Pigment Production of Monascus sp. Isolated from Angkak in Semarang Region, Central Java, Indonesia

Angkak (red fungi rice, red yeast rice) is a traditional fermentation by fungi Monascus in a lot of Asia Countries, which is useful as a natural food colorant. The aim of this research was to obtain pure isolate of red fungus from angkak in Semarang. The growth and the red pigment production of the selected isolate in the different initial medium pH and nitrogen sources were observed. The treatment was done by growing the isolate in PDB (Potato Dextrose Broth) medium at initial pH 3, 5, 7 and 9 and as well as optimization of nitrogen sources with 1% ammonium chloride, 1% ammonium nitrate, and 1% peptone. Analysis of the fungi growth was performed by weighing mycelia biomass using dry weight method and the red pigments were analysis using spectrophotometer at a wavelength (λmax) of 500 nm. The results showed that the highest absorbance value of pigment (0.81) was obtained at pH 7, and the highest value of the cell dry weight was also obtained at pH 7 (1.23 g/L). The results showed that 1% ammonium chloride was the best nitrogen source for absorbance of red pigment production (0.82), but the highest of dry weight (2.56 g/L) was obtained by using medium with 1% ammonium nitrate as a nitrogen source.

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Production characteristics of the diatom Cylindrotheca closterium (Ehrenb.) Reimann et Lewin grown in an intensive culture at various nitrogen sources in the medium

Marine Biological Journal ◽

10.21072/mbj.2019.04.1.04 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 33-44 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

S. N. Zheleznova

Keyword(s):

Stationary Phase ◽

Nitrogen Source ◽

Nutrient Medium ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Nitrogen Sources ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Sole Source ◽

Active Growth ◽

Cylindrotheca Closterium ◽

Production Characteristics

The diatom Cylindrotheca closterium (Ehrenberg) Reimann et Levin is characterized by high productivity (up to 1.5 g·l-1·day-1) and the ability to accumulate a valuable carotenoid fucoxanthin (up to 2 % of dry weight). In the development of biotechnology based on microalgae, the key issue is the creation of concentrated nutrient medium. Nitrogen is one of the most important components in the nutrient medium that significantly affects the production characteristics of all microalgae. The aim of this study is to compare the production characteristics of C. closterium in an intensive storage culture using different forms of nitrogen in the medium. In the first experiment, nitrate and sodium nitrite, urea, and nitrogen in the form of ammonium were used as a source of nitrogen. The amount of nitrates, nitrites, ammonium, and urea in the medium was calculated from the nitrogen content of the RS nutrient medium, with a nitrogen to phosphorus ratio of 15 : 1. In the second experiment, amino acids were used as a nitrogen source – arginine, asparagine, cysteine. The possibility of using the microalgae C. closterium for the growth of various organic sources of nitrogen (urea, cysteine, asparagine) was shown. Productive characteristics in the intensive storage culture of C. closterium using urea, cysteine, and asparagine as the sole source of nitrogen in the RS nutrient medium were determined. It is shown that when urea was used, the productivity reached its maximum values and amounted to 1.5 g·l-1·day-1. Thus, the expediency of using urea in the medium for obtaining the maximum yield of biomass was shown. The use of cysteine in the stationary phase of growth to achieve a long stationary phase with minimal concentrations of the nitrogen source in the nutrient medium is also advisable. It was found that C. closterium was able to grow and vegetate at sufficiently high concentrations of nitrite, and the addition of nitrogen in ammonium form to the nutrient medium during the active growth of C. closterium led to inhibition of all metabolic processes and to the death of the culture.

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Influence of the Nutrients on the Biomass and Pigment Production of Chlorociboria aeruginascens

Journal of Fungi ◽

10.3390/jof5020040 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 40 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Stephanie Stange ◽

Susanne Steudler ◽

Hubertus Delenk ◽

Anett Werner ◽

Thomas Walther ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Source ◽

Organic Semiconductors ◽

Fungal Growth ◽

Nitrogen Sources ◽

Soft Rot ◽

Pigment Production ◽

Primary Metabolism ◽

Green Pigment ◽

Organic Nitrogen Source ◽

Complex Organic

The blue-green pigment xylindein, produced by the soft rot fungus Chlorociboria aeruginascens, is of considerable interest for various applications such as the veneer industry or organic semiconductors. The studies presented were performed in order to understand the fungal growth as well as the pigment production of C. aeruginascens. Therefore, various nutrient compositions were investigated. As a result, observations of the formation of xylindein through C. aeruginascens decoupling from growth were made. In the primary metabolism the uncolored biomass is formed. Various carbohydrates were determined as nutrients for the fungus and as a nitrogen source it was observed that the fungus prefers the complex organic nitrogen source, that being yeast extract. Furthermore, it was discovered that the ratio between carbohydrate and nitrogen sources encourages the switch of the metabolism and therewith the production of the blue-green pigment xylindein.

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The effect of diverse nitrogen sources in the nutrient medium on the growth of the green microalgae Chromochloris zofingiensis in the batch culture

Marine Biological Journal ◽

10.21072/mbj.2019.04.4.04 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 41-52 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

G. S. Minyuk ◽

N. V. Dantsyuk ◽

E. S. Chelebieva ◽

I. N. Chubchikova ◽

I. V. Drobetskaya ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Source ◽

Nutrient Medium ◽

Nitrogen Sources ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Cell Swelling ◽

Total Carotenoids ◽

Chlorella Zofingiensis ◽

N Sources ◽

N Source ◽

Chlorophylls A And B

The effect of three nitrogen (N) sources in the nutrient medium – sodium nitrate (NaNO3), urea (CO(NH2)2), and ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) – on the morphological and physiological characteristics of the green microalga Chromochloris (Chlorella) zofingiensis, a potential commercial producer of lipids and a ketocarotenoid astaxanthin, was studied. The alga was batch-cultivated in glass conical flasks from starting cell density (n) around 2.3·106 per mL and dry weight (DW) content of 0.06 g·L−1 in all variants at 120 μmol·m−2·s−1 PAR, +20…+21 °C, and air bubbling at a rate of 0.3 L·min−1·L−1. The concentration of nitrogen sources (as elemental N) in the modified BBM nutrient medium was 8.83 mmol·L−1, the cultivation duration was 17 days. The dynamics of n and cell volumes, DW content, chlorophylls a and b (Chla and Chlb), total carotenoids (Car), and lipids (Lip) in the cultures, concentration of N sources in the nutrient medium, and its pH were recorded. It was shown that the growth rate, size distribution of the cell populations, and the biomass chemical composition depended significantly on the nitrogen source in the nutrient medium. Using NH4Cl as N source caused on the second day growth inhibition, cell swelling, aggregation, and discoloration; by the seventh day, it caused culture crash. C. zofingiensis cells took up NaNO3 and CO(NH2)2 from the medium at a similar rate (0.626 and 0.631 mmol N·L−1·day−1, respectively), but the growth of the culture fed with CO(NH2)2 lagged; its cell volume and Chla, Chlb, and total Car contents declined profoundly. The average dry matter productivity (PDW) in the culture grown on CO(NH2)2 [(0.086 ± 0.004) g·L−1·day−1] was 32.6 % lower than in the culture grown on NaNO3 [(0.114 ± 0.005) g·L−1·day−1]. At the same time, lipid productivity (PLip) of the urea-fed culture was comparable with that of the nitrate-fed culture (PLip of 28 and 26 mg·L−1·day−1, respectively). The lipid DW percentage of the former exceeded significantly that of the nitrate-fed culture (31.6 % vs 23.1 %, respectively). From the standpoint of profitability, the lag in biomass accumulation recorded in the urea-fed culture on PDW is not critical since it is compensated by lowering the cost of nitrogen source for the nutrient medium (approximately by 230 %) and a higher biomass lipid content. C. zofingiensis grown in media with urea as the only N source deserves further investigation.

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Exploring the potential of Epicoccum nigrum for pigment production under variable conditions

Pigment & Resin Technology ◽

10.1108/prt-12-2018-0127 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 48 (6) ◽

pp. 555-562

Author(s):

Sawinder Kaur ◽

Vivek Mumbarkar ◽

Paramjit S. Panesar ◽

Sushma Gurumayum ◽

Prasad Rasane

Keyword(s):

Radial Growth ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Nitrogen Sources ◽

Yellow Pigment ◽

Pigment Production ◽

Stress Factors ◽

Natural Food ◽

Content Type ◽

Epicoccum Nigrum ◽

The Media

Purpose The purpose of this study is to isolate yellow pigment producing fungal strain and to determine the media requirement for growth and secondary metabolite production. Design/methodology/approach Fifteen soil samples were collected and studied for a pigment producing fungal sources. Selection of a fungus was based on pigment produced and further conditions, such as effect of media composition and light wavelength on pigment production and growth parameters were optimised. Findings Out of the isolates analysed, Epicoccum nigrum was selected for further study as this strain has the potential for pigment production. Among all the media evaluated, potato dextrose agar (PDA) was found to be the best media for growth and sporulation, whilst sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) was only 29 per cent as capable as the best medium. The radial growth rate in case of PDA was 3 ± 0.02 mm/day, while in case of SDA, it was only 1.09 mm/day. Whilst starch as a carbon source was found to increase the radial growth to 5.15 ± 0.02 mm/day, sucrose significantly (p < 0.05) influenced the sporulation (224,000 ± 1,550 spores/ml) of Epicoccum nigrum. Amongst the various nitrogen sources analysed, peptone significantly increased (p < 0.05) the radial growth (6.55 ± 0.02 mm/day) as well as sporulation (220,000 ± 2,100 spores/ml). The observations also indicated that E. nigrum is able to sense and differentiate between light in different wavelength ranges and respond differently in growth and sporulation. The light passing through a red colour sheet resulted in better radial growth (8.5 ± 0.02 mm/day) in comparison to unfiltered light (3 ± 0.02 mm/day). Yellow pigment production in terms of hue values was significantly influenced by the presence of dextrose, peptone and darkness. Research limitations/implications The isolated strain could be studied for variable conditions and stress factors for optimal production of the pigment. Recovery and purification studies could be carried out at pilot and industrial scale. Practical implications The isolation of a strain producing valuable microbial pigment will increase the alternatives of natural food colours and enhance the its commercial applications Originality/value This study identifies Epicoccum nigrum as a potential source of microbial pigment and facilitates its growth and production for possible applications in industrial pigment production.

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Isolation and Optimization of Monascus ruber OMNRC45 for Red Pigment Production and Evaluation of the Pigment as a Food Colorant

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10248867 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (24) ◽

pp. 8867

Author(s):

Osama M. Darwesh ◽

Ibrahim A. Matter ◽

Hesham S. Almoallim ◽

Sulaiman A. Alharbi ◽

You-Kwan Oh

Keyword(s):

Submerged Fermentation ◽

Critical Factor ◽

Nitrogen Sources ◽

Culture Conditions ◽

Pigment Production ◽

Red Pigment ◽

Monascus Ruber ◽

Carbon And Nitrogen ◽

General Acceptance ◽

Food Colorant

The color of food is a critical factor influencing its general acceptance. Owing to the effects of chemical colorants on health, current research is directly aimed at producing natural and healthy food colorants from microbial sources. A pigment-producing fungal isolate, obtained from soil samples and selected based on its rapidity and efficiency in producing red pigments, was identified as Monascus ruber OMNRC45. The culture conditions were optimized to enhance pigment production under submerged fermentation. The optimal temperature and pH for the highest red pigment yield were 30 °C and 6.5, respectively. The optimum carbon and nitrogen sources were rice and peptone, respectively. The usefulness of the pigment produced as a food colorant was evaluated by testing for contamination by the harmful mycotoxin citrinin and assessing its biosafety in mice. In addition, sensory evaluation tests were performed to evaluate the overall acceptance of the pigment as a food colorant. The results showed that M. ruber OMNRC45 was able to rapidly and effectively produce dense natural red pigment under the conditions of submerged fermentation without citrinin production. The findings of the sensory and biosafety assessments indicated the biosafety and applicability of the red Monascus pigment as a food colorant.

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Growth and Chlorophyll Content of Canola Plants Supplied with Urea and Ammonium Nitrate in Response to Various Nickel Levels

Notulae Scientia Biologicae ◽

10.15835/nsb113443 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 53-58 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Ahmad BYBORDI ◽

Mohammad Nabi GHEIBI

Keyword(s):

Ammonium Nitrate ◽

Chlorophyll Content ◽

Nickel Content ◽

Nitrogen Sources ◽

Dry Weight ◽

N Source ◽

Whole Plants ◽

Solution Cultures ◽

Nutrient Solutions ◽

Better Than

Both the beneficial and the adverse effects of various nickel level supplements on growth and chlorophyll content of canola plants were evaluated while either urea or ammonium nitrate was supplied as the sole N source in the nutrient solutions. This study was arranged in completely randomized with three replications. Treatments included nutrient solution cultures containing urea and ammonium nitrate at the rate of 84 mg N L-1 separately as nitrogen sources with four nickel levels as NiSO4.6H2O at the rates of 0, 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 mg Ni L-1. Plants were allowed to grow for 6 weeks then leaves chlorophyll content and shoots and roots fresh and dry weight were determined. Both plant growth and leaves chlorophyll content of the urea-fed plants increased significantly with the increase in nickel content up to 0.1 mg Ni L-1. However, root fresh and dry weight increased up to 0.01 mg Ni L-1 and started to decrease with further increase in solutions nickel content. Nickel did not affect these parameters with plants supplied with ammonium nitrate significantly. In these plants, the optimum nickel level for shoot growth and leaves chlorophyll content was 0.05 mg L-1 and for root fresh and dry weight was 0.01 mg Ni L-1. Further increase in Ni concentration reduced growth. As a whole, plants received urea plus nickel performed better than those received ammonium nitrate plus nickel.

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GROWTH AND METABOLISM OF ASPERGILLUS NIDULANS EIDAM ON DIFFERENT NITROGEN SOURCES IN SYNTHETIC MEDIA CONDUCIVE TO FAT FORMATION

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b60-055 ◽

1960 ◽

Vol 38 (4) ◽

pp. 613-622 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Kaiser Naguib ◽

Kamel Saddik

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Source ◽

Aspergillus Nidulans ◽

Ammonium Chloride ◽

Sodium Nitrate ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Ammonium Nitrogen ◽

High Rate ◽

Sugar Uptake ◽

Surface Culture ◽

Sugar Absorption

Aspergillus nidulans has been grown in surface culture on high-sugar media favorable for fat formation and containing, as nitrogen source, sodium nitrate, ammonium chloride, or asparagine. Growth, sugar and nitrogen uptake, and syntheses of carbohydrates, proteins, and fat were all followed over an incubation period of 20 days. In the early stages, growth was influenced by the nature of the nitrogen source, being highest on asparagine and lowest on ammonium chloride, with the same sugar uptake. Later, dry weight increase proceeded at a high rate on asparagine, at a moderate rate on sodium nitrate, and it almost stopped on ammonium chloride, where the pH dropped to a very low value. At this stage, increase in dry weight followed sugar absorption, and was due to accretion of non-nitrogenous compounds.Asparagine media were by far superior to nitrate or ammonium media for fat formation. Protein and carbohydrate contents were higher in nitrate- than in asparagine- or ammonium-fed mycelial felts. All synthetic processes almost stopped in ammonium cultures after the early growth phase. It seems that the attitude of the fungus towards ammonium nitrogen could not be fully manifested due to restricted growth, and therefore it is suggested that no definite conclusions with regard to ammonium utilization by Aspergillus nidulans can be drawn unless the pH of the medium is controlled and growth on ammonium nitrogen made possible.

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Influence of Nitrogen Sources Applied by Fertigation to an Enriched Soil with Organic Compost on Growth, Mineral Nutrition, and Phytochemicals Content of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) in Two Successive Harvests

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants11010022 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 22

Author(s):

Rui M. A. Machado ◽

Isabel Alves-Pereira ◽

Yasmin Faty ◽

Sara Perdigão ◽

Rui Ferreira

Keyword(s):

Ammonium Nitrate ◽

Ammonium Sulfate ◽

Mineral Nutrition ◽

Inorganic Nitrogen ◽

Nitrogen Sources ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Nitrogen Addition ◽

Total Phenols ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Organic Compost

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of nitrogen source applied by fertigation to an enriched soil with organic compost on plant growth, mineral nutrition, and phytochemical contents in two successive harvests in coriander. The treatments were as follows: unfertilized soil, soil enriched with organic compost, and soil enriched with organic compost to which 60 kg N ha−1 as ammonium nitrate and as ammonium sulfate applied by fertigation were added. Ammonium nitrate addition allowed to obtain a high total fresh yield (3.6 kg m−2) with a low inorganic nitrogen input. Ammonium nitrate increased plant shoot dry weight; fresh yield; and shoot N, K, and Ca uptake in the first harvest. Ammonium nitrate relative to organic compost and to ammonium sulfate increased fresh yield by approximately 57 and 25%, respectively. However, ammonium sulfate in the first harvest greatly increased shoot total phenols, from 137 mgGAE/100 g FW in ammonium nitrate to 280.4 mgGAE/100 g FW. Coriander’s fresh yield, in the second harvest, was unaffected by nitrogen addition. However, ammonium nitrate increased shoot total phenols and FRAP activity. Overall, the shoot phytochemical accumulation in the second harvest was lower than in the first. The combined application of ammonium nitrate and organic compost is a strategy to reduce inorganic nitrogen application.

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INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS MEDIA AND NUTRIENT SOURCES ON ALTERNARIA SOLANI CAUSE EARLY BLIGHT DISEASE IN TOMATO

PLANT ARCHIVES ◽

10.51470/plantarchives.2021.v21.no1.198 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (no 1) ◽

Author(s):

B. Rex ◽

G. Rajasekar

Keyword(s):

Mycelial Growth ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Early Blight ◽

Carbon Sources ◽

Nitrogen Sources ◽

Alternaria Solani ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Potato Dextrose Broth ◽

Nutrient Sources

Early blight of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) incited by Alternaria solani is highly destructive causing yield loss up to 78 per cent. The fungus was tested with different media along with the host extract and different nutrient sources for their growth and development in in vitro. Twelve different media were tested on the growth of A. solani, among them potato dextrose agar + host leaf extract recorded maximum radial mycelial growth of A. solani (89.57mm) and potato dextrose broth + leaf extract has maximum mycelial dry weight (613mg). Six carbon and nitrogen sources amended media were tested. Among carbon sources, glucose recorded maximum radial mycelial growth (74.65mm) and mycelia dry weight (709.17mg). Among the nitrogen sources, ammonium nitrate has the enhanced the radial mycelail growth (84.56 mm) and high mycelial dry weigh (654.27mg). This study will be helpful for further investigations on the physiology of the fungus and management of the disease.

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Porphyrin production by Arthrobacter globiformis

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m68-184 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 14 (10) ◽

pp. 1095-1103 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Katherine S. Middleton ◽

Haim B. Gunner

Keyword(s):

Trace Metals ◽

Nitrogen Source ◽

Culture Supernatant ◽

Pigment Production ◽

Cell Yield ◽

Arthrobacter Globiformis ◽

Supernatant Fluid ◽

Red Pigment ◽

Mineral Salts ◽

Extraction Properties

The production by Arthrobacter globiformis of an extracellular red pigment in synthetic mineral salts medium was governed by both the conditions of aeration and the trace metals present. Pigment production was the same with either ammonium or nitrate as the nitrogen source. Stand flasks gave approximately the same cell yield as shake cultures but growth was much slower and no pigment was produced. Mn++ was required for maximal pigment production. Zn++ and Co++ enhanced pigment production in the presence of Mn++ but could only partially replace it. The pigment was ether-extractable from culture supernatant fluid acidified with acetic acid.Absorption spectra showed peaks at 620, 565, 527, 495, and 395 mμ. These as well as the extraction properties of the pigment coincided with those reported for coproporphyrin-III.

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