scholarly journals The Role of Proteomics in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Ovarian Cancer

2005 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nana E Tchabo ◽  
Elizabeth A Guancial ◽  
Josephine A Czechowicz ◽  
Elise C Kohn
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Gynecologic Cancer ◽  
Western World ◽  
Stage Disease ◽  
Screening Strategies ◽  
Alternative Means ◽  
Tissue Lysate ◽  
New Biomarkers

Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of gynecologic cancer death in the Western world and more than 70% of patients are diagnosed with advanced stage disease. The high mortality rate is due to the difficulty in the early detection of ovarian cancer. Current screening strategies lack the necessary sensitivity and specificity to reliably and accurately diagnose affected women, prompting investigators to seek alternative means of analysis found in protein pathways and networks. Proteomics seeks to advance the understanding of how proteins interact in cancer and may provide a mechanism for early stage diagnosis. The proteomic techniques of laser capture microdissection, mass spectrometry and tissue lysate arrays have led to the discovery of new biomarkers and the identification, development and approval of a number of targeted therapeutic agents. Following validation through clinical trials, the application of these techniques will contribute to the changing paradigm of cancer detection and treatment toward personalized medicine.

scholarly journals MicroRNAs as Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Therapeutic Targeting of Ovarian Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Yegane Mirahmadi ◽  
Reza Nabavi ◽  
Fourough Taheri ◽  
Mohammad Mahdi Samadian ◽  
Zari Naderi Ghale-Noie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Gynecologic Cancer ◽  
Small Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Human Cancers ◽  
Mrna Targets ◽  
Interesting Approach ◽  
New Biomarkers

Ovarian cancer is the major cause of gynecologic cancer-related mortality. Regardless of outstanding advances, which have been made for improving the prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment of ovarian cancer, the majority of the patients will die of the disease. Late-stage diagnosis and the occurrence of recurrent cancer after treatment are the most important causes of the high mortality rate observed in ovarian cancer patients. Unraveling the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer may help find new biomarkers and therapeutic targets for ovarian cancer. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression, mostly at the posttranscriptional stage, through binding to mRNA targets and inducing translational repression or degradation of target via the RNA-induced silencing complex. Over the last two decades, the role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of various human cancers, including ovarian cancer, has been documented in multiple studies. Consequently, these small RNAs could be considered as reliable markers for prognosis and early diagnosis. Furthermore, given the function of miRNAs in various cellular pathways, including cell survival and differentiation, targeting miRNAs could be an interesting approach for the treatment of human cancers. Here, we review our current understanding of the most updated role of the important dysregulation of miRNAs and their roles in the progression and metastasis of ovarian cancer. Furthermore, we meticulously discuss the significance of miRNAs as prognostic and diagnostic markers. Lastly, we mention the opportunities and the efforts made for targeting ovarian cancer through inhibition and/or stimulation of the miRNAs.

The Role of CA 125 in Screening for Ovarian Cancer

1998 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 216-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.N. Rosenthal ◽  
I.J. Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Ca 125 ◽  
Early Stage Disease ◽  
Mathematical Algorithm ◽  
Gynaecological Malignancy ◽  
Stage Disease ◽  
Screening Strategies ◽  
Randomised Controlled

Ovarian cancer has the worst prognosis of any gynaecological malignancy, primarily because it tends to present at an advanced stage. The excellent survival rates of early stage disease have provided the rationale for efforts to detect ovarian cancer early by screening, in the hope that survival rates will be improved. Available data suggests that CA 125 is elevated in the majority of epithelial ovarian malignancies prior to clinical presentation. Large trials of screening for ovarian cancer indicate that using a CA 125 cutoff value of 30 U/mL has good sensitivity, but inadequate specificity for detecting preclinical disease. Use of transvaginal ultrasonography as a second-line test in women with elevated CA 125 levels improves specificity to acceptable levels, as does use of a mathematical algorithm which analyses rates of change of CA 125. Two major randomised controlled trials, investigating the effect of screening strategies incorporating CA 125 on mortality, are currently underway.

Lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma: what is the optimal treatment?

Hematology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 (1) ◽  
pp. 406-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Fanale
Keyword(s):  
B Cell ◽  
Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽  
Radiation Treatment ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
B Cell Lymphoma ◽  
B Cell Lymphomas ◽  
Early Stage Disease ◽  
Stage Disease ◽  
Relapsed Disease

AbstractNodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) is a unique diagnostic entity, with only ∼ 500 new cases in the United States per year with a similar infrequent incidence worldwide. NLPHL also has distinctive pathobiology and clinical characteristics compared with the more common classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL), including CD20 positivity of the pathognomic lymphocytic and histiocytic cells and an overall more indolent course with a higher likelihood of delayed relapses. Given the limited numbers of prospective NLPHL-focused trials, management algorithms historically have typically been centered on retrospective data with guidelines often adopted from cHL and indolent B-cell lymphoma treatment approaches. Key recent publications have delineated that NLPHL has a higher level of pathological overlap with cHL and the aggressive B-cell lymphomas than with indolent B-cell lymphomas. Over the past decade, there has been a series of NLPHL publications that evaluated the role of rituximab in the frontline and relapsed setting, described the relative incidence of transformation to aggressive B-cell lymphomas, weighed the benefit of addition of chemotherapy to radiation treatment for patients with early-stage disease, considered what should be the preferred chemotherapy regimen for advanced-stage disease, and even assessed the potential role of autologous stem cell transplantation for the management of relapsed disease. General themes within the consensus guidelines include the role for radiation treatment as a monotherapy for early-stage disease, the value of large B-cell lymphoma–directed regimens for transformed disease, the utility of rituximab for treatment of relapsed disease, and, in the pediatric setting, the role of surgical management alone for patients with early-stage disease.

scholarly journals Novel Indications of Epigenetic Therapy in Ovarian Cancer

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Courtney Griffiths ◽  
Michelle Bilbao ◽  
Lauren Krill ◽  
Olga Ostrovsky
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Gynecologic Cancer ◽  
Epigenetic Modifications ◽  
Epigenetic Therapy ◽  
Intratumor Heterogeneity ◽  
Survival Outcomes ◽  
Advanced Stage ◽  
Stage Disease

Early diagnosis and intervention are some of the longstanding challenges associated with ovarian cancer, which is the leading cause of gynecologic cancer mortality. While the majority of patients who present with advanced stage disease at time of diagnosis will initially respond to traditional combination platinum and taxane-based chemotherapy in conjunction with cytoreductive surgery, approximately 70% will ultimately recur due to chemoresistance within the first two years. Intratumor heterogeneity is proposed to be a leading factor in the development of chemoresistance and resultant poorer outcomes for those with recurrent or advanced stage disease. Both inherent and acquired mechanisms of chemoresistance are postulated to be a result of alterations in gene expression, also known as epigenetic modifications. Therefore, epigenetic therapy is a pivotal avenue which allows for reversal of chemoresistance in cancer through the targeting of aberrant mutations. In this chapter, we discuss how these epigenetic modifications prove to be promising targets in cancer therapy leading to heightened drug sensitivity and improved patient survival outcomes.

scholarly journals BRAF Mutation is associated with early stage disease and improved outcome in patients with low-grade serous ovarian cancer

Cancer ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 119 (3) ◽  
pp. 548-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel N. Grisham ◽  
Gopa Iyer ◽  
Karuna Garg ◽  
Deborah DeLair ◽  
David M. Hyman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Braf Mutation ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Serous Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Early Stage Disease ◽  
Stage Disease ◽  
Improved Outcome

Surgical Prevention in Ovarian Cancer

2021 ◽  
pp. 194-206
Author(s):  
Alexios Papanikolaou ◽  
Anastasios Liberis ◽  
Anastasia Vatopoulou
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Primary Prevention ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Genital Tract ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Advanced Stage ◽  
Stage Disease

Ovarian cancer is the second most common malignant disease of the female genital tract, but the first in mortality because it is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage. Options for early detection, diagnosis, and treatment are limited. Prevention of ovarian cancer relates to primary prevention by avoiding factors that are epidemiologically associated with an increased incidence of ovarian cancer and the adoption of protective habits. These include interventions to exclude the fallopian tubes and ovaries. Secondary prevention is related to early diagnosis. The chapter aims to summarize current evidence on prevention of ovarian cancer as well as role of surgery to prevent advanced-stage disease.

EP802 Therapeutic role of pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy in apparent early stage epithelial ovarian cancer

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Bizzarri ◽  
G Corrado ◽  
S Cianci ◽  
R Ergasti ◽  
MT Perri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Therapeutic Role

scholarly journals The Role of MicroRNAs in Ovarian Cancer

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuto Kinose ◽  
Kenjiro Sawada ◽  
Koji Nakamura ◽  
Tadashi Kimura
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Tumor Suppressor Genes ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Circulating Micrornas ◽  
Gynecological Tumors ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Prognostic And Predictive Markers

Ovarian cancer is the most lethal of malignant gynecological tumors. Its lethality may be due to difficulties in detecting it at an early stage and lack of effective treatments for patients with an advanced or recurrent status. Therefore, there is a strong need for prognostic and predictive markers to diagnose it early and to help optimize and personalize treatment. MicroRNAs are noncoding RNAs that regulate target genes posttranscriptionally. They are involved in carcinogenesis, cell cycle, apoptosis, proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and chemoresistance. The dysregulation of microRNAs is involved in the initiation and progression of human cancers including ovarian cancer, and strong evidence that microRNAs can act as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes has emerged. Several microRNA signatures that are unique to ovarian cancer have been proposed, and serum-circulating microRNAs have the potential to be useful diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Various microRNAs such as those in the miR-200 family, the miR-199/214 cluster, or the let-7 paralogs have potential as therapeutic targets for disseminated or chemoresistant ovarian tumors. Although many obstacles need to be overcome, microRNA therapy could be a powerful tool for ovarian cancer prevention and treatment. In this review, we discuss the emerging roles of microRNAs in various aspects of ovarian cancer.

scholarly journals Proteomics as a Tool for Biomarker Discovery

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 411-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elise C. Kohn ◽  
Nilofer Azad ◽  
Christina Annunziata ◽  
Amit S. Dhamoon ◽  
Gordon Whiteley
Keyword(s):  
Quality Improvement ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Biomarker Discovery ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
Early Stage Disease ◽  
Novel Technologies ◽  
True Value ◽  
Stage Disease ◽  
New Biomarkers

Novel technologies are now being advanced for the purpose of identification and validation of new disease biomarkers. A reliable and useful clinical biomarker must a) come from a readily attainable source, such as blood or urine, b) have sufficient sensitivity to correctly identify affected individuals, c) have sufficient specificity to avoid incorrect labeling of unaffected persons, and d) result in a notable benefit for the patient through intervention, such as survival or life quality improvement. Despite these critical descriptors, the few available FDA-approved biomarkers for cancer do not completely fit this definition and their benefits are limited to a small number of cancers. Ovarian cancer exemplifies the need for a diagnostic biomarker of early stage disease. Symptoms are present but not specific to the disease, delaying diagnosis until an advanced and generally incurable stage in over 70% of affected women. As such, diagnostic intervention in the form of oopherectomy can be performed in the appropriate at-risk population if identified such as with a new accurate, sensitive, and specific biomarker. If early stage disease is identified, the requirement for survival and life quality improvement will be met. One of the new technologies applied to biomarker discovery is tour-de-force analysis of serum peptides and proteins. Optimization of mass spectrometry techniques coupled with advanced bioinformatics approaches has yielded informative biomarker signatures discriminating presence of cancer from unaffected in multiple studies from different groups. Validation and randomized outcome studies are needed to determine the true value of these new biomarkers in early diagnosis, and improved survival and quality of life.

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