scholarly journals EVALUATION OF THE IMMUNOMODULATORY ACTIVITY OF THE ALCOHOLIC EXTRACTS OF RUTA GRAVEOLENS LEAVES

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 332
Author(s):  
Pinkee Pandey ◽  
Archana Mehta ◽  
Subhadip Hajra
Keyword(s):  
Oral Administration ◽  
Delayed Type Hypersensitivity ◽  
Immunomodulatory Activity ◽  
Neutrophil Adhesion ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Ruta Graveolens ◽  
Concentration Dependent Manner ◽  
Significant Stimulation ◽  
Dose Dependent

Objective: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of the alcoholic extracts of Ruta graveolens leaves in vivo.Methods: Immunomodulatory activity was determined by neutrophil adhesion test, phagocytic activity, haemagglutinating antibody (HA) titre and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response.Results: Oral administration of the extracts (50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg bw, p. o) evoked a significant (**P<0.01) increased in percent of neutrophil adhesion to nylon fibers. Both the extracts were also increased the antibody titre in a dose-dependent manner. Oral administration of both the compound significantly (**P<0.01) potentiated delayed type hypersensitivity reaction induced by sheep red blood cells and response towards phagocytosis in carbon clearance assay. In this study indicated that leaves extracts possesses potent immune-modulatory activity in a concentration-dependent manner. The response was statistically significant when compared with the control (*P<0.05, **P<0.01).Conclusion: The study stated that Ruta graveolens leaves extracts showed a significant stimulation of the cell-mediated immunity as well as humoral immunity. Further investigations are required to determine its active constituents and also its mechanism of action.

Immunomodulatory activity of Alcoholic extracts of Tinospora cordifolia Stem

2021 ◽  
pp. 73-77
Author(s):  
Sanjiv Kumar Biradar ◽  
Chandra Kishore Tyagi
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Models ◽  
Tinospora Cordifolia ◽  
Delayed Type Hypersensitivity ◽  
Phagocytic Index ◽  
Immunomodulatory Activity ◽  
Neutrophil Adhesion ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Medicinal Value ◽  
Carbon Clearance

Tinospora cordifolia is a plant well known for its medicinal value in Indian ayurveda and Indian traditional medicine system. However, to prove its efficiency for the clinical utilization, more experimental data will be beneficial. In the present investigation, evaluated the immunomodulatory activity of the alcoholic extracts of Tinospora cordifolia stem on various in-vivo experimental models such as neutrophil adhesion test, phagocytic index by carbon clearance test, Hemagglutinating antibody (HA) titre and delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses. The evaluation of immunomodulatory potential by oral administration of alcoholic stem extracts (50, 100, 200 and 300mg/kg b.w, p.o) evoked a significant increase in percent neutrophil adhesion to nylon fibers as well as a dose dependent increased in antibody titre values, and potentiated delayed type hypersensitivity reaction induced by sheep red blood cells and significant response towards phagocytosis in carbon clearance assay (*p<0.05, *p<0.01, ***p<0.001). This may be due to concentrations of active phytochemicals present in particular plant extract. Hence, it was concluded that the plant extracts increased humoral as well as cell mediated immunity.

The P-element-induced silencing effect of KP transposons is dose dependent in Drosophila melanogaster

Genome ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 752-762 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza Sameny ◽  
John Locke
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Mutagenic Effect ◽  
P Element ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Concentration Dependent Manner ◽  
P Elements ◽  
Single Well ◽  
Dose Dependent

Transposable elements are found in the genomes of all eukaryotes and play a critical role in altering gene expression and genome organization. In Drosophila melanogaster, transposable P elements are responsible for the phenomenon of hybrid dysgenesis. KP elements, a deletion-derivative of the complete P element, can suppress this mutagenic effect. KP elements can also silence the expression of certain other P-element-mediated transgenes in a process called P-element-dependent silencing (PDS), which is thought to involve the recruitment of heterochromatin proteins. To explore the mechanism of this silencing, we have mobilized KP elements to create a series of strains that contain single, well-defined KP insertions that show PDS. To understand the quantitative role of KP elements in PDS, these single inserts were combined in a series of crosses to obtain genotypes with zero, one, or two KP elements, from which we could examine the effect of KP gene dose. The extent of PDS in these genotypes was shown to be dose dependent in a logarithmic rather than linear fashion. A logarithmic dose dependency is consistent with the KP products interacting with heterochromatic proteins in a concentration-dependent manner such that two molecules are needed to induce gene silencing.

PMA-activated neutrophils decrease ectoenzyme activities in rabbit aortic endothelial cells in culture

1992 ◽  
Vol 263 (6) ◽  
pp. L657-L663
Author(s):  
X. Chen ◽  
M. Tzanela ◽  
M. K. Baumgartner ◽  
J. R. McCormick ◽  
J. D. Catravas
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Concentration Dependent Manner ◽  
Aortic Endothelial Cells ◽  
Endothelial Monolayers ◽  
Activated Neutrophils ◽  
Ace Activity ◽  
Dose Dependent Decrease ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Aortic Endothelial

We have studied the effects of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-activated neutrophils [polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN)] on endothelial ectoenzyme [angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and 5'-nucleotidase (NCT)] activities in cultured rabbit aortic endothelial cells (EC) with the use of [3H]benzoyl-Phe-Ala-Pro and 14C-labeled AMP as substrates, respectively, under first-order reaction conditions. PMA (1–1,000 ng/ml) or PMN alone had no effect on ACE activity. When PMA was incubated together with PMN (PMN/EC = 1.25:1 or 2.5 x 10(5) neutrophils/ml) for 4 h in Earle's salts, a PMA dose-dependent decrease in ACE activity was observed. Threshold PMA concentration was 2 ng/ml. At 8 ng PMA/ml, ACE activity was totally abolished, without any evidence of cytotoxicity, as inferred from release of 51Cr from prelabeled EC. The decrease in ACE activity was also dependent on PMN concentration and was detectable at PMN/EC values as low as 1.25:10 (0.25 x 10(5) PMN/ml). Inhibition of ACE occurred as early as 1 h after incubation (PMA 10 ng/ml, PMN/EC = 1.25:1). PMA alone caused a small but significant increase in NCT activity, whereas PMA coincubation with PMN produced a significant decrease in NCT activity (20–29%), which was PMA and PMN concentration independent. PMA increased PMN adherence to endothelial monolayers in a concentration-dependent manner. Pretreating PMN with monoclonal antibody 60.3 (raised against the adhesion glycoprotein CD18) or placing a 2-microns filter between PMN and EC, protected the decrease in ACE activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

scholarly journals Assessment of Chitosan-Rue (Ruta graveolens L.) Essential Oil-Based Coatings on Refrigerated Cape Gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) Quality

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 2684
Author(s):  
María González-Locarno ◽  
Yarley Maza Pautt ◽  
Alberto Albis ◽  
Edwin Florez López ◽  
Carlos David Grande Tovar
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
Edible Coatings ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Ruta Graveolens ◽  
Concentration Dependent Manner ◽  
Physalis Peruviana ◽  
Dpph Method ◽  
Cape Gooseberry

Cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) is one of the main exotic fruits in demand throughout the world market. However, this fruit has problems with physical and microbial decay causing losses up to thirty percent during post-harvest stage and market storage. As an alternative for conservation, technologies based on edible coatings of biopolymers incorporating essential oils have been developed. In this paper we studied the effect of edible coatings based on chitosan (CS) and Ruta graveolens L. essential oil (RGEO) at different concentrations applied on the surface gooseberries at 18 ± 2 °C. The emulsions exhibited a reduction in the viscosity and the particle size with the increasing in the RGEO amount (from 124.7 cP to 26.0 cP for CS + RGEO 0.5% and CS + RGEO 1.5%, respectively). A lower weight loss was obtained for fruits coated with CS + RGEO 0.5% (12.7%) as compared to the uncoated (15%), while the maturity index increased in a lower amount for CS + RGEO coated than the uncoated fruits. The mesophyll growth was delayed three days after the coating applications for CS + RGEO 1.0% and 1.5%. At day twelve of the coating process, fruits with CS + RGEO 1.5% presented only 3.1 Log UFC/g of aerobic mesophylls and 2.9 Log UFC/g of molds and yeasts, while the uncoated fruits presented 4.2 Log UFC/g of aerobic mesophylls and 4.0 Log UFC/g of molds and yeasts, demonstrating a microbial barrier of the coatings incorporating RGEO in a concentration dependent manner. The CS + RGEO coating also preserve the antioxidant property of case gooseberries after twelve days of treatment under storage according to the 2,2′-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) results. It was demonstrated by the ABTS method that T5 antioxidant capacity from day one to day twelve only decreases from 55% to 44%, while in the uncoated fruits (T1) the antioxidant capacity decreased from 65% to 18%. On the other hand, using the DPPH method the reduction was from 73% to 24% for the uncoated samples and 55% to 43% for T5. From the sensorial analysis, we recommend the use of CS + RGEO 0.5% that was still accepted by the panelists after the sixth day of application. These results show the potential application of these coatings as postharvest treatment under storage and low temperature conditions during twelve days of treatment for cape gooseberry fruits.

scholarly journals Modulatory effect of antibiotics on cytokine production by human monocytes in vitro.

1996 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 1366-1370 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Morikawa ◽  
H Watabe ◽  
M Araake ◽  
S Morikawa
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Immunomodulatory Activity ◽  
Lymphocyte Function ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Human Monocytes ◽  
Concentration Dependent Manner ◽  
Cytokine Synthesis

Some antimicrobial agents have been reported to modify the host immune and inflammatory responses both in vivo and in vitro. Fosfomycin (FOM) and clarithromycin (CAM) have immunomodulatory activity on human lymphocyte function. In the present study, we examined the effects of FOM and CAM on cytokine synthesis by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human monocytes in comparison with that of dexamethasone in vitro. The three drugs demonstrated positive or negative effects on the synthesis of various cytokines by LPS-primed monocytes. They suppressed the synthesis of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1 alpha), IL-1 beta, the IL-1 receptor antagonist, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in a concentration-dependent manner at concentrations between 1.6 and 40 micrograms/ml. On the contrary, the drugs showed different actions on the synthesis of IL-6 and IL-10. Namely, FOM enhanced both IL-6 and IL-10 synthesis, CAM enhanced only IL-10 synthesis, but dexamethasone deeply suppressed the synthesis of both cytokines. These data indicate that antibacterial agents may modify acute-phase inflammatory responses through their effects on cytokine synthesis by monocytes.

scholarly journals Effect of Oral Administration of Emtricitabine on Woodchuck Hepatitis Virus Replication in Chronically Infected Woodchucks

2000 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 1757-1760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brent E. Korba ◽  
R. F. Schinazi ◽  
Paul Cote ◽  
Bud C. Tennant ◽  
John L. Gerin
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Hepatitis Virus ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Woodchuck Hepatitis Virus ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Effective Inhibitor ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Dose Dependent

ABSTRACT Emtricitabine [(−)FTC] [(−)-β-2′,3′-dideoxy-5-fluoro-3′-thiacytidine] has been shown to be an effective inhibitor of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in cell culture, with a potency and selectivity that are essentially identical to those of lamivudine. The antiviral activity of oral administration of (−)FTC against WHV replication in chronically infected woodchucks, an established and predictive model for antiviral therapy against HBV, was examined in a placebo-controlled study. (−)FTC significantly reduced viremia and intrahepatic WHV replication in a dose-dependent manner that was comparable to the antiviral activity of lamivudine observed in previous studies conducted by our laboratories. No effect on the levels of hepatic WHV RNA or the levels of woodchuck hepatitis surface antigen or anti-woodchuck hepatitis surface and core antibodies in the serum of the treated animals was observed. No evidence of drug-related toxicity was observed in any of the animals treated.

Differential inhibition of inflammatory cytokine release from cultured alveolar macrophages from smokers and non smokers by No2

1997 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 577-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiziana Dandrea ◽  
Ba Tu ◽  
Anders Blomberg ◽  
Thomas Sandström ◽  
Magnus Sköld ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Alveolar Macrophages ◽  
Exposure Model ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Concentration Dependent Manner ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Dependent Inhibition ◽  
Steady State Levels ◽  
Dose Dependent

Human alveolar macrophages (AMs) obtained from smokers and non-smokers by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were subjected to various concentrations of NO2 in an inverted monolayer exposure model. Culture super natants were collected 4 h after the exposure and assayed for secreted TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8 and MIP-1α. The steady state levels of the mRNAs for these cytokines were also analysed in the cells. The adherence of BAL cells to plastic prior to exposure to the gas elevated the steady state mRNA levels of all four cytokines tested in smoker's cells and that of TNF-α and IL-1β, but not IL-8 (MIP-1α not tested), in non-smoker's cells. Interestingly, adherent cells from non-smokers released circa 15-, 3-,1.5- and 3-fold the amounts of IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α and MIP-1α, respectively, than smoker's cells during control incubation or exposure to air. A 20 min exposure to NO2 (5 or 20 p.p.m.) did not increase the secretion of any of the cytokines from either cell type. In contrast, NO2 caused a concentration- dependent inhibition of the secretion of all cytokines except IL-1β from smoker's cells. Additionally, NO2 greatly diminished the release of all cytokines in response to further treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In contrast, only the secretion of TNF-α from non-smoker's cells was inhibited by the gas in a concentration- dependent manner, whilst LPS-induced secretion of the cytokines was not affected by the gas. The steady state levels of the respective mRNAs for each of the cytokines were not significantly affected in smoker's cells by exposure to NO2, except for a negative, dose-dependent trend in the case of TNF-α. Nitrogen dioxide also failed to elevate the levels of the mRNAs in non-smoker's cells but, again, tended to diminish the levels, particularly of IL-1β mRNA. However, exposure to the gas inhibited LPS- induced accumulation of cytokine mRNAs in smoker's cells only. The data suggest that macrophage-derived cytokine mediators of the sepsis response may not play a role in the generation of NO2-induced inflammation in the human lung. Conversely, the gas seems to non-specifically inhibit the release and/or production of cytokines, particularly from smoker's cells, at the post-transcrip tional level, and impairs the ability of the cells to increase the transcription and release of the cytokines in response to bacterial LPS. The fact that NO2 seriously impaired the already diminished capacity of smoker's cells to release several important pro-inflammatory cytokines, both under control conditions and in response to LPS, strongly suggest that the inhalation of NO2 in cigarette smoke may contribute to impairing host defence against infection in the lung.

scholarly journals Hemolytic activity and platelet aggregation inhibitory effect of vipoxin’s basic sPLA2 subunit

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 136-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silviya Stoykova ◽  
Yana Goranova ◽  
Ivayla Pantcheva ◽  
Vasil Atanasov ◽  
Dobri Danchev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Hemolytic Activity ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Concentration Dependent Manner ◽  
Erythrocyte Morphology ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Vipera Ammodytes

ABSTRACT In the present study we evaluated the effect of secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) (the toxic subunit of the heterodimeric neurotoxin vipoxin, isolated from the Bulgarian long-nosed viper Vipera ammodytes meridionalis) on hemolysis, erythrocyte morphology and platelet aggregation. Hemolytic activity of sPLA2 was examined in the presence of saturated (palmitic) and unsaturated (oleic) fatty acids and it was found that oleic acid increased the hemolytic activity of sPLA2 in a concentration-dependent manner, compared to the effect of palmitic acid and controls. The addition of heparin to red blood cells (RBC) suspension containing sPLA2 or mixture of sPLA2 and the corresponding fatty acid led to an inhibition of hemolytic activity. The effect of sPLA2 on RBC morphology resulted in formation of echinocytes (spherocyte subtype), suggesting that RBC could be the possible targets attacked by sPLA2. Vipoxin sPLA2 inhibited (in a dose-dependent manner) platelet aggregation when arachidonic acid and collagen were used as inducers, while in the case of ADP its inhibitory effect was inappreciable.

The human renin infused rat: use as an in vivo model for the biological evaluation of human renin inhibitors

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (11) ◽  
pp. 886-895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon Bolger ◽  
Jean-Claude Vigeant ◽  
Francine Liard ◽  
Bruno Simoneau ◽  
Diane Thibeault ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Administration ◽  
Pressor Response ◽  
Biological Evaluation ◽  
In Vivo Model ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Renin Inhibitors ◽  
Human Renin ◽  
Dose Dependent

The human renin infused rat model (HRIRM) was used as an in vivo small-animal model for evaluating the efficacy of a collection of inhibitors of human renin. The intravenous infusion of recombinant human renin (2.4 µg·kg-1·min-1) in the ganglion-blocked, nephrectomized rat produced a mean blood pressor response of 47 ± 3 mmHg (1 mmHg = 133.3 Pa), which was reduced by captopril, enalkiren, and losartan in a dose-dependent manner following oral administration, with ED50 values of 0.3 ± 0.1, 2.5 ± 0.9, and 5.2 ± 1.6 mg/kg, respectively. A series of peptidomimetic P2-P3 butanediamide renin inhibitors inhibited purified recombinant human renin in vitro in a concentration-dependent manner, with IC50 values ranging from 0.4 to 20 nM at pH 6.0, with a higher range of IC50 values (0.8-80 nM) observed at pH 7.4. Following i.v. administration of renin inhibitors, the pressor response to infused human renin in the HRIRM was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner, with ED50 values ranging from 4 to 600 µg/kg. The in vivo inhibition of human renin following i.v. administration in the rat correlated significantly better with the in vitro inhibition of human renin at pH 7.4 (r = 0.8) compared with pH 6.0 (r = 0.5). Oral administration of renin inhibitors also resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of the pressor response to infused human renin, with ED50 values ranging from 0.4 to 6.0 mg/kg and the identification of six renin inhibitors with an oral potency of <1 mg/kg. The ED50 of renin inhibitors for inhibition of angiotensin I formation in vivo was highly correlated (r = 0.9) with the ED50 for inhibition of the pressor response. These results demonstrate the high potency, dose dependence, and availability following oral administration of the butanediamide series of renin inhibitors.Key words: renin-angiotensin system, recombinant human renin, rat, renin inhibitors.

scholarly journals The Chronotropic Function of Propofol and the Underlying Mechanism in Rabbits

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Wenjie Cheng ◽  
Xiaohua Sun ◽  
Yanfang Liu ◽  
Shiqi Han ◽  
Wanlu Ren
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Sinus Node ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Pacemaker Cells ◽  
Concentration Dependent Manner ◽  
Sinoatrial Nodes ◽  
Chronotropic Action ◽  
Dose Dependent

The report of bradycardia caused by propofol is increasing. In the experiment, we investigated the chronotropic function of propofol and the underlying mechanism. Rabbits of both sexes were randomly divided into 4 groups: propofol 5 mg/kg group, 10 mg/kg group, 15 mg/kg group, and sham group. Heart rate and frequency of vagal efferent discharge were recorded before the injection and 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 10 min after the injection through intravenous mode. Then, their hearts were removed, and sinoatrial nodes were dissected. The action potentials of the sinus node pacemaker cells were recorded by the intracellular glass microelectrode technique, and the sinoatrial (SA) node was exposed to propofol 1, 3, 5, and 10 µM respectively. The action potentials were recorded after the sinoatrial nodes were exposed to each concentration of propofol for 15 min. Our results show that the heart rate significantly decreased, and the vagal efferent discharge was significantly increased at 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 min after the injection, respectively. Besides, as the dose increases, the magnitude of change shows a dose-dependent manner. Propofol exerts a negative chronotropic action on sinoatrial node pacemaker cells. The drug significantly decreased APA, VDD, RPF, and prolonged APD90 in a concentration-dependent manner. These effects may be the main mechanism of propofol-induced bradycardia in clinical study.

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