scholarly journals ADVERSE EFFECTS AND SIDE EFFECTS ON VITAMIN THERAPY: A REVIEW

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mejo C Korah ◽  
Junaid Rahman Pv ◽  
R Rajeswari ◽  
Ahana Behanan ◽  
Elizabeth Phoeba Paul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Health Organizations ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Vitamin Therapy ◽  
Vitamin Uptake ◽  
Anti Hiv

Vitamins are essential to our day to day life. Its shortage in our body can cause many disorders, decreased enzyme activities also affects the genetic factors. Vitamins should be supplied through the diet in the required amount. If it is not supplied properly, vitamin tablets will be prescribed. And also vitamin tablets are the co-medication for therapies like anticancer, anti tubercular, anti viral anti HIV treatments. Many news papers reported that vitamin therapies are causing major health problems like nephro/ urolithiasis, it can increases mortality rates in smokers by increasing the risk of lung cancer, it can cause abortion when it is taken during pregnancy. Thus here we reviewed the adverse effects of vitamin therapy from various reported cases, books, instructions provided from various health organizations and also news papers and magazines. It can help health professionals to control and monitor the vitamin therapies and make awareness about the adverse effects and possible side effects of regular vitamin uptake to society.

scholarly journals Pharmacogenomics in depression and antidepressants

2005 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-230
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Drug Response ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Drug Action ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Drug Metabolizing Enzymes ◽  
Receptor Function ◽  
Metabolizing Enzymes ◽  
Adaptive Processes

Genetic factors are believed to play a major role in the variation of treatment response and the incidence of adverse effects to medication. The aim of pharmacogenetics is to elucidate this variability according to hereditary differences. Considering current hypotheses for the mechanisms of action of antidepressants, most investigations to date have concentrated on mutations in genes coding either for the pathways in the serotonergic and noradrenergic systems or for drug-metabolizing enzymes. Recent studies shifted the emphasis on the main mechanism of drug action from changes in neurotransmitter concentration or receptor function toward long-lasting adaptive processes within the neurons. Although the results are controversial, many studies support the hypothesis that psychopharmacogenetics will help predict an individual's drug response, while minimizing the side effects. The inclusion of functional genomics, which investigates the complex gene and/or protein expression in response to a given drug, may lead to the development of novel and safer drugs.

scholarly journals A Computational Analysis on Nicotine Withdrawal and Cardiac Arrhythmia and Their Effects on COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayaan Haque ◽  
Aryaman Kukal ◽  
Yamuna Rao ◽  
David Cho ◽  
Keshav Rao
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Cardiac Arrhythmia ◽  
Chronic Conditions ◽  
Computational Analysis ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Nicotine Withdrawal ◽  
Health Organizations

Certain chronic conditions are becoming increasingly ignored due to the magnitude of COVID-19. However, continued research on these conditions, such as nicotine addiction and heart disease, and how they relate to COVID-19 will help researchers assess case severity more adequately. It has been commonly asserted that smoking cessation will reduce COVID-19 mortality rates for smokers due to how it damages the lungs. However, smoking cessation results in nicotine withdrawal, which is proven to cause side effects that could conversely increase the severity of COVID-19. This study aims to determine how nicotine withdrawal increases the probability of developing cardiac arrhythmia, and how that relationship increases COVID-19 mortality rates. To conduct our study, we compiled datasets from various health organizations, including the CDC and WHO, to find correlations between these three conditions. We first investigated the complications that result from nicotine withdrawal and how they may develop into cardiac arrhythmia. Following initial inquiries, we then calculated how cardiac arrhythmia increases COVID-19 mortality rates. To validate our conclusions, we compared smoking cessation rates with COVID-19 mortality rates in different states to isolate direct correlation between the two conditions. We determined that nicotine withdrawal has a 32.7% probability of causing cardiac arrhythmia, and that cardiac arrhythmia increases the chance of death from COVID-19 by 14.7%. Ultimately, we found that nicotine withdrawal increases the COVID-19 mortality rate by 4.8% compared to the general population, a significant and concerning finding. 

The Use of Methotrexate in Rheumatoid Arthritis

1985 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 349-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter W. Letendre ◽  
Douglas J. DeJong ◽  
Donald R. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Folic Acid ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Systemic Administration ◽  
Refractory Disease ◽  
Controlled Clinical Trials ◽  
Folic Acid Antagonist ◽  
Acid Antagonist

The use of methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis is reviewed. Methotrexate, a folic acid antagonist, is sometimes employed in an attempt to symptomatically control patients whose disease does not respond adequately to conventional therapies. Systemic administration of 7.5–15 mg/wk in a “pulse” fashion appears to be effective without precipitating severe adverse effects. However, concern over potentially serious side effects and a lack of well-controlled clinical trials have limited its use to severe, refractory disease. Further studies are needed before its role in rheumatoid arthritis can justifiably be expanded.

scholarly journals Health capabilities and the determinants of infant mortality in Brazil, 2004–2015: an innovative methodological framework

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Bugelli ◽  
Roxane Borgès Da Silva ◽  
Ladislau Dowbor ◽  
Claude Sicotte
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
Employment Rate ◽  
Infant Deaths ◽  
Bolsa Familia ◽  
Per Capita

Abstract Background Despite the implementation of a set of social and health policies, Brazil has experienced a slowdown in the decline of infant mortality, regional disparities and persistent high death levels, raising questions about the determinants of infant mortality after the implementation of these policies. The objective of this article is to propose a methodological approach aiming at identifying the determinants of infant mortality in Brazil after the implementation of those policies. Method A series of multilevel panel data with fixed effect nested within-clusters were conducted supported by the concept of health capabilities based on data from 26 Brazilian states between 2004 and 2015. The dependent variables were the neonatal, the infant and the under-five mortality rates. The independent variables were the employment rate, per capita income, Bolsa Família Program coverage, the fertility rate, educational attainment, the number of live births by prenatal visits, the number of health professionals per thousand inhabitants, and the access to water supply and sewage services. We also used different time lags of employment rate to identify the impact of employment on the infant mortality rates over time, and household income stratified by minimum wages to analyze their effects on these rates. Results The results showed that in addition to variables associated with infant mortality in previous studies, such as Bolsa Família Program, per capita income and fertility rate, other factors affect child mortality. Educational attainment, quality of prenatal care and access to health professionals are also elements impacting infant deaths. The results also identified an association between employment rate and different infant mortality rates, with employment impacting neonatal mortality up to 3 years and that a family income below 2 minimum wages increases the odds of infant deaths. Conclusion The results proved that the methodology proposed allowed the use of variables based on aggregated data that could hardly be used by other methodologies.

scholarly journals Neutralizing Antibodies Titers and Side Effects in Response to BNT162b2 Vaccine in Healthcare Workers with and without Prior SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 742
Author(s):  
José Javier Morales-Núñez ◽  
José Francisco Muñoz-Valle ◽  
Carlos Meza-López ◽  
Lin-Fa Wang ◽  
Andrea Carolina Machado Sulbarán ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Antibody Production ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Vaccination Program ◽  
Expected Result ◽  
Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
The Usa

The main expected result of a vaccine against viruses is the ability to produce neutralizing antibodies. Currently, several vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are being applied to prevent mortal complications, being Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2) one of the first to be authorized in the USA and Mexico (11 December 2020). This study evaluated the efficacy of this vaccine on antibody production with neutralizing capacity and its side effects in healthcare workers with and without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and in a group of unvaccinated individuals with prior COVID-19. The main findings are the production of 100% neutralizing antibodies in both groups after the second dose, well-tolerated adverse effects, the possible presence of immunosenescence, and finally, we support that a single dose of this vaccine in individuals with prior COVID-19 would be sufficient to achieve an immunization comparable to people without prior COVID-19 with a complete vaccination program (2 doses).

Short-term adverse effects of testosterone used for priming in prepubertal boys before growth hormone stimulation test

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Albrecht ◽  
Theresa Penger ◽  
Michaela Marx ◽  
Karin Hirsch ◽  
Helmuth G. Dörr
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Side Effect ◽  
Serum Testosterone ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Effect Rate ◽  
Testosterone Levels ◽  
Testicular Pain ◽  
Prepubertal Boys

AbstractBackground:Despite the fact that priming with sex steroids in prepubertal children before growth hormone (GH) provocative tests is recommended, there is an ongoing controversial discussion about the appropriate age of the children, the drug used for priming, the dose and the period between priming and the GH test. Interestingly, there is no discussion on the safety of this procedure. To date, only little data have been available on the possible side effects of priming with testosterone.Methods:We analyzed the outcome in 188 short-statured prepubertal boys who had been primed with testosterone enanthate (n=136: 50 mg; n=51: 125 mg, and accidentally one boy with 250 mg) 7 days prior to the GH test. Serum testosterone levels were measured on the day of the GH test in 99 boys.Results:Overall, only five boys developed adverse side effects. Two boys (dose 125 mg) showed severe low-flow priapism and had to undergo decompression of the corpora cavernosa. One boy suffered from self-limiting priapism and testicular pain (dose 50 mg). Two patients reported testicular pain (each dose 50 mg). The single patient with 250 mg testosterone did not show any adverse effects. The total side effect rate was 2.7%. The serum testosterone levels of the boys with side effects were not different from the testosterone levels of the boys without any side effects.Conclusions:Parents and patients should be informed about the possible side effects of priming with testosterone such as priapism and testicular pain. However, the overall side effect rate is low. We found no correlation between the outcome and the testosterone dose used and/or the level of serum testosterone.

scholarly journals Mesalazine (5-aminosalicylic acid) induced chronic hepatitis

Gut ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 886-888 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Deltenre ◽  
A Berson ◽  
P Marcellin ◽  
C Degott ◽  
M Biour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Hepatitis ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Liver Dysfunction ◽  
Liver Enzymes ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Aminosalicylic Acid ◽  
Safe Alternative ◽  
Release Formulation ◽  
Slow Release Formulation

BACKGROUNDTreatment of ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease with sulphasalazine causes several adverse effects, including hepatitis. Sulphasalazine is cleaved by colonic bacteria into 5-aminosalicylic acid and sulphapyridine. Received wisdom was that 5-aminosalicylic acid was topically active, whereas sulphapyridine was absorbed and caused immunoallergic side effects. Mesalazine, a slow release formulation of 5-aminosalicylic acid, was expected to be a safe alternative. However, several cases of acute hepatitis have been reported.CASE REPORTA 65 year old man had increased liver enzymes, anti-nuclear and anti-smooth muscle autoantibodies and IgG levels, and lesions of chronic hepatitis after 21 months of mesalazine treatment. Although liver dysfunction had been identified eight months earlier, simvastatin rather than mesalazine had been withdrawn, without any improvement. In contrast, liver enzyme and IgG levels became normal and autoantibodies disappeared after discontinuation of mesalazine administration.CONCLUSIONContrary to initial expectations, mesalazine can cause most of the sulphasalazine induced adverse effects, and hepatic side effects may be almost as frequent. When liver dysfunction occurs, mesalazine administration should be discontinued to avoid the development of chronic hepatitis and liver fibrosis.

COVID-19: Are Experimental Drugs Cure or Ill?

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bensu Karahalil ◽  
Aylin Elkama
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Antiviral Treatment ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Experimental Drugs ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
The World

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new strain of coronavirus. It is characterized by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It has quickly influenced all over the world since it spreads easily. Common symptoms are fever, cough, difficulty in breathing and muscle aches. Despite the urgent need to find an effective antiviral treatment, already available agents are being used alone or in combination all over the world. At the beginning of the pandemic, death rates of infection caused by COVID-19 are high but "is COVID-19 responsible for all deaths?", or “are there any contributions of the frequently used drugs in this period to these deaths?” Surely herd immunity plays a major role and has the contribution in the decline in mortality rates. Meanwhile, it is kept in mind that due to safety concerns, changes have also been made to the dosage and combined use of frequently used drugs. Objective: In this review, answers to two questions above and the safety of treatments, toxicities of agents involving chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, favipiravir, lopiravir/ritonavir, sarilumab, tocilizumab, siltuximab, corticosteroids and bromhexine which are the most frequently used in both Turkey and all over the world will be summarized. Conclusion: Among these drugs favipiravir seems the most promising drug due to more tolerable adverse effects. More clinical trials with large sample sizes are needed to find the most effective and safe drug for COVID-19 treatment.

Cardiovascular risks in patients with psoriasis (literature review)

2021 ◽  
pp. 12-17
Author(s):  
A. A. Hotko ◽  
N. S. Rudneva
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Cardiovascular Risks ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Pathology ◽  
Lipoprotein Composition ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship

The article is of an overview nature and contains up-to-date information on comorbid cardiovascular pathology in psoriasis. Various studies have shown that psoriasis is associated with a higher prevalence of CVD risk factors, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. The relationship between the severity of psoriasis and the risk of cardiovascular disease, as well as the prognostic risks with mortality rates, are discussed. Proposed common pathogenetic mechanisms include genetic factors, inflammatory pathways, adipokine secretion, insulin resistance, lipoprotein composition and function, angiogenesis, oxidative stress, and hypercoagulability.

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