scholarly journals The Making of the “Chinese Problem”: Indonesian Local Agencies’ Perceptions of Ethnic Chinese and Communist China, 1950-1979

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 183
Author(s):  
Didi Kwartanada
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Population ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
New Order ◽  
Japanese Occupation ◽  
Ethnic Chinese ◽  
Communist China ◽  
Publishing Houses ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Local Agencies ◽  
Foreign Ministry

When Indonesia gained its independence, it knew almost nothing about its Chinese population of more than 2 million. During the Dutch colonial and Japanese occupation periods, the authorities established offices for Chinese Affairs staffed by sinologists; however, the young Republic of Indonesia did not have such experts. By the early 1950s, the Foreign Ministry set up its “School of Sinology”. The school’s founder was suspicious of Communist China and therefore viewed that Indonesia must be cautious, with the overseas Chinese in Indonesia constituting a “sumber subversi” (source of subversion). Its first class had twenty students and with the conduct of its first class can be regarded as the earliest effort to study China and the ethnic Chinese by the Indonesian authorities. In the turbulent 1950s and 1960s, the Chinese were considered a problem, and so the term “Chinese problem” (“Masalah Cina”) was created, which then became commonly used throughout the New Order period. This paper explores how perceptions about the Chinese and Communist China were shaped by local agencies during 1950-1979, who the agencies were, and their publications.. The paper looks at how scholars, journalists, intelligence bureau and publishing houses contributed to the construction of the perceived “Chinese Problem”. Particular focus is also given to sinology-trained military officer and their works, in shaping perceptions towards the Chinese in Indonesia and also mainland China.

The Chinese Communist Party and the Overseas Chinese

2019 ◽  
pp. 34-51
Author(s):  
Taomo Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Communist Party ◽  
Chinese Communist Party ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Overseas Chinese ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Japanese Occupation ◽  
Chinese Youth ◽  
Ethnic Chinese ◽  
Political Networks ◽  
The Chinese Communist Party

This chapter examines the memoirs, diaries, poems, and theater scripts written by Ba Ren, an undercover member of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and a writer, and those who used to work with him in the 1940s. It contends that the CCP was better able than its Nationalist rival to capture the hearts and minds of young overseas Chinese by expanding its political networks and promoting cross-ethnic alliances among the working class. In the 1940s, the CCP built its support base among the overseas Chinese through the education and publishing efforts of left-wing intellectuals like Ba Ren who traveled from Mainland China to Southeast Asia and worked as teachers and journalists in overseas Chinese communities. The subsequent rise of literacy and increasing availability of left-wing publications created a generation of revolutionary-minded ethnic Chinese youth. Through supplies, information, and refuge provided by these young people during the Japanese occupation, the CCP established underground offices in Sumatra, which were hidden behind the counters of pastry shops, Chinese medicine companies, soap factories, and wineries. It was the enthusiasm of these left-leaning youth that allowed openly active pro-CCP civic associations and political organizations to blossom during the Indonesian National Revolution.

Survey Research in the Study of Contemporary China: Learning from Local Samples

1994 ◽  
Vol 139 ◽  
pp. 741-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie Manion
Keyword(s):  
Survey Research ◽  
Chinese Population ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
Contemporary China

A widely publicized 1983 Chinese survey found 43 per cent of all “specialized households” in a Shanxi county were households of cadres or former cadres. In what sense, if any, is this finding significant? More, generally, what can be concluded about Chinese society, politics and the economy based on findings from survey research conducted there? This article sets out what can (and what cannot) be inferred from the unrepresentative samples of the Chinese population that are the basis for most survey research conducted in mainland China.

The Japanese Occupation of Hainan

1980 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-109
Author(s):  
R. T. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
South China ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Japanese Economy ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
The South ◽  
Sharp Rise ◽  
Japanese Occupation ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Special Sales ◽  
The Tropics

Japanese interest in Hainan stemmed from the desire to emulate the success which they had achieved in Taiwan in an area further south which could offer a full range of tropical products for theuse of the Japanese economy. The naval importance of Hainan was also recognized, because it could dominate the South China Sea from the excellent harbour of San-ya ( Samah) Bay, and there were indications that the island was rich in minerals. The development of official Japanese interest in the island was largely the work of the governor-general's office in Taiwan. Thus in 1918 and 1919 an official from Taiwan called Kaku () was sent to Hainan to observe conditions under the title of special sales office head. In the 1920's the Taiwan government sponsored conferences o the South China Japanese consuls to discuss plans for the area, and in 1935 a conference was held production in the tropics, to coordinate research on the economy, production possibilities and culture of the tropical part of China.Meanwhile Chinese government interest in Hainan began to be aroused in the 1930's, culminating in the visit of T.V. Soong, one of the highest ministers of e Kuintang government, in 1936. Thereafter a rail route a west of the island was surveyed but no furthe progress was made. Private businessmen in the 1930's began to develop rubber plantations to join those set up with overseas Chinese capital in the 1910's,and there was a sharp rise in the area planted to sugar in 1936 as the price of sugar rose. Hence when war broke out between China and Japa,the possibilities for the development were just beginning to be explored.1

General Information & Statistics

2002 ◽  
Vol 06 (08) ◽  
pp. 289-296
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
General Information ◽  
Meat Industry ◽  
Pharmaceutical Development ◽  
Biotech Industry ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Great Stride

China Made Great Stride in Biotechnology Over Last 15 Years. First Asian Biotech Summit to be Held in China. International Biotechnology Exhibition to Kick off in Beijing. Sino-Canadian Bioscience Lab Set up in Xinjiang. China Join Hands with Russia, Belarus and Ukraine in Science and Technology. Hong Kong, Taiwan and Mainland China Urged to Cooperate in Bio-Pharmaceutical Development. India Seeks More US Funds for Farm R&D. Incidence of Pulmonary Disease Diagnosed as Asthma High in India. Japanese Biotech Industry Seeking to Establish Ties with Europe. Korea Spends Half the Agriculture Budget to Subsidize Farming Sector. NZ Biotech Sector to Overtake Meat Industry in Eight Years. Singapore and Japan Strengthen R&D Ties. Biotechnology in Asia 2002 to be Held in Singapore. Singapore Sets up New Infectious Diseases Center.

scholarly journals Living in the Shadow of Mainland China - On Delineating Social and Political Constrains Among Southeast Asian Chinese Entrepreneurs

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 28-49
Author(s):  
Michael Jacobsen
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
Chinese Economy ◽  
National Politics ◽  
Mainland Chinese ◽  
Ethnic Chinese ◽  
East And Southeast Asia ◽  
Chinese Entrepreneurs ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Taking a point of departure in the fluid political and economic landscape of East and Southeast Asia, this paper focuses on ethnic Chinese SME entrepreneurs in Southeast Asia, who are gradually becoming the focus in a discussion of whether a rising Mainland Chinese economy is a positive or negative force in Asia. Contrary to the coherent nature usually associated with this particular ethnic group, this article argues, that in fact it is divided into many smaller factions. This differentiation of the ethnic Chinese community in Southeast Asia, it is argued, is a reflection of many different influences from, especially, colonialism, and different contemporary social and political developments within the individual Southeast Asian countries. This increasing societal complexity makes ethnic Chinese entrepreneurs vulnerable in the wake of a rising Mainland Chinese economy, as they await to see if the latter impacts positively or negatively on the various Southeast Asian economies, thus indirectly influencing how they are embedded within their societies. Keywords: China, Southeast Asia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Chinese entrepreneurship, national politics, ethnicity.

scholarly journals Islamisasi di Kota Surakarta dan Sekitarnya Masa Orde Baru: Sebuah Tinjauan Awal

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Adif Fahrizal
Keyword(s):  
Communist Party ◽  
Political Agenda ◽  
New Order ◽  
Religious Activities ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Communist Ideology ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The City

This article discusses the spread of Islam in the city and the neighborhood of Surakarta, Central Java during the New Order period. The spread of Islam took place through massive Islamic religious activities, such as mass prayer. In addition, the expansion of the number of mosques and mushola (Islamic praying sites) indicates a massive expansion of the influence of Islam in the region. Based on data from newspapers and interviews with relevant informants of the time, this article found out that the spread of Islam in Surakarta was a political agenda set up by the New Order government in order to counter the remnants of Communist ideology, which was withheld by sympathizers of the then Indonesian Communist Party. This article concludes that the massive spread of Islam shaped Surakarta, which had been known as the center of syncretic Javanese culture, to become religious and the government’s fear of Communism could be reduced. However, the process also made a sharp dichotomy between Islamist-based and Javanese-based identity of the city.

scholarly journals Kidungan Jula-juli in East Java: Media of Criticism and Propaganda (From The Japanese Occupation Era to The Reform Order in Indonesia)

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-90
Author(s):  
Aris Setiawan
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Performing Arts ◽  
Political Support ◽  
New Order ◽  
Japanese Occupation ◽  
Detailed Understanding ◽  
Independence Movement ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Historical Issues

This research aims to determine the historical construction of criticism and propaganda formed in Kidungan Jula-juli performance in each era. Kidungan is a song in the Gending Jula-juli in East Java. The musical text presented in the song seems to be open (blak-blakan [openness]), assertive, and emotionally becomes the power of criticism. Historical issues concerning the function of Kidungan Jula-juli are interesting enough to be known, thus encouraging this study to get a basic and detailed understanding of the historical stages of the role of Kidungan Jula-juli from the Japanese era to the reformation era. This study using a historical approach and emphasizes the problem of music function. The analysis was carried out by looking at the ideas, concepts, and cultural references that accompanied the performance of Kidungan Jula-juli. The results of this study indicate the dynamics of the function of criticism and propaganda in Kidungan Jula-juli. During the Japanese occupation era, Kidungan Jula-juli was very sharp in its role as an instrument of the independence movement; from 1950 to 1965, Kidungan Jula-juli was used by political parties to strengthen political support and propaganda. In the New Order Era, kidungan lost the function of criticism.  The state controlled it for the sake of propaganda and the legitimacy of power.  Kidungan Jula-juli is more open and present on a stage with other performing arts in the era of the reform order.

scholarly journals PENATAAN HUBUNGAN HUKUM DALAM PENGUASAAN, PEMILIKAN, PENGGUNAAN, DAN PEMANFAATAN SUMBER DAYA AGRARIA (Studi Awal terhadap Konsep Hak Atas Tanah dan Ijin Usaha Pertambangan)

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Oloan Sitorus
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Mining Area ◽  
New Order ◽  
Land Law ◽  
Land Utilization ◽  
Legal Relation ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract: The legal relations of land tenure, ownership, usage and utilization of agrarian resources still require furtherrestructurization. The economic development during the New Order era abandoned the necessity of the legal differences of landtenure and land ownership, with the legal relations of the collection and utilization of agrarian resources excluding land. Consequently,there are misleading in interpreting the right and permission as a form of legal relationship. These misleading should berectified in the land law draft which will be drafted. The future land law should be able to clearly regulate the legal relations of landtenure, and should be consistently built since the early tenure in the form of occupation, possession, and ownership by the Ministryof Agrarian and Land Use Planning/NLA. Land tenure relationship is mentioned by the concept of land right. Furthermore, it shouldbe confirmed in the Land Law Draft that the relationship between collection and utilization of natural resources are confirmed aspermit, and should not be considered as the basic of land utilization as earth surface. Reclamation set up by the concession holdersfor mining area recovery should not be considered as an “entry point” to legalize land rights.Keywords: legal relation, right, licenseIntisari: Hubungan hukum penguasaan dan pemilikan serta penggunaan dan pemanfaatan Sumberdaya Agraria masih memerlukanpenataan. Perkembangan ekonomi selama era Orde Baru mengabaikan pentingnya pembedaan hubungan hukum tenurial penguasaandan pemilikan tanah dengan hubungan hukum pengambilan dan pemanfaatan sumberdaya agraria selain tanah. Akibatnya, terjadikesesatan berfikir dalam mamaknai hak dan ijin sebagai bentuk hubungan hukum. Kesesatan berfikir ini harus diakhiri di dalam RUUPertanahan yang akan disusun. RUU Pertanahan itu harus jelas mengatur bahwa hubungan hukum tenurial dengan tanah haruskonsisten dibangun sejak penguasaan awal dalam bentuk okupasi (occupation), penguasaan dan pemunyaaan (possession), danpemilikan (ownership) oleh Kementerian ATR/BPN. Hubungan tenurial dengan tanah disebut dengan konsep hak atas tanah.Selanjutnya, perlu dikonfirmasi dalam RUU Pertanahan tersebut bahwa hubungan pengambilan dan pemanfaatan kekayaan alamdikonfirmasi sebagai ijin, yang tidak dapat dijadikan sebagai dasar untuk menggunakan tanah sebagai permukaan bumi. Reklamasiyang dilakukan pemegang ijin untuk memulihkan areal tambang, tidak dapat dijadikan sebagai “pintu masuk” bagi terjadinya hak atastanah.Kata kunci: hubungan hukum, hak atas tanah, ijin

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