COVID-19: Are Experimental Drugs Cure or Ill?

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bensu Karahalil ◽  
Aylin Elkama
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Antiviral Treatment ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Experimental Drugs ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
The World

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new strain of coronavirus. It is characterized by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It has quickly influenced all over the world since it spreads easily. Common symptoms are fever, cough, difficulty in breathing and muscle aches. Despite the urgent need to find an effective antiviral treatment, already available agents are being used alone or in combination all over the world. At the beginning of the pandemic, death rates of infection caused by COVID-19 are high but "is COVID-19 responsible for all deaths?", or “are there any contributions of the frequently used drugs in this period to these deaths?” Surely herd immunity plays a major role and has the contribution in the decline in mortality rates. Meanwhile, it is kept in mind that due to safety concerns, changes have also been made to the dosage and combined use of frequently used drugs. Objective: In this review, answers to two questions above and the safety of treatments, toxicities of agents involving chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, favipiravir, lopiravir/ritonavir, sarilumab, tocilizumab, siltuximab, corticosteroids and bromhexine which are the most frequently used in both Turkey and all over the world will be summarized. Conclusion: Among these drugs favipiravir seems the most promising drug due to more tolerable adverse effects. More clinical trials with large sample sizes are needed to find the most effective and safe drug for COVID-19 treatment.

COVID-19 infection: A review of summarized Clinical trials study for the treatment

Coronaviruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Afzal Hussain ◽  
Ashfaq Hussain ◽  
Chandan Kumar Verma
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Antiviral Treatment ◽  
Pharmaceutical Drugs ◽  
The World ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanate ◽  
Bevacizumab Injection

Background: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a widely infectious and pathogenic viral infection due to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that has arisen in Wuhan, China, and spread throughout the world. Coronavirus is indeed an enveloped RNA virus of the genus Betacoronavirus, which is transmitted to birds, humans as well as other mammals. The fastest human to human transition has been generally established. On July 19, 2020, WHO has been reported total confirmed cases: 1,40, 43,176, total confirmed new cases: 1,66,735, total deaths: 5,97,583, total new deaths: 4,496 globally. Material & Methods: In this review, the Clinical trial database is analyzed and systematically summarized drugs which are in the recruiting phase and the completion phase of the clinical trial. Results: Total 383 clinical trials are listed, involving more than 350 medicines such as Deferoxamine, Favipiravir, DAS181, Tocilizumab Injection, Sarilumab, Placebo, Sildenafil citrate tablets, Sargramostim, Lopinavir/ritonavir, Remdesivir, Bevacizumab, Tetrandrine, Fingolimod, Methylprednisolone, Plaquenil, Tocilizumab, Hydroxychloroquine, Abidol hydrochloride, Bevacizumab Injection, Methylprednisolone, Amoxicillin-clavulanate, Moxifloxacin, Sarilumab, Darunavir, and Cobicistat, etc. Conclusion: There is no commercially authorized antiviral treatment or vaccine suitable for use against COVID-19. However, Clinical trials represent an effective approach because they facilitate the development of new types of pharmaceutical drugs.

scholarly journals Drug-Drug Interaction between Psychiatric Medications and Experimental Treatments for Coronavirus Disease-19: A Mini-Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (T1) ◽  
pp. 216-228
Author(s):  
Hananeh Baradaran ◽  
Nazanin Gorgzadeh ◽  
Houman Seraj ◽  
Anahita Asadi ◽  
Danial Shamshirian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Drug Interaction ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Mood Stabilizers ◽  
Care Staff ◽  
Experimental Drugs ◽  
The World ◽  
Sedative Hypnotics ◽  
Experimental Treatments

The pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID)-2019 has been affected many people all around the world. Patients with mental disorders are not as safe as others; also, they might be more vulnerable in such situations. These patients take various medications, which can lead to numerous drug-drug interactions with experimental drugs uses against COVID-19. According to the potential critical interactions, we reviewed the reputable databases to find the interactions between main categories of psychiatric medications (e.g., antidepressants, anti-psychotics, sedative/hypnotics, and mood stabilizers) when used in concomitant with COVID-19 experimental agents (e.g., hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir, atazanavir, and chloroquine). We hope the list provided in this review helps the clinical care staff in treating patients with mental illness infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 during the COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals Uncontrolled mass use of hydroxychloroquine

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 396-398
Author(s):  
Tugolbai Tagaev ◽  
Sagynali Mamatov ◽  
Farida Imanalieva ◽  
Vityala Yethindra ◽  
Altynai Zhumabekova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Medical Advice ◽  
Therapeutic Drug ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Weak Base ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has previously been shown to inhibit coronavirus replication in vitro. But antiviral properties mechanisms are not well known, HCQ is a weak base that accumulates in lysosomes, modifies their pH, and interferes with some enzymes. In the lack of confirmed efficacy, the initial potential risk is not to expose patients to adverse effects. However, results from preliminary clinical studies have drawn inconclusive results regarding the efficacy of HCQ in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), due to several important weaknesses in research methodologies. Hypokalemia often occurs in patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), possibly due to the particular tropism of SARS-CoV-2 with regard to Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The wide use of HCQ, even against medical advice, will show an impact on ongoing clinical trials. It is important that we can recruite COVID-19 patients in these research studies to generate appropriate data regarding drugs that show promising efficacy against COVID-19. Currently, only doctors should be allowed to prescribe HCQ, and treatment should be confined to hospital settings, with proper cardiac and therapeutic drug monitoring.

scholarly journals Effect of the Demographic of Covid-19 on Different Countries; Using the USA for Comparism

2021 ◽  
Vol 04 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Oyepata Simeon ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Infected Person ◽  
Robust Immune Response ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Many

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. The virus that causes COVID-19 spreads mainly when an infected person is in close contact with another person. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of COVID-19 on different countries, using USA as comparism factor. Ninety four countries were selected based on their continents, countries and cases of infection. Data from each country were obtained from United Nations Geoscheme and WHO and were analyzed and compared to that of the United State of America (USA). Data analyzed revealed that most countries in Africa appears to be least affected by the virus. Data also revealed that many countries have been able to understand and manage the spread and infectivity of the virus compared to the USA. Result from the study also showed that the many countries have been able to improve on managing the infection when compared to USA mortality. This may be due to among other factors a more robust immune response, herd immunity and united approach in the management of the disease. The result also helps to provide insight as to how significant developing and providing vaccine may be to this part of the world. Result from the study suggests that while Africa has a better immunity for the virus, there seems to be improvement the management of disease by other continent.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Vaccines in Pakistan: Efficacy, Adverse Effects and Availability

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-130
Author(s):  
Soma Siddique ◽  
Shaheer Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Pain On Injection ◽  
The World

In this review article, we aim to document the efficacy, adverse effects, mode of action, required doses, and availability of the major vaccines available in Pakistan till 20 May 2021. We reviewed all available literature on COVID-19 vaccines in PubMed and Google scholar. We also reviewed articles from grey literature. Currently, Pfizer–BioNTech and Moderna, Sinopharm (China), Sputnik V (Russia), CoronaVac (popularly known as Sinovac) (China), Cansino, and Vaxzevria vaccines have been authorized for emergency use in several countries. Pakistan has sanctioned the use of all the aforementioned vaccines except Pfizer and Moderna. As per their efficacy, Pfizer and Moderna have been found most effective among all the vaccines with 95% effectiveness, while the Vaxzevria, Sputnik V, Sinopharm, and Cansino have shown 70%, 91.6%, 79.34%, and 90% effectiveness, respectively. All the vaccines have shown milder side effects like headache, fever, and pain on injection sites. To curb the pandemic, more clinical trials are being conducted throughout the world. Importantly public awareness is warranted to achieve the target of vaccinating a large population.

scholarly journals Understanding the Molecular Mechanism(s) of SARS-CoV2 Infection and Propagation in Human to Discover Potential Preventive and Therapeutic Approach

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dhruv Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Molecular Mechanism ◽  
Therapeutic Approach ◽  
Hubei Province ◽  
Human Cells ◽  
Huge Number ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

In December 2019, outbreak of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) occurred in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China and exported across the world leading to thousands of deaths and millions of suspected cases. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) infection into the host undergoes a huge number of complex replicative machineries which still remains unclear. Understanding the mechanism (s) of replication and mode of infection of SARS-CoV2 to human cells will help us in the development of novel vaccines or drugs for the eradication and prevention of the disease. This review compiles the knowledge of SARS-CoV2 replicative machinery, mode of infection to the human cells and the development of drugs and vaccines which are currently under clinical trials.

scholarly journals The LIFE CYCLE OF COVID-19 STAGES AND TREATMENT

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ripu Daman M. Singh ◽  
Nida Malim ◽  
Aves Raza Khan ◽  
Huda Khan ◽  
Nauman Khatib ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Clinical Recovery ◽  
The World ◽  
Autoimmune Conditions ◽  
Viral Outbreak

The coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is a highly transmittable and pathogenic viral infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)bat viruses, therefore bats could be the possible primary reservoir , which emerged in Wuhan, China and spread around the world. The intermediate source of origin and transfer to humans is not known, however, the rapid human to human transfer has been confirmed widely. There is no clinically approved antiviral drug or vaccine available to be used against COVID-19. However, few broad-spectrum antiviral drugs have been evaluated against COVID-19 in clinical trials, resulted in clinical recovery. We also discuss the approaches for  therapeutic combinations to cope with this viral outbreak. Chloroquine has been sporadically used in treating SARS-CoV-2 infection. Hydroxychloroquine shares the same mechanism of action as chloroquine, but its more tolerable safety profile makes it the preferred drug to treat malaria and autoimmune conditions. We propose that the immunomodulatory effect of hydroxychloroquine also may be useful in controlling the cytokine storm that occurs late-phase in critically ill SARS-CoV-2 infected patients.

scholarly journals Medicines for the Treatment Of COVID-19: Awaiting the Evidence

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 500
Author(s):  
Natalia Marto ◽  
Emília C. Monteiro
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Off Label Use ◽  
Promising Candidate ◽  
Off Label ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Investigational Drugs ◽  
The World ◽  
Repurposed Drugs

The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is the cause of Coronavirus Disease 2019, a new illness with no effective treatment or vaccine that has reached pandemic proportions. In this document, we analyze how health authorities and agencies around the world position themselves regarding the off-label use of repurposed drugs or new investigational drugs to treat Coronavirus Disease 2019. We review the most promising candidate medicines, including available evidence, clinical recommendations and current options for access. Our concluding remarks stress the importance of administering off-label and investigational drugs in the setting of clinical trials, or at least in standardized scenarios, to generate as much scientific knowledge as achievable while engaging in the best efforts to treat patients and save lives.

Remdesivir, A Potential Drug for COVID-19 Treatment: A New Hope

Coronaviruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuldeep Singh ◽  
Dilpreet Singh ◽  
Karan Razdan
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Rna Polymerase ◽  
Recovery Rate ◽  
Potential Drug ◽  
Regulatory Status ◽  
The World ◽  
Polymerase Inhibitor

Objective: Coronavirus Diease-2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic outbreak in the world and is the leading cause of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). Methods: Currently, many drugs/therapies have been tested for COVID-19 which responded sub optimally to the patients. Remdesivir is a RNA polymerase inhibitor found promising results in ongoing clinical trials and shows faster recovery rate in COVID-19 patients. Currently, USFDA approves for emergent use of this drug in severe COVID-19 patients. Results: In this review, we discussed brief overview of biopharmaceutical and pharmacological aspects of Remdesivir. Moreover, ongoing regulatory status of Remdesivir by official bodies has also been described.

Options for COVID-19 therapeutics: Aerosolized inhalation antibody-conjugated Nano particles.

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (8) ◽  
pp. 4-16
Author(s):  
Humphrey Simukokoa ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Nano Particles ◽  
Gaseous Exchange ◽  
The World ◽  
Nano Medicine ◽  
Higher Doses ◽  
Antibody Technology

The world is currently faced with a very serious crisis to deal with the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 or Covid-19) pandemic which started in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and has since spread throughout the world, wreaking havoc in many countries. Several efforts are being made to control the spread of the disease around the world and to find a cure or vaccine. As researchers frantically endeavor to identify remedies for covid19, there is the need to identify therapies that offer the quickest, safest actions and remedies that are relatively cheap. We propose the use of aerosolized inhalation antibody conjugated nanoparticles for the treatment of covid-19. It is hypothesized in this proposal that the conjugation of nanoparticles with antibodies and delivering the antibody-nanoparticle conjugate as an aerosol via the respiratory tract would provide the quickest and possibly more efficient and relatively cheap remedy against covid-19. The advantage of the inhalation route for delivering antibody conjugated nanoparticles is that since the medication is delivered directly to the affected site, higher doses will be delivered to the site with reduced systemic toxicity and reduced adverse effects on gaseous exchange. Our hypothesis is based on the current knowledge and observations in the areas of monoclonal antibody technology, advances in nanotechnology and Nano medicine as well as advances in inhalation therapeutics.

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