scholarly journals ESTIMATION, REALITY AND TREND OF GROUNDWATER NITRATE CONCENTRATION UNDER UNSEWERED AREA OF YOGYAKARTA CITY – INDONESIA

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Doni Prakasa Eka Putra
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Nitrate Concentration ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Unconfined Aquifer ◽  
Nitrate Contamination ◽  
Sanitation Systems ◽  
The City ◽  
Yogyakarta City

In the last two decades, urbanization has transformed Yogyakarta City expanding beyond its administrative area with about one million inhabitants. The City sited on shallow unconfined aquifer has rapidly changed without appropriate access to sanitation and piped water supply. Until now, only 9% of the urban population is served by sewers system and less than 30% of urban population have access to clean water which supplied by the local public water-work. Most of the urban population depend on shallow groundwater for much of their water supply. Regards to the massive used of on-site sanitation systems in the city, contamination of nitrate in shallow groundwater is predicted to occur and surveys of domestic dug wells have revealed a widespread nitrate contamination of the groundwater. Comparison of groundwater nitrate and chloride concentration from several old data and the latest data shows clearly an evidence of the increasing of nitrate concentration and nitrate leaching in the shallow groundwater under Yogyakarta City overtime. Considering the trend, it is no doubt that most of nitrate concentration under urbanized area in the Yogyakarta City will be greater than 50 mg/L in the next several years, if appropriate management action to deal with the on-site sanitation system is not conducted.

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF OPTIMUM YIELD OF GROUNDWATER WITHDRAWAL IN THE YOGYAKARTA CITY, INDONESIA

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Doni Prakasa Eka Putra ◽  
Muhammad Iqbal ◽  
Heru Hendrayana ◽  
Thomas Triadi Putranto
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Groundwater Table ◽  
Water Usage ◽  
Groundwater Pumping ◽  
Optimum Yield ◽  
Pumping Wells ◽  
Dug Well ◽  
Yogyakarta City

The high demand of clean water supply and groundwater usages in Yogyakarta City, Indonesia has caused the lowering of groundwater table of about 3 m in average since 1984. This condition is caused by the increase number of groundwater pumping in this city relate to the rising of the urban population, economics condition, education and cultural activities, change of land use and increase number of hotels on this famous tourism city in Indonesia. Therefore, it became necessary to assess the optimum yield from the groundwater system beneath this city which can still preserve the recent level of shallow groundwater. This is important because most of the people in this city depends their daily water supply from shallow dug well. In order to assess the safe yield, a groundwater modeling is conducted. The data used on this modeling was taken from previous research and also primary data collected during this research such as; aquifer geometry, aquifer characteristics, shallow groundwater level, water usage/pumping wells discharge, river discharge and surface water level, and climate data. Prediction of the impact of groundwater pumping was made by increasing the water usage/pumping wells discharge on several scenarios. The result of this modeling shows that the optimum yield of the aquifer beneath Yogyakarta City area is about 125,000 m3/day. Keywords: Optimum yield, groundwater usage, groundwater table, pumping, urban population, shallow dug well.

Evolution of groundwater chemistry on shallow aquifer of Yogyakarta City urban area

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Doni Prakasa Eka Putra
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Unconfined Aquifer ◽  
Groundwater Chemistry ◽  
Shallow Aquifer ◽  
Nitrate Content ◽  
New Business ◽  
Urban Settlements ◽  
A Minor ◽  
New Settlements ◽  
Yogyakarta City

Since 1980s, accelerated by urbanization, Yogyakarta City was shifting to many directions defined by main road networks and service centres. Urbanization has transformed rural dwellings to become urban settlements and generated urban agglomeration area. Until now, new business centres, education centres and tourism centres are growing hand in hand with new settlements (formal or informal) without proper provision of water supply and sanitation system. This condition increase the possibility of groundwater contamination from urban wastewater and a change of major chemistry of groundwater as shallow unconfined aquifer is lying under Yogyakarta City. To prove the evolution of groundwater chemistry, old data taken on 1980s were comparing with the recent groundwater chemistry data. The evaluation shows that nitrate content of groundwater in 1980s was a minor anion, but nowadays become a major anion, especially in the shallow groundwater in the centre of Yogyakarta City. This evidence shows that there is an evolution of groundwater chemistry in shallow groundwater below Yogyakarta City due to contamination from un-proper on-site sanitation system. Keywords: Urbanization, Yogyakarta city, rural dwellings, settlements, agglomeration, contamination, groundwater

scholarly journals A meta-analysis and statistical modelling of nitrates in groundwater at the African scale

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 2353-2381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Issoufou Ouedraogo ◽  
Marnik Vanclooster
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Model ◽  
Nitrate Concentration ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Statistical Modelling ◽  
Nitrate Pollution ◽  
Nitrate Contamination ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Nitrate Concentrations ◽  
Groundwater Systems

Abstract. Contamination of groundwater with nitrate poses a major health risk to millions of people around Africa. Assessing the space–time distribution of this contamination, as well as understanding the factors that explain this contamination, is important for managing sustainable drinking water at the regional scale. This study aims to assess the variables that contribute to nitrate pollution in groundwater at the African scale by statistical modelling. We compiled a literature database of nitrate concentration in groundwater (around 250 studies) and combined it with digital maps of physical attributes such as soil, geology, climate, hydrogeology, and anthropogenic data for statistical model development. The maximum, medium, and minimum observed nitrate concentrations were analysed. In total, 13 explanatory variables were screened to explain observed nitrate pollution in groundwater. For the mean nitrate concentration, four variables are retained in the statistical explanatory model: (1) depth to groundwater (shallow groundwater, typically < 50 m); (2) recharge rate; (3) aquifer type; and (4) population density. The first three variables represent intrinsic vulnerability of groundwater systems to pollution, while the latter variable is a proxy for anthropogenic pollution pressure. The model explains 65 % of the variation of mean nitrate contamination in groundwater at the African scale. Using the same proxy information, we could develop a statistical model for the maximum nitrate concentrations that explains 42 % of the nitrate variation. For the maximum concentrations, other environmental attributes such as soil type, slope, rainfall, climate class, and region type improve the prediction of maximum nitrate concentrations at the African scale. As to minimal nitrate concentrations, in the absence of normal distribution assumptions of the data set, we do not develop a statistical model for these data. The data-based statistical model presented here represents an important step towards developing tools that will allow us to accurately predict nitrate distribution at the African scale and thus may support groundwater monitoring and water management that aims to protect groundwater systems. Yet they should be further refined and validated when more detailed and harmonized data become available and/or combined with more conceptual descriptions of the fate of nutrients in the hydrosystem.

scholarly journals A meta-analysis of groundwater contamination by nitrates at the African scale

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Issoufou Ouedraogo ◽  
Marnik Vanclooster
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Model ◽  
Nitrate Concentration ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Nitrate Pollution ◽  
Nitrate Contamination ◽  
Pan African ◽  
Nitrate Concentrations ◽  
Groundwater Systems

Abstract. Contamination of groundwater with nitrate poses a major health risk to millions of people around Africa. Assessing the space-time distribution of this contamination, as well as understanding the factors that explain this contamination is important to manage sustainable drinking water at the regional scale. This study aims to assess the variables that contribute to nitrate pollution in groundwater at the pan-African scale by statistical modeling. We compiled a literature database of nitrate concentration in groundwater (around 250 studies) and combined it with digital maps of physical attributes such as soil, geology, climate, hydrogeology and anthropogenic data for statistical model development. The maximum, medium and minimum observed nitrate concentrations were analysed. In total, 13 explanatory variables were screened to explain observed nitrate pollution in groundwater. For the mean nitrate concentration, 4 variables are retained in the statistical explanatory model: (1) Depth to groundwater (shallow groundwater, typically < 50 m); (2) Recharge rate; (3) Aquifer type; and (4) Population density. The former three variables represent intrinsic vulnerability of groundwater systems towards pollution, while the latter variable is a proxy for anthropogenic pollution pressure. The model explains 65 % of the variation of mean nitrate contamination in groundwater at the pan-Africa scale. Using the same proxy information, we could develop a statistical model for the maximum nitrate concentrations that explains 42 % of the nitrate variation. For the maximum concentrations, other environmental attributes such as soil type, slope, rainfall, climate class and region type improve the prediction of maximum nitrate concentrations at the pan-African scale. As to minimal nitrate concentrations, in the absence of normal distribution assumptions of the dataset, we do not develop a statistical model for these data. The data based statistical model presented here represents an important step toward developing tools that will allow us to accurately predict nitrate distribution at the African scale and thus may support groundwater monitoring and water management that aims to protect groundwater systems. Yet they should be further refined and validated when more detailed and harmonized data becomes available and/or combined with more conceptual descriptions of the fate of nutrients in the hydro system.

scholarly journals Features of the water quality in small rivers of Khabarovsk in winter season

2019 ◽  
pp. 42-51
Author(s):  
V. P. Shesterkin ◽  
M. I. Afanas`eva ◽  
N. M. Shesterkina
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
River Water ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Small Rivers ◽  
Alluvial Deposits ◽  
Sanitation Systems ◽  
The City

The paper presents the results of studies of the water chemical composition in small rivers of Khabarovsk and its surroundings in the winter low water period in 2017-2018. A significant variation is shown in the concentrations of dissolved substances in river water due to large differences in the composition of underlying rocks, groundwater and wastewater, as well as water of worn-out water supply and sanitation systems. The hydrocarbonate-calcium composition of water, the lowest pH and mineralization values, the phosphate concentrations, as well as the dominance of sulfate ion over chloride and nitrate nitrogen’s dominance over ammonium in the river water in the protected areas were identified. The higher content of dissolved substances and the bicarbonate-calcium (sometimes magnesium) composition of water are typical for the rivers in the outskirts of the city, fed mainly by groundwater in alluvial deposits. Hydrocarbonate-sodium (rarely ammonium) composition of water, maximum concentrations of major ions, contamination with phosphates, ammonium nitrogen, petroleum products and surfactants, absence of nitrite and nitrate nitrogen in anaerobic conditions were noted in the river water at the outskirts of the city, which are fed by wastewater. The hydrocarbonate-calcium composition of water, a decrease in the elevated concentrations of major ions during the winter season, pollution with ammonium and nitrite nitrogen, phosphates and oil products of water in the rivers of the central part of the city fed by groundwater and water of worn-out water supply and water disposal systems were established.

scholarly journals GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY OF PANDAK AND BAMBANGLIPURO, YOGYAKARTA SPECIAL PROVINCE, INDONESIA

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leakhena Snguon ◽  
Doni Prakasa Eka Putra ◽  
Heru Hendrayana
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Groundwater Protection ◽  
Nitrate Concentration ◽  
Groundwater Vulnerability ◽  
Nitrate Contamination ◽  
Contaminant Concentration ◽  
Protection Zone ◽  
Drastic Method ◽  
Hydrogeological Setting ◽  
The Impact

The study of intrinsic vulnerability of groundwater was generated in order to delineate groundwater protection zone in Pandak and Bambanglipuro, Indonesia, whose mainly water supply is from groundwater. Two methods of vulnerability mapping are chosen for the evaluation; DRASTIC method and Hoelting method. The resulted maps conducted from these method are validated using the actual contaminant concentration through the impact of on-site sanitation, for instance nitrate as it is proved to be very stable contaminants in groundwater. Considered in different hydrogeological setting, these two methods have produced various results at the certain site. However, its reliability has been drawn upon the nitrate concentration at the study areas. Keywords: Intrinsic groundwater, vulnerability, DRASTIC, Hoelting methods, nitrate contamination

scholarly journals INDEKS PEMAKAIAN AIRTANAH DI KOTA YOGYAKARTA

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Ahmad Cahyadi ◽  
Indra Agus Riyanto ◽  
Hendy Fatchurohman ◽  
Sigit Heru Murti Budi Santosa ◽  
Raras Endarto
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
High Water ◽  
Groundwater Use ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
The City ◽  
Total Water Demand ◽  
Yogyakarta City ◽  
Main Factor

The rapid development of the city causes an increase in the amount of water that needed to support various activities. The Utilization of groundwater in large quantities causes negative impacts such as the decrease in groundwater level so that people are difficult to access groundwater. The aim of this study is to analyze the index of groundwater use which describe the condition of groundwater use in the city of Yogyakarta. The groundwater use index is calculated by dividing the total water demand and the availability of groundwater in the City of Yogyakarta. The result shows that in general groundwater use in the city of Yogyakarta is categorized in the safe enough classification (III). However, in the shallow groundwater use index there is one area with less safe classification (II) namely Kotagede District, and one area with unsafe classification (I) namely Umbulharjo District. The main factor which influence to the high index of shallow groundwater use is large population that causes high water domestic needs. This is reflected in the percentage of water domestic needs reaching 90.43%.Keywords: Groundwater, Index of Groundwater Use, Yogyakarta City Perkembangan kota yang pesat menyebabkan semakin banyak jumlah air yang dibutuhkan untuk menunjang berbagai kegiatan di dalamnya. Pemanfaatan airtanah dalam jumlah yang besar menyebabkan dampak negatif seperti penurunan muka airtanah, sehingga masyarakat sulit untuk mengakses airtanah tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis indeks pemakaian airtanah yang diharapkan dapat menggambarkan kondisi penggunaan airtanah di Kota Yogyakarta. Indeks pemakaian airtanah dihitung dengan membagi total kebutuhan air dengan ketersediaan airtanah di Kota Yogyakarta. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa secara umum pemakaian airtanah di Kota Yogyakarta masuk dalam  klasifikasi cukup aman (III). Namun demikian pada indeks pemakaian airtanah dangkal terdapat satu wilayah dengan klasifikasi kurang aman yakni Kecamatan Kotagede, dan satu wilayah dengan klasifikasi tidak aman, yakni Kecamatan Umbulharjo. Faktor utama yang berpengaruh tingginya indeks pemakaian airtanah dangkal adalah jumlah penduduk yang sangat besar yang menyebabkan kebutuhan air domestik yang sangat tinggi. Hal tersebut tergambar dari nilai persentase kebutuhan domestik yang mencapai 90,43%Kata Kunci: Airtanah, Indeks Pemakaian Airtanah, Kota Yogyakarta

scholarly journals Distribution of Nitrate Household Waste and Groundwater Flow Direction around Code River, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muryanto Muryanto ◽  
Suntoro Suntoro ◽  
Totok Gunawan ◽  
Prabang Setyono ◽  
Afid Nurkholis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Flow ◽  
Nitrate Concentration ◽  
Flow Direction ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Household Waste ◽  
Groundwater Samples ◽  
Water Well ◽  
Nitrate Concentrations ◽  
Potential Groundwater ◽  
Yogyakarta City

The nitrate concentrations in shallow groundwater of the Yogyakarta City and its surroundings has increased to about twenty times in the period 1985-2018. The objective of this study was to analyse the distribution of nitrate concentrations in water well around the Code River, Yogyakarta. Flownets mapping was performed to find out the distribution and direction of potential groundwater pollution. Nitrate concentration was analysed by taking 18 groundwater samples scattered in the upstream, midstream and downstream areas of the Code River. The results of this study indicate that nitrate concentrations in the water well of upstream and downstream areas could still be used as a source of drinking water and recreation-irrigation-livestock. Meanwhile, the nitrate concentration in water well of the midstream area of the Code River, Yogyakarta City, mostly (80% of the sample) did not meet all classes of water quality standards. Human activities in the densely populated settlements were the main factors that influence nitrate pollution. Furthermore, groundwater flow in the study area leads from north to south and towards the Code River. This condition indicates that the nitrate concentrations in  the groundwater can be a source of a pollutant for the Code River.

Impact of the urban construction solutions on the safety population

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-73
Author(s):  
R. D. Oktyabrskiy
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Road Network ◽  
Residential Development ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
Urban Construction ◽  
Safety Population ◽  
Peace And War ◽  
The City

The article is devoted to the justification of the need to reduce the population density in the residential development of cities. The analysis of vulnerability of the urban population from threats of emergency situations of peace and war time, and also an assessment of provision of the city by a road network is given. Proposals have been formulated to reduce the vulnerability of the urban population in the long term and to eliminate traffic congestion and congestion — jams.

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