, additional two-stage biodiesel synthesis experiments using the traditional mechanical stirring method under the optimal conditions were further carried out in this study. It was found that, under the same optimal conditions, using the ultrasound-assisted two-stage process, the total reaction time was significantly reduced to only 80 min, which was much shorter than the total time required by the conventional method of 140 min. It is worth noting that compared with the traditional method without ultrasound, the intensification of the ultrasound-assisted two-stage process significantly shortened the total time from 140 min to 80 min, which is a reduction of 42.9%. It was concluded that the ultrasound-assisted two-stage (esterification–transesterification) catalytic process is an effective and time-saving method for synthesizing biodiesel from used cooking oil with a high acid value.

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The Optimization of Ozonolysis Reaction For Synthesis of Biopolyol From Used Palm Cooking Oil

ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering ◽

10.22146/ajche.49711 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Edy Purwanto ◽

Lieke Riadi ◽

Nathania Tamara I. ◽

Mellisha Ika K.

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Response Surface ◽

Ozone Concentration ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Optimal Operating ◽

Optimal Operating Condition ◽

Hydroxyl Value ◽

Independent Variables ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Used Cooking Oil

Biopolyol is a raw material for synthesis of polyurethanes which is used as thermoset and thermoplastic materials, adhesives, rigid or non-rigid foams and also for coating. The utilization of waste edible oil as feedstock for synthesis of biopolyol has attracted some researchers. However, there is little attention focused on the application of ozone technology for synthesis of biopolyol from used cooking oil through ozonolysis reaction. Response surface methodology was performed to determine the optimal operating condition in the synthesis of biopolyol using ozone and sorbitol as a hydroxyl group source. The influence of input variables such as temperature, reaction time, molar ratio of oil to sorbitol and ozone concentration on hydroxyl value quantified was studied. The optimal condition was determined by high amount of hydroxyl value resulted from response surface method which used the experimental data. The ozonolysis reaction was conducted in a batch reactor equipped with agitator, tube sparger, thermocouple, reflux condenser and potassium iodide trap. Central composite design with four independent variables and one response variable was performed to determine the influence of independent variables on output variable of hydroxyl value of biopolyol. The hydroxyl value of polyol is a quadratic function of molar ratio of oil to methanol and a linear function of reaction temperature. The optimal operating condition was achieved at a temperature of 25℃, a reaction time of 5 hours, molar ratio of used cooking oil to sorbitol is 1:7 and ozone concentration about 4.8%.Keywords: Ozonolysis; Biopolyol; Hydroxyl value; Used cooking oil; Palm oil

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Pengaruh Temperatur, Konsentrasi Katalis Dan Rasio Molar Metanol-Minyak Terhadap Yield Biodisel Dari Minyak Goreng Bekas Melalui Proses Netralisasi-Transesterifikasi

METANA ◽

10.14710/metana.v13i1.11340 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 30

Author(s):

Antonius Prihanto ◽

T.A. Bambang Irawan

Keyword(s):

Temperature Variation ◽

Catalyst Concentration ◽

Process Condition ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Concentration Variation ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Used Cooking Oil

Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang pembuatan biodisel dari minyak goreng bekas melalui proses netralisasi-transesterifikasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji pengaruh temperatur terhadap yield biodiesel, pengaruh konsentrasi katalis terhadap yield biodiesel dan pengaruh rasio molar methanol-minyak goreng bekas terhadap yield biodiesel melalui proses netralisasi dan transesterifikasi. Untuk mendapatkan kondisi proses transesterifikasi terbaik, maka dikaji pengaruh variasi suhu (30 oC, 40 oC, 50 oC, 60 oC, 70 oC), variasi konsentrasi katalis KOH (0,75 %, 1 %, 1,25 %, 1,5 %, 1,75 %) dan rasio molar metanol-minyak (6:1; 7:1; 8:1; 9:1; 10:1) terhadap yield biodiesel yang dihasilkan dari minyak goreng bekas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pada rasio 6 : 1, konsentrasi katalis KOH 1 % pada suhu 60 oC mengahasilkan yield biodiesel maksimal sebesar 87,3 %. Effect of Temperature, Catalyst Concentration and Methanol-Oil Molar Ratio Against Biodiesel Yield from Used Cooking Oil Through Neutralization Transesterification ProcessA research has been conducted on the making of biodiesel from used cooking oil through a neutralization-transesterification process. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of temperature on biodiesel yield, the effect of catalyst concentration on biodiesel yield and the effect of molar ratio of methanol to used biodiesel yield through neutralization and transesterification process. To obtain the best transesterification process condition, the effect of temperature variation (30 oC, 40 oC, 50 oC, 60 oC, 70 oC), KOH catalyst concentration variation (0.75%, 1%, 1.25%, 1,5 %, 1.75%) and the molar ratio of methanol-oil (6: 1; 7: 1; 8: 1; 9: 1; 10: 1) to the yield of biodiesel produced from used cooking oil. The results showed at a ratio of 6: 1, the concentration of 1% KOH catalyst at 60 ° C resulted in a maximum biodiesel yield of 87.3%.

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Alternative Raw Materials to Produce Biodiesel through Alkaline Heterogeneous Catalysis

Catalysts ◽

10.3390/catal9080690 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 690 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Edgar M. Sánchez Faba ◽

Gabriel O. Ferrero ◽

Joana M. Dias ◽

Griselda A. Eimer

Keyword(s):

Heterogeneous Catalysis ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Fatty Acid Content ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Absolute Methanol ◽

Solid Catalyst ◽

Oil Refineries ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Used Cooking Oil

Recent research focuses on new biodiesel production and purification technologies that seek a carbon-neutral footprint, as well as cheap, renewable and abundant raw materials that do not compete with the demand for food. Then, many attractive alternatives arise due to their availability or low-cost, such as used cooking oil, Jatropha oil (non-edible) or byproducts of vegetable oil refineries. Due to their composition and the presence of moisture, these oils may need a pretreatment to reach the established conditions to be used in the biodiesel production process so that the final product complies with the international quality standards. In this work, a solid catalyst based on 10 wt % sodium oxide supported on mesoporous silica SBA-15, was employed in the transesterification of different feedstocks (commercial sunflower and soybean oil, used cooking oil, acid oil from soapstock and Jatropha hieronymi oil) with absolute methanol in the following reaction conditions—2–8 wt % catalyst, 14:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 60 °C, vigorous magnetic stirring and 5 h of reaction. In this way, first- and second-generation biodiesel was obtained through heterogeneous catalysis with methyl ester yields between 52 and 97 wt %, depending on the free fatty acid content and the moisture content of the oils.

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Potensi Minyak Jelantah Sebagai Biodiesel dan Pengaruh Katalis Serta Waktu Reaksi Terhadap Kualitas Biodiesel Melalui Proses Transesterifikasi

Jurnal Serambi Engineering ◽

10.32672/jse.v5i2.1920 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Muhammad Busyairi ◽

Aufar Za’im Muttaqin ◽

Ika Meicahyanti ◽

Saryadi Saryadi

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Water Content ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Quality Standards ◽

Quality Standard ◽

Flash Point ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Used Cooking Oil ◽

Yield Parameters

This study aimed to determine the effect of reaction time and catalyst variations on the quality of biodiesel according to SNI 7182: 2015 determine the best reaction time and catalyst variations on the yield parameters, water content, viscosity, density, flash point, and methyl ester levels of biodiesel produced. Based on the research, the results show that the quality of biodiesel obtained for each parameter meets the SNI 7182: 2015 quality standards except for water content parameters that still exceed the quality standard limits. The best quality of biodiesel is shown in the variation of the reaction time of 120 minutes with KOH catalyst with a yield of 77.95%, moisture content of 0.2673%, density of 0.8669 gr/ml, the viscosity of 5.15 CST, flash point 174°C and levels of methyl esters 98.42%. Biodiesel from used cooking oil can be applied as renewable energy that is more environmentally efficient.<h1 style="margin: 0cm; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-indent: 0cm; mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-transform: none; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;" lang="EN-US">This study aimed to determine the effect of reaction time and catalyst variations on the quality of biodiesel according to SNI 7182: 2015 determine the best reaction time and catalyst variations on the yield parameters, water content, viscosity, density, flash point, and methyl ester levels of biodiesel produced. Based on the research, the results show that the quality of biodiesel obtained for each parameter meets the SNI 7182: 2015 quality standards except for water content parameters that still exceed the quality standard limits. The best quality of biodiesel is shown in the variation of the reaction time of 120 minutes with KOH catalyst with a yield of 77.95%, moisture content of 0.2673%, density of 0.8669 gr/ml, the viscosity of 5.15 CST, flash point 174°C and levels of methyl esters 98.42%. Biodiesel from used cooking oil can be applied as renewable energy that is more environmentally efficient.</span></h1>

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