scholarly journals The Materiality of Cylinder Seals

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Gäumann
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
British Museum ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Material Analysis ◽  
Funded Project ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Destructive Methods ◽  
Cylinder Seals

In the 1980ies Dr. Julia Asher-Greve conducted chemical and mineralogical material analysis on cylinder seals as a part of her SNF-funded project „Naturwissenschaftliche und typologische Untersuchungen an Rollsiegeln“. 1017 seals have been analysed using the non-destructive methods of EDS-XFA (energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis) for chemical classification and XRF (X-ray diffraction) for mineralogical classification. This was one of the first large scale projects on Mesopotamian glyptic with its main focus on materiality rather than style, iconography or inscription as was usually the case when working on cylinder seals. Since then much work on the materiality of seals has been done, mostly by institutions such as the British Museum. This is because those institutions have access to large seal corpora and they either have the funds to pay for the costly analysis or possess the means to analyse the seals themselves. As I ‘inherited’ the unfinished project of Dr. Asher-Greve including the analysis (which still need to be interpreted), I am painfully aware of the difficulties and problems to be encountered with such old analysis. In my 10-minute talk I will give an insight to the chances and limitations of scientific material analysis on archaeological artefacts. For especially small and precious objects like cylinder seals need to be treated with the uttermost care and under no circumstances should they take damage in the process of being analysed.

scholarly journals FLUORESCÊNCIA DE RAIOS X POR DISPERSÃO DE ENERGIA APLICADA À CARACTERIZAÇÃO DE TIJOLOS DE SÍTIOS HISTÓRICOS DE PERNAMBUCO

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 163
Author(s):  
Helen Jamil Khoury ◽  
Roberto Araújo ◽  
Sandra De Brito Barreto ◽  
Viviane Khoury Asfora
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Para Determinar ◽  
Historical Sites ◽  
Non Destructive

No presente trabalho são 1 apresentados os resultados de estudos por fluorescência de raios X de tijolos brasileiros. Neste estudo foram avaliados 22 tijolos, sendo sete de Igarassu, dois do Forte do Brum e 13 de Olinda. Um equipamento portátil de fluorescência de raios X por dispersão de energia foi desenvolvido para este estudo. Análises por difração de raios X também foram efetuadas para determinar as fases cristalinas presentes nos tijolos. Os resultados mostraram a existência de fases minerais, como quartzo, em todos os tijolos avaliados. A Análise da Componente Principal foi aplicada aos dados dos espectros de fluorescência de raios X obtidos. Os resultados mostraram que a partir do gráfico de scores das componentes principais CP1 e CP3, respectivamente representadas pelo Fe e Ca, foi possível separar os tijolos de Igarassu e do Forte do Brum em cinco grupos, que estavam associados com o século de fabricação. Por sua vez, os tijolos de Olinda foram separados em dois grupos, sendo um formado por um único tijolo e o outro grupo pelos demais tijolos. Estes resultados sugerem que os tijolos foram produzidos com diferentes matérias primas ou em diferentes locais. ENERGY DISPERSIVE X-RAY FLUORESCENCE APPLIED TO THE CHARACTERIZATION OF BRICKS OF PERNAMBUCO HISTORICAL SITESABSTRACTThis work presents the results of X-ray fluorescence analysis of Brazilian bricks, collected from several historical sites of the State of Pernambuco, Brazil. In this study, twenty two bricks were analyzed; seven from Igarassu, two from Forte do Brum in Recife, and thirteen from Olinda. A portable X-ray fluorescence system was assembled and used for the qualitative determination of the chemical elements present in the samples. X-ray diffraction analysis was also carried out to determine the crystal mineral phases in the bricks. All the bricks studied showed several minerals, such as quartz A Principle Component Analysis was applied to the full X-ray fluorescence spectra. In the score plot of principal components PC1 and PC3, represented by Fe and Ca respectively, it can be seen that the results for the bricks from Igarassu and Forte do Brum may be grouped in five clusters corresponding to the bricks´ century and manufacture locations. The analysis of the Olinda bricks yielded two separate groups, one with a single brick and the second group with the other eleven bricks. These results suggest that the bricks were produced with different raw-materials or manufactured in different locations.KEYWORDS: non-destructive analysis; X-ray fluorescence; cultural heritage; bricks; X-ray diffraction.

Highlights in the history of X-ray topography1

1995 ◽  
Vol 210 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Lang
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Domain ◽  
Diffraction Theory ◽  
Dislocation Loops ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Domain Structures ◽  
Structure Factors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Dislocation Sources ◽  
Non Destructive

AbstractX-ray topography provides a non-destructive method of mapping point-by-point variations in orientation and reflecting power within crystals. The discovery, made by several workers independently, that in nearly perfect crystals it was possible to detect individual dislocations by X-ray diffraction contrast started an epoch of rapid exploitation of X-ray topography as a new, general method for assessing crystal perfection. Another discovery, that of X-ray Pendellösung, led to important theoretical developments in X-ray diffraction theory and to a new and precise method for measuring structure factors on an absolute scale. Other highlights picked out for mention are studies of Frank-Read dislocation sources, the discovery of long dislocation helices and lines of coaxial dislocation loops in aluminium, of internal magnetic domain structures in Fe-3 wt.% Si, and of stacking faults in silicon and natural diamonds.

scholarly journals Energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXRD) for operando materials characterization within batteries

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (37) ◽  
pp. 20972-20989 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy C. Marschilok ◽  
Andrea M. Bruck ◽  
Alyson Abraham ◽  
Chavis A. Stackhouse ◽  
Kenneth J. Takeuchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Materials Characterization ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
System Level ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Non Destructive Characterization

This review highlights the efficacy of EDXRD as a non-destructive characterization tool in elucidating system-level phenomena for batteries.

scholarly journals Non-destructive handheld XRF study of archaeological composite silver objects—the case study of the late Roman Seuso Treasure

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktória Mozgai ◽  
Bernadett Bajnóczi ◽  
Zoltán May ◽  
Zsolt Mráv
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Quality ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Composite Objects ◽  
Mechanical Attachment ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Made In ◽  
Late Roman

AbstractThis study details the non-destructive chemical analysis of composite silver objects (ewers, situlas, amphora and casket) from one of the most significant late Roman finds, the Seuso Treasure. The Seuso Treasure consists of fourteen large silver vessels that were made in the fourth–early fifth centuries AD and used for dining during festive banquets and for washing and beautification. The measurements were systematically performed along a pre-designed grid at several points using handheld X-ray fluorescence analysis. The results demonstrate that all the objects were made from high-quality silver (above 90 wt% Ag), with the exception of the base of the Geometric Ewer B. Copper was added intentionally to improve the mechanical properties of soft silver. The gold and lead content of the objects shows constant values (less than 1 wt% Au and Pb). The chemical composition as well as the Bi/Pb ratio suggests that the parts of the composite objects were manufactured from different silver ingots. The ewers were constructed in two ways: (i) the base and the body were made separately, or (ii) the ewer was raised from a single silver sheet. The composite objects were assembled using three methods: (i) mechanical attachment; (ii) low-temperature, lead-tin soft solders; or (iii) high-temperature, copper-silver hard solders. Additionally, two types of gilding were revealed by the XRF analysis, one with remnants of mercury, i.e. fire-gilding, and another type without remnants of mercury, presumably diffusion bonding.

scholarly journals Mechanochemical Preparation of Slow Release Fertilizer Based on Glauconite–Urea Complexes

Minerals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxim Rudmin ◽  
Elshan Abdullayev ◽  
Alexey Ruban ◽  
Ales Buyakov ◽  
Bulat Soktoev
Keyword(s):  
Milling Time ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Mechanochemical Activation ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
Planetary Mill ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Mechanochemical Method ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Slow Release Fertilizers

We investigated the mechanochemical synthesis of complex slow release fertilizers (SRF) derived from glauconite. We studied the effectiveness of the mechanical intercalation of urea into glauconite using planetary and ring mills. The potassium-nitric complex SRFs were synthesized via a mechanochemical method mixing glauconite with urea in a 3:1 ratio. The obtained composites were analyzed using X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence analysis, and infrared spectroscopy. The results show that as duration of mechanochemical activation increases, the mineralogical, chemical, and structural characteristics of composites change. Essential modifications associated with a decrease in absorbed urea and the formation of microcrystallites were observed when the planetary milling time increased from 5 to 10 min and the ring milling from 15 to 30 min. Complete intercalation of urea into glauconite was achieved by 20 min grinding in a planetary mill or 60 min in a ring mill. Urea intercalation in glauconite occurs much faster when using a planetary mill compared to a ring mill.

A Novel Missense Mutation (p.P52R) in Amelogenin Gene Causing X-linked Amelogenesis Imperfecta

2007 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kida ◽  
Y. Sakiyama ◽  
A. Matsuda ◽  
S. Takabayashi ◽  
H. Ochi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Novel Mutation ◽  
Dental Enamel ◽  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
Hereditary Disease ◽  
Amelogenesis Imperfecta ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Japanese Family ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Amelogenin Gene

Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is a hereditary disease with abnormal dental enamel formation. Here we report a Japanese family with X-linked AI transmitted over at least four generations. Mutation analysis revealed a novel mutation (p.P52R) in exon 5 of the amelogenin gene. The mutation was detected as heterozygous in affected females and as hemizygous in their affected father. The affected sisters exhibited vertical ridges on the enamel surfaces, whereas the affected father had thin, smooth, yellowish enamel with distinct widening of inter-dental spaces. To study the pathological cause underlying the disease in this family, we synthesized the mutant amelogenin p.P52R protein and evaluated it in vitro. Furthermore, we studied differences in the chemical composition between normal and affected teeth by x-ray diffraction analysis and x-ray fluorescence analysis. We believe that these results will greatly aid our understanding of the pathogenesis of X-linked AI.

Investigation of Residual Stress/Strain and Texture in a Large Dissimilar Metal Weld Using Synchrotron Radiation and Neutrons

2013 ◽  
Vol 772 ◽  
pp. 193-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carsten Ohms ◽  
Rene V. Martins
Keyword(s):  
Synchrotron Radiation ◽  
Neutron Diffraction ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
High Energy ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Butt Weld ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Component Size ◽  
Thin Slice

Bi-metallic piping welds are frequently used in light water nuclear reactors to connect ferritic steel pressure vessel nozzles to austenitic stainless steel primary cooling piping systems. An important aspect for the integrity of such welds is the presence of residual stresses. Measurement of these residual stresses presents a considerable challenge because of the component size and because of the material heterogeneity in the weld regions. The specimen investigated here was a thin slice cut from a full-scale bi-metallic piping weld mock-up. A similar mock-up had previously been investigated by neutron diffraction within a European research project called ADIMEW. However, at that time, due to the wall thickness of the pipe, stress and spatial resolution of the measurements were severely restricted. One aim of the present investigations by high energy synchrotron radiation and neutrons used on this thin slice was to determine whether such measurements would render a valid representation of the axial strains and stresses in the uncut large-scale structure. The advantage of the small specimen was, apart from the easier manipulation, the fact that measurement times facilitated a high density of measurements across large parts of the test piece in a reasonable time. Furthermore, the recording of complete diffraction patterns within the accessible diffraction angle range by synchrotron X-ray diffraction permitted mapping the texture variations. The strain and stress results obtained are presented and compared for the neutron and synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements. A strong variation of the texture pole orientations is observed in the weld regions which could be attributed to individual weld torch passes. The effect of specimen rocking on the scatter of the diffraction data in the butt weld region is assessed during the neutron diffraction measurements.

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