Technology-based interventions in substance use treatment to promote health equity among African Americans/Blacks, Hispanics/Latinx, and American Indians/Alaskan Natives: a scoping review protocol (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily G Hichborn ◽  
Sarah K Moore ◽  
Phoebe R Gauthier ◽  
Nico O Agosti ◽  
Kathleen D Bell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Health Equity ◽  
American Indians ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Healthcare Research ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Underrepresented Groups ◽  
Alaskan Natives

BACKGROUND Technology-based interventions (TBIs) (i.e., web-based and mobile interventions) have the potential to promote health equity in substance use disorder treatment (SUTx) for underrepresented groups (i.e., African Americans/Blacks, Hispanics/Latinx, and American Indians/Alaskan Natives) by removing barriers and increasing access to culturally relevant, effective treatments. However, technologies (emergent and more long-standing) may have unintended consequences that could perpetuate healthcare disparities among underrepresented groups. Healthcare research, and SUTx research specifically, is infrequently conducted with these groups as a main focus. Therefore, an improved understanding of the literature at the intersection of SUTx, TBIs, and underrepresented groups is warranted to avoid exacerbating inequities and to promote health equity. OBJECTIVE To explore peer-reviewed literature (January 2000-March 2021) that includes underrepresented groups in SUTx research using TBIs. We further seek to explore whether this subset of research is race/ethnicity conscious (i.e., does the research consider underrepresented groups (beyond their inclusion as study participants) in introduction, methods, results, and/or discussion). METHODS Five electronic databases (MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, and PsychInfo) will be searched to identify SUTx research using TBIs, and studies will be screened for eligibility at the title/abstract and full-text levels. Studies will be included if their sample includes underrepresented groups at 50% or more when combined. RESULTS This project is currently in the data extraction phase with an anticipated completion date of March 2022. CONCLUSIONS Research is needed to increase our understanding of the range and nature of TBIs being used in SUTx research studies with underrepresented groups. The planned scoping review will highlight research at this intersection to promote health equity.

scholarly journals A scoping review on disparities in exposure to advertising for e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products and implications for advancing a health equity research agenda

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Graziele Grilo ◽  
Elizabeth Crespi ◽  
Joanna E. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Health Equity ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Cigarette Advertising ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Advertising And Promotion ◽  
Neighborhood Level

Abstract Background Disparities in exposure to and density of tobacco advertising are well established; however, it is still unclear how e-cigarette and heated tobacco product (HTP) advertising vary by age, education, sex, gender identity, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status (SES), and/or urban/rural area. Through a scoping review, we sought to identify potential disparities in exposure to e-cigarette and HTP advertising and promotion across populations. Methods In January 2020, a systematic literature search was conducted in five databases: PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. The search was updated in October 2020. Articles reporting on exposure to e-cigarette and/or HTP advertising and promotion across age, education, sex, gender identity, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, SES, and/or urban/rural areas were included for full-text review (n = 25). Of those, 15 were deemed relevant for data extraction. Results The majority of the studies were from the U.S. (n = 12) and cross-sectional (n = 14). Studies were published between 2014 and 2020 and focused on determining causal relationships that underlie disparities; only one study assessed HTP advertising and promotion. Exposure to e-cigarette and HTP advertising was assessed at the individual-level (e.g., recall seeing ads on television) and at the neighborhood-level (e.g., ad density at the point-of-sale). Studies addressed differences across age (n = 6), education (n = 2), sex (n = 6), gender identity and sexual orientation (n = 3), race/ethnicity (n = 11), SES (n = 5), and urban/rural (n = 2). The following populations were more likely to be exposed to e-cigarette advertising: youth, those with more than a high school diploma, males, sexual and gender minorities, Whites, and urban residents. At the neighborhood-level, e-cigarette advertisements were more prevalent in non-White neighborhoods. Conclusions Exposure to e-cigarette/HTP advertising varies based on sociodemographic characteristics, although the literature is limited especially regarding HTPs. Higher exposure among youth might increase tobacco-related disparities since it can lead to nicotine/tobacco use. Research should incorporate and apply a health equity lens from its inception to obtain data to inform the elimination of those disparities.

Predicting Rehabilitation Success Rate Trends Among Ethnic Minorities Served by State Vocational Rehabilitation Agencies: A National Time Series Forecast Model Demonstration Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 158-173
Author(s):  
Corey L. Moore ◽  
Ningning Wang ◽  
Janique Tynez Washington
Keyword(s):  
African Americans ◽  
Vocational Rehabilitation ◽  
Success Rate ◽  
American Indians ◽  
Predictive Accuracy ◽  
Arima Model ◽  
Pacific Islanders ◽  
Native Hawaiians ◽  
Fiscal Year ◽  
Alaskan Natives

Purpose: This study assessed and demonstrated the efficacy of two select empirical forecast models (i.e., autoregressive integrated moving average [ARIMA] model vs. grey model [GM]) in accurately predicting state vocational rehabilitation agency (SVRA) rehabilitation success rate trends across six different racial and ethnic population cohorts (i.e., Blacks or African Americans, non-Latino Whites, American Indians or Alaskan Natives, Asians, Native Hawaiians or other Pacific Islanders, and Latinos). Methods: Eleven years of Rehabilitation Services Administration (RSA)-911 case record data (fiscal year [FY] 2004 through 2014) on SVRA employment outcomes were extracted and entered into the ARIMA model and GM to test their predictive performance. Results: The GM was demonstrated to be superior to the ARIMA model in predictive accuracy performance. Remarkably, although the GM (1, 1) 3-year frequency curve projection simulation results (FY 2015–2017) showed a slight upward trajectory in the number of successfully rehabilitated Latinos compared to baseline FY 2014 actual numbers, more drastic downward trajectories were projected for Blacks or African Americans, non-Latino Whites, American Indians or Alaskan Natives, Asians, and Native Hawaiians or other Pacific Islanders. Conclusions: The GM represents a demonstrably capable and promising forecasting tool that could be useful to SVRA leaders, policy makers, advocates, and researchers in simulating predictions that inform future policy initiatives, influence strategic plan development, and help guide the state of the science on future research and development foci. Additional multiple comprehensive demonstration trials, nonetheless, are needed to either confirm or refute the GM’s veracity in national and state predictive accuracy and curve fitting performance.

Health Equity in Artificial Intelligence and Primary Care Research: Protocol for a Scoping Review (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Xin Wang ◽  
Sulaiman Somani ◽  
Jonathan H Chen ◽  
Sara Murray ◽  
Urmimala Sarkar
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Primary Care ◽  
Health Equity ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Underserved Populations ◽  
Care Delivery ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Preventative Care ◽  
The Impact

BACKGROUND Though artificial intelligence (AI) has potential to augment the patient-physician relationship in primary care, bias in intelligent healthcare systems has the potential to differentially impact vulnerable patient populations. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this scoping review is to summarize the extent to which AI systems in primary care examine the inherent bias towards or against vulnerable populations and appraise how these systems have mitigated the impact of such biases during their development. METHODS We will conduct a search update from an existing scoping review to identify AI and primary care articles in the following databases: Medline-OVID,Embase,CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus, IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, MathSciNet, AAAI, and arXiv. Two screeners will independently review all abstracts, titles and full-texts. The team will extract data using structured data extraction form and synthesize the results according to PRISMA-Scr guidelines. RESULTS This review will provide an assessment of the current state of healthcare equity within AI for primary care. Specifically, we will identify the degree to which vulnerable patients have been included, assess how bias is interpreted and documented, and understand the extent harmful biases are addressed. As of October 2020, the scoping review is in the title and abstract screening stage. The results are expected to be submitted for publication in fall of 2021. CONCLUSIONS AI applications in primary care are becoming an increasingly common tool in health care delivery, including in preventative care efforts for underserved populations. This scoping review aims to understand to what extent AI-primary care studies employ a health equity lens and take steps to mitigate bias.

Is race a prognosticator for survival in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer?

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 6610-6610
Author(s):  
D. Berz ◽  
A. Birnbaum
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
African Americans ◽  
American Indians ◽  
Stage Iv ◽  
Proportional Hazard ◽  
Small Cell Lung ◽  
Alaskan Natives ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Metastatic Nsclc ◽  
The Us

6610 Background: Available cancer statistics for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in the US relate mainly to Caucasians and African Americans. NSCLC also represents a major health concern in other US American sub-populations. This study describes ethnic patterns of survival in metastatic NSCLC in eight different racial/ethnic groups. Methods: We analyzed the SEER (surveillance, epidemiology, and end results) program database for cancer specific survival rates in stage IV NSCLC patients who were diagnosed between 1991 and 2004 in the SEER catchment geographic areas. The primary exposure of interest was race. The eight different race groups were non-Hispanic whites, Hispanics, African Americans, American Indians/Alaskan natives, Filipinos, Japanese, Chinese, Hawaiians, and other. The later group consisted mainly of a mix of different Asian subpopulations. We performed uni- and multivariate non-parametrical and parametrical survival analysis and developed a final cox-proportional hazard model controlling for marital status, age at diagnosis, year of diagnosis, gender and histologic type and grade. We tested the proportional hazard assumptions with graphical and modeling methods Results: We identified 39,784 eligible patients. When compared to non-Hispanic whites the risk of death from lung cancer was highest amongst American Indians/Alaskan Natives hazard ratio 1.33(95% CI 1.09–1.62, p = 0.004). For patients with Chinese HR 0.84 (95% CI 0.77–0.91) and Filipino HR 0.80 (95% CI 0.73–0.88) ethnicity the risk of death from lung cancer was significantly lower when compared with non-Hispanic whites. Hispanics HR 1.00 (95% CI 0.94–1.07) and Blacks HR 1.00 (95% CI 0.97–1.04) had about equal hazards of death from stage IV NSCLC as whites. In patients of Japanese and Hawaiian origin a trend towards a lower hazard with HR 0.99(95% CI 0.90–1.08) and HR 0.97(95% CI 0.85–1.09) respectively was identified without reaching statistical significance. Conclusions: Significant racial disparities in the outcome in metastatic NSCLC can be observed in the US. The indigenous populations of the Western hemisphere have the worst outcome and the previously proposed worse outcome of African Americans with NSCLC when compared to non-Hispanic whites could not be confirmed in our study. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

scholarly journals A scoping review exploration of the intended and unintended consequences of eHealth on older people: A health equity impact assessment

2018 ◽  
pp. 297-323
Author(s):  
Mei Lan Fang ◽  
Ellie Siden ◽  
Anastasia Korol ◽  
Marie-Anne Demestihas ◽  
Judith Sixsmith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Health Equity ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Unintended Consequences

Uric Acid in Metabolic and Cerebrovascular Disorders: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 610-618
Author(s):  
Francesca Cortese ◽  
Pietro Scicchitano ◽  
Anna M. Cortese ◽  
Giovanni Meliota ◽  
Andrea Andriani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Cerebrovascular Disorders ◽  
Haemorrhagic Stroke ◽  
Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽  
Healthcare Research ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Close Link ◽  
Mesh Terms ◽  
Active Inflammation

Background: Several studies showed a close link between metabolic syndrome (MetS), type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and cerebrovascular diseases. There is considerable debate regarding the role of uric acid (UA) as a risk factor in these conditions. Objective: The aim of this narrative review is to discuss the links between UA, MetS, T2DM and cerebrovascular disease. Methods: An extensive review has been conducted based on the scientific literature published in English, and indexed in MEDLINE (through PubMed), EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, and Google Scholar from January to May 2019. Additional relevant studies published after the initial review were also considered during the period of June 2019-October 2019, during which, this manuscript was written. The Mesh Terms considered were: uric acid, antioxidant, oxidant, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, cerebrovascular diseases, stroke, haemorrhagic stroke, neurocognitive disorders, and their combinations. Results: The literature review shows a dose-dependent inflammatory action of UA, which occurs with serum concentrations >4 mg/dl (>0.24 mmol/l), representing one of the contributors to the chronic inflammatory process that underlies metabolic and cerebrovascular diseases. Conclusion: UA, which is associated with arterial hypertension and cardiovascular diseases, represents one of the indicators of oxidative homeostasis. Increasing concentrations represent a status of active inflammation which is observed with metabolic and cerebrovascular diseases.

scholarly journals Post-Neoadjuvant Surveillance and Surgery as Needed Compared with Post-Neoadjuvant Surgery on Principle in Multimodal Treatment for Esophageal Cancer: A Scoping Review

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 429
Author(s):  
Julian Hipp ◽  
Blin Nagavci ◽  
Claudia Schmoor ◽  
Joerg Meerpohl ◽  
Jens Hoeppner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Esophageal Cancer ◽  
Local Recurrence ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Multimodal Treatment ◽  
Neoadjuvant Treatment ◽  
Complete Response ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Randomized Controlled

Background: A substantial fraction of patients with esophageal cancer show post-neoadjuvant pathological complete response (pCR). Principal esophagectomy after neoadjuvant treatment is the standard of care for all patients, although surveillance and surgery as needed in case of local recurrence may be a treatment alternative for patients with complete response (CR). Methods: We performed a scoping review to describe key characteristics of relevant clinical studies including adults with non-metastatic esophageal cancer receiving multimodal treatment. Until September 2020, relevant studies were identified through systematic searches in the bibliographic databases Medline, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, ClinicalTrials, the German study register, and the WHO registry platform. Results: In total, three completed randomized controlled trials (RCTs, with 468 participants), three planned/ongoing RCTs (with a planned sample size of 752 participants), one non-randomized controlled study (NRS, with 53 participants), ten retrospective cohort studies (with 2228 participants), and one survey on patients’ preferences (with 100 participants) were identified. All studies applied neoadjuvant chemoradiation protocols. None of the studies examined neoadjuvant chemotherapeutic protocols. Studies investigated patient populations with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and mixed cohorts. Important outcomes reported were overall, disease-free and local recurrence-free survival. Limitations of the currently available study pool include heterogeneous chemoradiation protocols, a lack of modern neoadjuvant treatment protocols in RCTs, short follow-up times, the use of heterogeneous diagnostic methods, and different definitions of clinical CR. Conclusion: Although post-neoadjuvant surveillance and surgery as needed compared with post-neoadjuvant surgery on principle has been investigated within different study designs, the currently available results are based on a wide variation of diagnostic tools to identify patients with pCR, short follow-up times, small sample sizes, and variations in therapeutic procedures. A thoroughly planned RCT considering the limitations in the currently available literature will be of great importance to provide patients with CR with the best and less harmful treatment.

scholarly journals Hypnotherapy for Procedural Pain and Distress in Children: A scoping Review Protocol

Pain Medicine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daly Geagea ◽  
Zephanie Tyack ◽  
Roy Kimble ◽  
Lars Eriksson ◽  
Vince Polito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Procedural Pain ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Pharmacological Agents ◽  
Review Protocol ◽  
Meta Analyses

Abstract Objective Inadequately treated pain and distress elicited by medical procedures can put children at higher risks of acute and chronic biopsychosocial sequelae. Children can benefit from hypnotherapy, a psychological tailored intervention, as an adjunct to pharmacological agents to address the multiple components of pain and distress. Despite providing evidence on the effectiveness and potential superiority of hypnotherapy to other psychological interventions, research on hypnotherapy for paediatric procedural pain and distress has been predominantly limited to oncology and needle procedures. Plus, there is a lack of reporting of intervention manuals, factors influencing hypnotic responding, pain unpleasantness outcomes, theoretical frameworks, adverse events, as well as barriers and facilitators to the feasibility of delivering the intervention and study procedures. The proposed review aims to map the range and nature of the evidence on hypnotherapy for procedural pain and distress in children to identify gaps in literature and areas requiring further investigation. Methods This review will follow the Arksey and O'Malley (2005) methodology and incorporate additional scoping review recommendations by The Joanna Briggs Institute and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses. Relevant studies will be identified through searching published literature databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, Embase, CINAHL, Scopus and Web of Science) and grey literature in addition to hand-searching of reference lists and key journals. Two authors will independently screen titles and abstracts of search results followed by full-texts review against eligibility criteria. Conclusion Findings are anticipated to guide future research and inform the development of tailored hypnotic interventions in children.

scholarly journals Mapping evidence on the effects of gender-affirming hormone therapy on the hard and soft tissues of the craniofacial complex in transgender people: a protocol for a scoping review

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Van den Bosch ◽  
C. M. Wiepjes ◽  
M. Den Heijer ◽  
L. J. Schoonmade ◽  
R. E. G. Jonkman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Sex Characteristics ◽  
Transgender People ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Scoping Reviews ◽  
Craniofacial Complex

Abstract Background Gender-affirming hormone (GAH) therapy aims to support the transition of transgender people to their gender identity. GAHs can induce changes in their secondary sex characteristics such as the development of breasts in transgender females and increased muscle mass in transgender males. The face and its surrounding tissues also have an important role in gender confirmation. The aim of this scoping review is to systematically map the available evidence in order to provide an overview of the effects of GAH therapy on the hard and soft tissues of the craniofacial complex in transgender people. Methods/design The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols (PRISMA) extension for Scoping Reviews was consulted for reporting this protocol. The methods were based on the Arksey and O’Malley’s framework and the Reviewer’s Manual of the Joanna Briggs Institute for conducting scoping reviews. Ten transgender people were involved in the development of the primary research question through short interviews. The eligibility criteria were defined for transgender people undergoing GAH therapy and for quantitative and qualitative outcomes on the hard and soft tissues of the craniofacial complex. Eligible sources of evidence include observational, experimental, qualitative, and mixed method studies. No exclusion criteria will be applied for the language of publication and the setting. To identify eligible sources of evidence, we will conduct searches from inception onwards in PubMed, Embase.com, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science Core Collection, Scopus, CINAHL, LIVIVO, and various grey literature sources such as Google Scholar. Two reviewers will independently select eligible studies in these information sources and will subsequently conduct data extraction. The same operators will chart, categorize, and summarize the extracted data. A narrative summary of findings will be conducted. Frequency counts of quantitative and qualitative data on items such as concepts, populations, interventions, and other characteristics of the eligible sources will be given. Where possible, these items will be mapped descriptively. Discussion We chose the scoping review over the systematic review approach, because the research questions are broad-spectrum and the literature is expected to be widely scattered. No systematic review has previously assessed this topic. Identifying knowledge gaps in this area and summarizing and disseminating research findings are important for a wide spectrum of stakeholders, in particular, for transgender people who want to undergo additional interventions such as plastic or orthognathic surgery or orthodontics. Systematic review registration This protocol was registered in the Open Science Framework: https://osf.io/e3qj6

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Tai Chi for Health Promotion of Older Adults: A Scoping Review of Meta-Analyses

2021 ◽  
pp. 155982762110012
Author(s):  
Fei-Chi Yang ◽  
Aishwarya B. Desai ◽  
Pelareh Esfahani ◽  
Tatiana V. Sokolovskaya ◽  
Doreen J. Bartlett
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Health Promotion ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
General Health ◽  
Tai Chi ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Meta Analyses

Background. Tai Chi is a form of exercise that is accessible to people from different socioeconomic backgrounds, making it a potentially valuable activity for health promotion of older adults. Purpose. The objective of this scoping review was to summarize the current knowledge about the effectiveness of Tai Chi for older adults across a range of general health outcomes from published, peer reviewed, unique meta-analyses. Methods. Meta-analyses were retrieved from Medline, Embase, AMED, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, PsychINFO, Web of Science, PubMed Health, and the Cochrane Library from database inception to late August 2019. Multistage deduplication and screening processes identified eligible full-length meta-analyses. Two people independently appraised 27 meta-analyses based on the GRADE system and organized results into 3 appendices subsequently collated into heterogeneous, statistically significant, and statistically insignificant tables. Results. “High” and “moderate” quality evidence extracted from these meta-analyses demonstrated that practicing Tai Chi can significantly improve balance, cardiorespiratory fitness, cognition, mobility, proprioception, sleep, and strength; reduce the incidence of falls and nonfatal stroke; and decrease stroke risk factors. Conclusions. Health care providers can now recommend Tai Chi with high level of certainty for health promotion of older adults across a range of general health outcomes for improvement of overall well-being.

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