scholarly journals Asphyxia with a reduced oxygen content in the environment (clinical lecture)

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 15-24
Author(s):  
V.V. Yekhalov ◽  
V.A. Sedinkin ◽  
O.V. Kravets
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Mass Media ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Clinical Experience ◽  
Medical Examination ◽  
Extreme Sports ◽  
Mountain Sickness ◽  
Clinical Lecture

Asphyxia due to a decrease in oxygen concentration in the inhaled air is not common. Nevertheless, the mass media fairly regularly inform the population about its episodes in wine cellars, silos, and children in closed spaces. Quite a serious problem is exogenous hypoxia in miners as a result of accidents with the release of firedamp, carbon dioxide poisoning of submarine crews in case of failure of ventilation systems. The modern extreme sports enthusiast who are actively engaged in mountain tourism and mountaineering, speleology (including diggers), amateur piloting of sports aircraft and balloons, diving, etc. are subject to such lesions. In the available special literature sources on the topic “Asphyxiation due to a decrease in the concentration of oxygen in the environment”, there are almost no reports related to lifetime pathogenetic characteristics, diagnosis, and the basics of providing medical care to such victims. There are isolated recommendations on the provision of medical care for mountain sickness, while other options for exogenous asphyxia are considered only from the standpoint of forensic medical examination, in most cases — posthumously. Based on isolated domestic and foreign research works, personal theoretical and clinical experience, we have developed an algorithm for diagnosis and medical care at the stages of the route of a victim with exogenous hypoxia.

A New Oxygen Mask: Comparison with Other Clinical Methods of Giving Oxygen

1974 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 214-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
W A Crosbie ◽  
J P Warren ◽  
L A Smith
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Cor Pulmonale ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Supplementary Oxygen ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Oxygen Mask ◽  
Clinical Methods ◽  
Expired Air

The performance of a new mask (Mix-O-Mask) for giving supplementary oxygen in clinical situations was compared with three other methods in a patient with cor pulmonale. Measurements were made of the intra-tracheal gas concentrations and arterial blood levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide. The new mask was as reliable as Ventimasks in delivering a claimed oxygen concentration and did not cause rebreathing of expired air. The mask proved durable when worn for sixteen hours in a day and was preferred for comfort by the patient.

Laser Ignition of Surgical Drape Materials in Air, 50% Oxygen, and 95% Oxygen

2004 ◽  
Vol 100 (5) ◽  
pp. 1167-1171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald L. Wolf ◽  
George W. Sidebotham ◽  
Jackson L. P. Lazard ◽  
Jean G. Charchaflieh
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Operating Room ◽  
Oxygen Concentration ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Ignition Source ◽  
Laser Ignition ◽  
Surgical Tools ◽  
Time To Ignition ◽  
Room Fires ◽  
Surgical Laser

Background Operating room fires fueled by surgical drapes and ignited by high-energy surgical tools in air and oxygen-enriched atmospheres continue to occur. Methods The authors examined the time to ignition of huck towels and three commonly used surgical drape materials in air, 50% oxygen, and 95% oxygen using a carbon dioxide surgical laser as an ignition source. In addition, a phenol-polymer fabric was tested. Results In air, polypropylene and phenol polymer do not ignite. For polypropylene, the laser instantly vaporized a hole, and therefore, interaction between the laser and material ceased. When tested in combination with another material, the polypropylene time to ignition assumed the behavior of the material with which it was combined. For phenol polymer, the laser did not penetrate the material. Huck towels, cotton-polyester, and non-woven cellulose-polyester ignited in air with decreasing times to ignition. All tested materials ignited in 50% and 95% oxygen. Conclusion The results of this study reveal that with increasing oxygen concentration, the time to ignition becomes shorter, and the consequences become more severe. The possibility exists for manufacturers to develop drape materials that are safer than existing materials.

Acoustic Noise Reduction Under Distributed Combustion

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed E. E. Khalil ◽  
Ashwani K. Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Noise Reduction ◽  
Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Acoustic Signal ◽  
Thermal Field ◽  
Field Uniformity ◽  
Pollutants Emission ◽  
Reactive Gases ◽  
Swirl Flame

Colorless Distributed Combustion (CDC) has been shown to provide unique benefits on ultra-low pollutants emission, enhanced combustion stability, and thermal field uniformity. To achieve CDC conditions, fuel-air mixture must be properly prepared and mixed with hot reactive gases from within the combustor prior to the mixture ignition. The hot reactive gases reduce the oxygen concentration in the mixture while increasing its temperature, resulting in a reaction zone that is distributed across the reactor volume, with lower reaction rate to result in the same fuel consumption. The conditions to achieve distributed combustion were previously studied using methane and other fuels with focus on pollutants emission and thermal field uniformity. In this paper, the impact of distributed combustion on noise reduction and increased stability is investigated. Such reduced noise is critical in mitigating the coupling between flame and heat release perturbations and acoustic signal to enhance the overall flame stability and reduce the propensity of flame instabilities which can cause equipment failure. Nitrogen-carbon dioxide mixture is used to simulate the reactive entrained gases from with the combustor. Increasing the amounts of nitrogen and carbon dioxide reduced the oxygen concentration within the oxidizing mixture, fostering distributed combustion. Upon achieving distributed combustion, the overall flame noise signature decreased from 80 dB to only 63 dB, as the flame transitioned from traditional swirl flame to distributed combustion. The flow noise under these conditions was 54 dB, indicating that distributed combustion has only 9 dB increase over isothermal case as compared to 26 dB for standard swirl flame. In addition, the dominant flame frequency around 490Hz disappeared under distributed combustion. For the traditional swirl flame, both the acoustic signal and heat release fluctuations (detected through CH∗ chemiluminescence) had a peak around 150Hz, indicating coupling between the heat release fluctuations and pressure variation. However, upon transitioning to distributed combustion, this common peak disappeared, outlining the enhanced stability of distributed combustion as there is no feedback between the heat release fluctuations and the recorded acoustic signal.

scholarly journals THE MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE TISSUES OF THE RABBIT AS A RESULT OF REDUCED OXIDATION

1918 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. G. Martin ◽  
A. S. Loevenhart ◽  
C. H. Bunting
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Red Bone Marrow ◽  
Hydropic Degeneration ◽  
Thyroid Hyperplasia ◽  
High Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Stimulation Of

Exposure of rabbits to an atmosphere of low oxygen content results in a stimulation of the cardiorespiratory systems, in an extension (hyperplasia) of red bone marrow and probably of a thyroid hyperplasia, with the further production of hydropic and hyaline degeneration in the cells of the parenchymatous organs. An atmosphere of high carbon dioxide and normal oxygen content produces, however, a stimulation of the cardiorespiratory systems, but no marrow extension and, in the concentrations used, but slight hydropic degeneration in the parenchyma of the glandular organs.

scholarly journals Intra-Cage Air Change Rate on Forced-Air-Ventilated Micro-Isolation System-Environment within Cages: Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen Concentration.

1997 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 251-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masakazu HASEGAWA ◽  
Yuzuru KURABAYASHI ◽  
Toshinori ISHII ◽  
Kazuya YOSHIDA ◽  
Nobukazu UEBAYASHI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Isolation System ◽  
Change Rate ◽  
System Environment ◽  
Air Change Rate ◽  
Forced Air

PRESENCE OF OBSTACLES TO SERVING A SENTENCE AS A CRIMINAL LAW FEATURE IN THE CONTEXT OF RELEASE FROM PUNISHMENT FOR ILLNESS

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazarii Polishchuk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Care ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Informed Decision ◽  
Medical Examination ◽  
Correctional Facilities ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Serious Illness ◽  
First Time

This article analyzes and investigates the grounds, conditions and circumstances which can be considered by the court as a mandatory criminal law feature one of which is the existence of obstacles to serving a sentence of imprisonment when considering release from punishment in connection with another serious illness. It is proved that in case of impossibility to conduct a medical examination or provide medical care, such a circumstance should be taken into account by the court as a factor preventing the serving of a sentence of imprisonment. Exemption from punishment due to illness is a certain activity, the result of which is a decision of the court to release or refuse to release a particular convict. In order for the court to make an informed decision, scientists and the legislator have identified several mandatory criminal law features, including circumstances that prevent the serving of sentences, which include such an obstacle to serving a sentence in case of a serious illness of the convict. This article for the first time analyzes the previously unselected grounds, conditions and circumstances that must be considered by the court as a mandatory criminal legal sign of release from punishment in connection with another serious illness, including an obstacle to serving a sentence in case of serious illness. Analysis of the conditions and procedure for keeping convicts in ordinary (nonmedical) correctional facilities allows us to conclude that a serious illness prevents the implementation of punitive measures in institutions not intended for the use of medical measures (therapeutic effects). This conclusion generally applies to punishment in the form of arrest, during which the convict is also in conditions of severe isolation from society.

Impact of Internal Entrainment on High Intensity Distributed Combustion

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed E. E. Khalil ◽  
Ashwani K. Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Oxygen Concentration ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Flame Structure ◽  
Flame Stabilization ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Gas Turbine Combustors ◽  
Reactive Gases ◽  
The Impact

Colorless Distributed Combustion (also referred to as CDC) has been shown to provide ultra-low emissions and enhanced performance of high intensity gas turbine combustors. To achieve distributed combustion, the flowfield needs to be tailored for adequate mixing between reactants and hot reactive species from within the combustor to result in high temperature low oxygen concentration environment prior to ignition. Such reaction distribution results in uniform thermal field and also eliminates any hot spots for mitigating NOx emission. Though CDC have been extensively studied using a variety of geometries, heat release intensities, and fuels, the role of internally recirculated hot reactive gases needs to be further investigated and quantified. In this paper, the impact of internal entrainment of reactive gases on flame structure and behavior is investigated with focus on fostering distributed combustion and providing guidelines for designing future gas turbine combustors operating in distributed combustion mode. To simulate the recirculated gases from within the combustor, a mixture of nitrogen and carbon dioxide is introduced to the air stream prior to mixing with fuel and subsequent combustion. Increase in the amounts of nitrogen and carbon dioxide (simulating increased entrainment), led to volume distributed reaction over a larger volume in the combustor with enhanced and uniform distribution of the OH* chemiluminescence intensity. At the same time, the bluish flame stabilized by the swirler is replaced with a more uniform almost invisible bluish flame. The increased recirculation also reflected on the pollutants emission, where NO emissions were significantly decreased for the same amount of fuel burned. Lowering oxygen concentration from 21% to 15% (due to increased recirculation) resulted in 80∼90% reduction in NO with no impact on CO emission with sub PPM NO emission achieved at an equivalence ratio of 0.7. Flame stabilization at excess recirculation can be achieved using preheated nitrogen and carbon dioxide, achieving true distributed conditions with oxygen concentration below 13%.

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