A REVIEW ON COVID-19: ORIGIN, SYMPTOMS, PRECAUTION, AND RECENT UPDATE OF COVID-19 AND DATABASE SURVEY OF EIGHT COUNTRIES ON PANDEMIC CORONAVIRUS DISEASE

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a communicable disease caused with newly discovered severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus that causes COVID-19 is mainly transmitted through droplets generated when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or exhales. These droplets are too heavy to suspend in the air and quickly fall on floors or surfaces. Persons can be infected by touching contaminated surface and then to touching their eyes, nose, or mouth. This disease since December 2019 when first was identified spread globally, resulting in the on-going 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic. As of May 8, 2020, more than 3,916,338 cases have been reported across 185 countries and territories, resulting in more than 270,711 deaths. More than 1,343,054 people have recovered. The purpose of this review article was to study preventive and measurable actions implemented by the respective countries nationwide to prevent COVID-19’s severity, spread, and mortality. The most affected nations were the USA, Spain, Italy, the UK, France, and Germany, and less affected India, whereas countries like New Zealand were not much affected. To this date, India was able to control spread of COVID-19 due to early measurable preventive control on this disease. The study including recovered rate of disease, growth rate of disease, and mortality rate was carried out for these countries. The study proved that measurable actions such as lockdown imposing and social distance maintenance were effective to prevent spread of COVID-19 and would be effective, as currently, there is no vaccine or specific antiviral treatment for this.

Download Full-text

Hyperglycaemic crises in adult patients with diabetes mellitus

Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes ◽

10.1093/med/9780199235292.003.1460 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 1874-1888 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Abbas E. Kitabchi ◽

Ebenezer Nyenwe

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Mortality Rate ◽

Incidence Rate ◽

Hospital Admissions ◽

Population Based ◽

Patients With Diabetes ◽

The Usa ◽

The Uk

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperosmolar nonketotic state (HONK; also referred to, in the USA, as hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state) are the two most serious, potentially fatal acute metabolic complications of diabetes mellitus. In the USA, the annual incidence rate for DKA ranges from 4.6 to 8 episodes per 1000 patients with diabetes of all ages, and 13.4 per 1000 patients in subjects younger than 30 years old (1). The incidence rate in the USA is comparable to the rates in Europe, with estimates of 13.6 per 1000 patients with type 1 diabetes in the UK (2), and 14.9 per 1000 patients with type 1 diabetes in Sweden (3). In the USA, hospitalization for DKA has risen by more than 30% in the last decade, with DKA accounting for approximately 1 35 000 hospital admissions in 2006 (4). The incidence of HONK is difficult to determine because of the lack of population–based studies and the multiple combined illnesses often found in these patients. In general, it is estimated that the rate of hospital admissions due to HONK is lower than it is for DKA and HONK accounts for less than 1% of all primary diabetic admissions (5). The mortality rate in patients with DKA has significantly decreased in experienced centres since the advent of low-dose insulin and appropriate fluid-/electrolyte-replacement protocols. Among adults with DKA in the USA, the overall mortality rate is less than 1% (4). A trend toward remarkable reduction in mortality from DKA has been reported in Europe as well, with one UK university recording no deaths among 46 patients who were admitted for DKA between 1997 and 1999 (2). The incidence and mortality of DKA remains high in developing countries, owing to socioeconomic factors. For instance, in Nairobi, Kenya, the incidence of DKA was about 80 per 1000 hospitalized diabetic patients in a study reported in 2005, and mortality rate was as high as 30% (6). The mortality rate of patients with HONK remains high even in the developed world, at approximately 11%. The prognosis of both conditions is substantially worsened with increased age, presence of coma, and hypotension (7). Despite threat to life, DKA is also expensive, with estimated annual direct and indirect cost of 2 billion US dollars (8).

Download Full-text

In defiance of an ageing culture

Ageing and Society ◽

10.1017/s0144686x9900728x ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 139-148 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

MIKE HEPWORTH

Keyword(s):

Social Construction ◽

Old Age ◽

Social Constructionism ◽

Review Article ◽

Recent Book ◽

Middle Years ◽

The Social ◽

The Usa ◽

The Uk

Margaret Morganroth Gullette, Declining to Decline: Cultural Combat and the Politics of the Midlife. Charlottesville and London: University Press of Virginia 1997, 276pp, $29.95 cloth ISBN 0-8139-1721-2.Margaret Morganroth Gullette is one of America's foremost critics of the concept of ageing as a universal and comprehensive process of decline which begins in the middle years. She is a formidable critic of biological essentialism, defender of social constructionism, and opponent of ‘middle ageism’. Her most recent book, published in 1997 and not yet available in the UK, has been widely acclaimed in the USA. This review article describes Gullette's analysis of the social construction of decline in the context of her previous writings on midlife and outlines her strategy for combatting the decline model of ageing into old age.

Download Full-text

Nutritional impacts of a fruit and vegetable subsidy programme for disadvantaged Australian Aboriginal children

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114513001700 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 110 (12) ◽

pp. 2309-2317 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Andrew P. Black ◽

Hassan Vally ◽

Peter Morris ◽

Mark Daniel ◽

Adrian Esterman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin C ◽

Communicable Disease ◽

Healthy Food ◽

Controlled Study ◽

Fruit And Vegetable ◽

The Usa ◽

Food Subsidies ◽

The Uk ◽

Aboriginal Children ◽

The Impact

Healthy food subsidy programmes have not been widely implemented in high-income countries apart from the USA and the UK. There is, however, interest being expressed in the potential of healthy food subsidies to complement nutrition promotion initiatives and reduce the social disparities in healthy eating. Herein, we describe the impact of a fruit and vegetable (F&V) subsidy programme on the nutritional status of a cohort of disadvantaged Aboriginal children living in rural Australia. A before-and-after study was used to assess the nutritional impact in 174 children whose families received weekly boxes of subsidised F&V organised through three Aboriginal medical services. The nutritional impact was assessed by comparing 24 h dietary recalls and plasma carotenoid and vitamin C levels at baseline and after 12 months. A general linear model was used to assess the changes in biomarker levels and dietary intake, controlled for age, sex, community and baseline levels. Baseline assessment in 149 children showed low F&V consumption. Significant increases (P< 0·05) in β-cryptoxanthin (28·9 nmol/l, 18 %), vitamin C (10·1 μmol/l, 21 %) and lutein–zeaxanthin (39·3 nmol/l, 11 %) levels were observed at the 12-month follow-up in 115 children, although the self-reported F&V intake was unchanged. The improvements in the levels of biomarkers of F&V intake demonstrated in the present study are consistent with increased F&V intake. Such dietary improvements, if sustained, could reduce non-communicable disease rates. A controlled study of healthy food subsidies, together with an economic analysis, would facilitate a thorough assessment of the costs and benefits of subsidising healthy foods for disadvantaged Aboriginal Australians.

Download Full-text

Effect of level of protein supplementation on growth, body composition and fibre characteristics of british angora goats

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) ◽

10.1017/s0308229600021085 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 1991 ◽

pp. 158-158

Author(s):

Md Shahjalal ◽

H Galbraith ◽

J H Topps ◽

J M Cooper

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Body Composition ◽

Protein Supplementation ◽

Protein Utilization ◽

Animal Products ◽

Protein Supplements ◽

The Usa ◽

Angora Goats ◽

The Uk ◽

Fibre Characteristics

The growing need to diversify animal agriculture in the UK has increased interest in the production of Fibre and meat from goats. Protein supplements are among the most expensive of feed ingredients in animals ration and the efficiency of protein utilization is of considerable importance in the economical production of animal products such as meat, Fibre or milk. Previous studies (e.g. Huston etal, 1971; Huston, 1980 in the USA; Shahjalal et al, 1990a in the UK) have suggested that protein supplementation can influence growth rate and fibre characteristics of Angora goats. The aim of the work reported here was to provide more detailed information on the effect of level of protein supplementation on growth performance, carcass yield and fibre characteristics of British Angora goats.

Download Full-text

Democracy in the prison of political science

International Political Science Review ◽

10.1177/0192512120932435 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 019251212093243

Author(s):

Felipe Antunes de Oliveira

Keyword(s):

Political Science ◽

Review Article ◽

Science Literature ◽

Donald Trump ◽

Disciplinary Boundaries ◽

The Core ◽

Individual Traits ◽

The Usa ◽

The Uk ◽

Societal Dynamics

After the Brexit vote and the election of Donald Trump, a widespread perception emerged that the world was witnessing a crisis of liberal democracy. Not surprisingly, said crisis is at the core of a new batch of political science literature. This review article takes stock of some key contributions to the literature, namely Albright (2018), Levitsky and Ziblatt (2018), Norris and Inglehart (2018), Runciman (2018a) and Eatwell and Goodwin (2018). My key argument is that the reviewed books are fundamentally limited by problematic ontological assumptions stemming from artificial disciplinary boundaries. Privileging either individual traits of authoritarian leaders or the very specific experience of the USA or the UK, they fail to capture varied, yet deeply interconnected international expressions of contemporary authoritarianism. Following Justin Rosenberg’s open invitation to place the concept of multiplicity at the centre of a renewed research agenda, I suggest that a more holistic take on the crisis of democracy requires a renewed attention to inter-societal dynamics.

Download Full-text

Susceptibility of enterococci and epidemiology of enterococcal infections in the 1980s

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268800030806 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 103 (3) ◽

pp. 403-413 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

R. C. George ◽

A. H. C. Uttley

Keyword(s):

Disease Surveillance ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Communicable Disease ◽

Sensu Stricto ◽

Laboratory Service ◽

Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations ◽

Enterococcal Infection ◽

The Usa ◽

The Uk ◽

High Level

Enterococcisensu strictoform part of the normal gut flora (1) and may be found in the mouth, vagina and anterior urethra (2). They are opportunist pathogens which can cause serious infection including endocarditis. Nosocomial enterococcal infection appears to be increasing both in the UK (Public Health Laboratory Service [PHLS] Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre [CDSC], unpublished) and the USA (3) and to correspond to usage of broad spectrum β-lactam antimicrobial agents (4−7) and invasive surgical devices (8, 9). At the same time, the incidence of enterococci resistant or tolerant to previously commonly employed antimicrobial agents or their synergistic combinations is increasing and is compromising therapy of serious enterococcal infection. Strains of enterococci with high-level resistance to streptomycin and kanamycin (minimal inhibitory concentrations [MICs] > 2000 mg/L) were first reported in 1970 (10, 11) and rapidly became widespread (8, 12−14).

Download Full-text

Positive rates predict death rates of Covid-19 locally and worldwide 13 days ahead

10.1101/2020.11.24.20237842 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Jürgen Mimkes ◽

Rainer Janssen

Keyword(s):

Mortality Rate ◽

State Health ◽

Death Rates ◽

Positive Ratio ◽

Health Authorities ◽

Positive Rate ◽

The Usa ◽

The Media ◽

The Uk ◽

Seriously Ill

SummaryIn the Covid-19-pandemic, the numbers of deceased do not consistently follow the number of new infections. The CFR mortality has declined in Germany from 5 % to 0.4 %. However, if we interpret the portion of positive tests as a positive rate, we find the positive rate and the numbers of deceased to run parallel with an offset of about 13 days. This has been observed worldwide in ten other countries and locally in Germany and North Rhine-Westphalia. In Germany the IFR mortality is about 29 per one million inhabitants, in the USA about 42, in Israel about 17, in the Netherlands 23, in Austria 27, in France 33, in Spain 36, in the UK 47 and Italy about 56 per million inhabitants. In Japan and South-Korea the mortality rate is only about 3 per million inhabitants, with an offset of about 25 days.The daily positive ratio, which is reported by state health authorities, allows to estimate the number of deaths (and seriously ill people) about 13 days ahead. This gives local hospitals more time for detailed planning. The daily positive rate may be interpreted as a “thermometer” of the respective country. The positive rate gives a much better picture of the state of the pandemic and should be reported by the media in addition to infection numbers. In official guidelines a 7-day-positive-rate is a much better guideline than the 7-day-incidence.

Download Full-text

An early mainstream economist from Hungary: István Varga (1897–1962)

Acta Oeconomica ◽

10.1556/aoecon.53.2003.2.4 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 53 (2) ◽

pp. 195-213 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

K. Majoros

Keyword(s):

Austrian Economic ◽

National Income ◽

Anglo Saxon ◽

Turbulent Times ◽

The Usa ◽

New Ideas ◽

Modern Economic ◽

The Uk ◽

Economic Thinking ◽

Lasting Influence

The study introduces a Hungarian economic thinker, István Varga*, whose valuable activity has remained unexplored up to now. He became an economic thinker during the 1920s, in a country that had not long before become independent of Austria. The role played by Austria in the modern economic thinking of that time was a form of competition with the thought adhered to by the UK and the USA. Hungarian economists mainly interpreted and commented on German and Austrian theories, reasons for this being that, for example, the majority of Hungarian economists had studied at German and Austrian universities, while at Hungarian universities principally German and Austrian economic theories were taught. István Varga was familiar not only with contemporary German economics but with the new ideas of Anglo-Saxon economics as well — and he introduced these ideas into Hungarian economic thinking. He lived and worked in turbulent times, and historians have only been able to appreciate his activity in a limited manner. The work of this excellent economist has all but been forgotten, although he was of international stature. After a brief summary of Varga’s profile the study will demonstrate the lasting influence he has had in four areas — namely, business cycle research and national income estimations, the 1946 Hungarian stabilisation program, corporate profit, and consumption economics — and will go on to summarise his most important achievements.

Download Full-text