scholarly journals RISK FACTORS FOR HEPATITIS;

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (05) ◽  
pp. 661-666
Author(s):  
MUHAMMAD ASHRAF CHAUDHRY ◽  
BUSHRA GHULAM ◽  
LAILA KHALID ◽  
Marryam Shaheen Ahmed ◽  
Amnah -
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Transfusion ◽  
Surgical Procedures ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Large Reservoir ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of

Background: Infections with Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) are worldwide public health problem. Thisis related to the continued occurrence of new infections and the presence of a large reservoir of chronically infected persons. Objective:To determine the frequency of risk factors (causes of transmission) for HBV and HCV infections in hospitalized patients of CMH, Lahoreand Sheikh Zayed hospital, Lahore. Design: Descriptive (cross sectional). Setting: The study was carried out in CMH, Lahore and SheikhZayed hospital, Lahore from January, 2012 to July, 2012. Methods: The patients were selected by consecutive (non-probability)sampling technique. The data was collected through questionnaire. Informed written consent was obtained SPSS version 16.0 was usedto calculate the descriptive statistics. Results: Out of total of 100 subjects, 50 were cases and 50 were controls. Out of 50 cases, 26%were HBV positive and 74% were HCV positive with female preponderance. The history of injections was very high in both the groups,making a total of 64% (14% HBV; 16% HCV) the important contributors for different types of hepatitis were blood transfusion (HBV =10%; HCV = 28%; controls = 14%). Surgical procedures (4% HBV, 28% HCV; 8% controls). History of piercing in the last six months(HBV = 6%; HCV = 22% and control = 8%). History of dental procedures in the last six months was higher in HCV patients (18% HCV and4% HBV). History of HBV or HCV positive patients or relatives at home. (HBV 18%; HCV 36%; control 30%). Conclusions: In Pakistan thereis an urgent need to raise the public awareness about importance of properly screened blood transfusion, use of disposable needles andusing new blades for shaving and haircuts especially at barber shops. In our study, the important contributors for different types ofhepatitis were blood transfusion, surgical procedures and history piercing in the last 6months.

scholarly journals Vitamin D Deficiency and Associated Risk Factors in Women from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nora A. AlFaris ◽  
Nora M. AlKehayez ◽  
Fatema I. AlMushawah ◽  
AbdulRhman N. AlNaeem ◽  
Nadia D. AlAmri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Hypovitaminosis D ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

AbstractVitamin D deficiency is an epidemic public health problem worldwide. It is common in the Middle East and is more severe in women. This cross-sectional study was conducted to assess vitamin D deficiency and associated risk factors in women living in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) was measured in 166 women aged 30–65 years. Socio-demographic, lifestyle and health status characteristics, as well as intake of selected dietary supplements, were collected. Weight and height were measured. Vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D < 20 ng/mL) was reported in 60.2% of participants. Mean of serum 25(OH)D was 20.7 ng/mL. Older age and taking the supplements of vitamin D, multi-vitamins or calcium were identified as factors that associated with a lower risk of hypovitaminosis D. A national strategy is needed to control a hypovitaminosis D crisis in Saudi Arabia. This could be accomplished by raising public awareness regarding vitamin D, regulating and enhancing vitamin D fortification and supplementation and screening vitamin D status among women at high risk.

scholarly journals PREVALENCE OF RISK FACTORS FOR HEPATITIS C AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS: a population-based study in southern Brazil

2013 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Timm KVITKO ◽  
Gisele Alsina Nader BASTOS ◽  
Maria Eugênia Bresolin PINTO
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Systematic Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The People

Context The hepatitis C is a severe public health problem worldwide because its consequences. Studies which aim at determining the prevalence of risk factors are really important to understand the problem. Objective To estimate the prevalence and factors associated with some risk factors for the disease in a community, called Restinga, located in the city of Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Method This paper is based on a population-based cross-sectional study, with systematic sampling and proportional to the size of census tracts in which 3,391 adults answered a standardized questionnaire. Results The prevalence of blood transfusion among the people who were interviewed was 14.98%, 60.83% of those had it before 1993. A total of 16.16% of the people had a tattoo, 7.23% wore a piercing, 1.09% said they had already injected illicit drugs and 12.39% reported previous hospitalization. Prevalence ratios showed that tattoos were more common among young people, piercings among women and illicit drugs among men. Conclusions To summarize, the recognition of risk factors for hepatitis C enables proper screening of possible carriers of the hepatitis C virus, thus enabling a reduction in virus shedding. However, being only possible if health services are prepared to deal with hepatitis C virus, through education and public awareness.

scholarly journals Risk factors related to childbirth in El Salvador

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-152
Author(s):  
Fátima Larisa Chavarría Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
El Salvador ◽  
Multiple Pregnancy ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Clinical History ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
History Of ◽  
Prevalence Ratios

Introduction. Preterm birth is a public health problem, considered a high risk factor for morbidity, disability and neonatal mortality. Objective. Characterize risk factors related to preterm birth in El Salvador. Methodology. Analytical cross-sectional study of risk factors related to preterm birth, in women who received childbirth care in the national public health system, during 2017. Data was obtained from the Perinatal Information System. 44 891 cases were analyzed. Qualitative variables were analyzed through absolute values and frequencies, and the quantitative variables, through absolute values, frequency and central tendency measures, using the Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) version 24 program. The analysis of relation of variables, was performed with the Epidat version 3.1 program, through the calculation of prevalence ratios (PR) and the calculation of Odds Ratio (OR), both analysis with a 95% confidence interval and a value of p <0.05. Results. 9.5% of the deliveries attended were preterm. The risk analysis through the calculation of prevalence ratios showed that women with a multiple pregnancy were 14 times more likely to have a preterm birth. Preterm birth was 4.7 times more frequent in women with a clinical history of diabetes mellitus and 2.4 times more frequent, with a history of high blood pressure. Conclusions. Women who have a multiple pregnancy and pregnant women with a clinical history of chronic diseases, and an obstetric history of preeclampsia, are more likely to have a preterm birth. Likewise, obesity and inadequate age for pregnancy, mainly women over 35 years, are also related to preterm birth.

scholarly journals Associated risk factors with seroprevalence of HIV and HBV co-infection among Pregnant women attending guelendeng health District in the Mayo-kebbi East Region of Chad

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 155-160
Author(s):  
Salomon Philippe Nguwoh
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Transfusion ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Health District ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
East Region ◽  
History Of ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Background: In Republic of Chad, the seroprevalence of HIV among antenatal pregnant women is known as decreasing over years meanwhile the epidemiological data among pregnant women for hepatitis B virus are scarce. The co-infection HIV/HBV increases the risk of mother to child transmission of both viruses. This study aimed to determine the rate of HIV, HBV co-infection and to identify the associated risk factors among pregnant women attending Guelendeng health district (GHD). Methods: A cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted from March to May 2019 among pregnant women attending GHD. The questionnaire included demographics, AIDS and HBV knowledge, behavior factors and history of blood transfusion. Blood samples were obtained and tested serologically for HIV and HBV. The study of associations between exposure and outcome variables was sought with the odds ratio (OR), expressed with 95% confidence interval. Tests were performed using Epi info 7.0 with p<0.05 considered as significant. Results: Out of 200 enrolled pregnant women, the median age was 25years old with interquartile range from 20.5 to 30 years old. The seroprevalence of HIV, HBV and the co-infection HIV/HBV were 4.5% (95% CI: 2.1%-8.4%; 9/200), 13% (95% CI: 8.7%-18.5%; 26/200) and 2% (95 % IC: 0.6%-5%; 4/200) respectively. The antenatal age was associated to HBV infection (p=0.04) unlike HIV infection (p=0.4) and HIV/HBV co-infection (p=0.52). Women aged more than 29 years were most affected. Bivariate analysis identified that the non-use of condom (OR 7.79, 95% CI: 1.9-32.6, p=0.004) and blood transfusion history (OR 17.9, 95% CI: 2.6-124.8, p=0.01) were associated risk factors of contracting HIV. Conclusion: The seroprevalence of HIV and HBV remains high among pregnant women attending antenatal ward in Guelendeng Health District with associated risk factors such as age, blood transfusion and the non-use of condom with new sexual partners.

scholarly journals DEPRESSION

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (08) ◽  
pp. 1229-1234
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ishtiaq ◽  
Muhammad Imtiaz Afridi ◽  
Imranullah - ◽  
Said Akbar Khan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Sleep Problems ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Prevalence Of Depression ◽  
History Of ◽  
Microsoft Office

Prevalence & risk factors of depression among adult population of districtPeshawar. Background: Depression is one of the most common major mental illnesses andaffects 5% to 20% of the adult population and is related to many determinants. Objectives:To estimate the prevalence and risk factors of depression among the adult population. StudyDesign: A cross sectional descriptive study. Setting & Study Duration: The department ofcommunity medicine, Khyber medical college, Peshawar; among the adult population of districtPeshawar; from November 2016 to May 2017. Materials & Methods: A total of 410 adults, bothmale and female, of ages 18 and above years were selected from the District Peshawar; onthe basis of multistage probability sampling technique. A structured questionnaire was usedto collect data regarding the prevalence and risk factors of depression along with importantvariables. Data was analysed by Microsoft Office and SPSS, and results were presented intables. Results: Results showed that the prevalence of depression was 85.85%. Out of thetotal depression, 24.88% had positive medical history; 57.8% had tobacco smoking; 29.02 %had history of abuse or neglect; 60.24% had sleep problems; and 18.29% & 10.49% wereaffected by terrorism and flood respectively. Conclusions: It was concluded that the prevalenceof depression among the adult population of district Peshawar was high and shows strongassociation with predisposing determinants. Moreover, whole population needs to be screento estimate the accurate prevalence and to treat high burden of mental illnesses among thecommunity.

Seroepidemiological study of livestock brucellosis in a pastoral region

2011 ◽  
Vol 140 (5) ◽  
pp. 887-896 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. MEGERSA ◽  
D. BIFFA ◽  
F. ABUNNA ◽  
A. REGASSA ◽  
J. GODFROID ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pastoral System ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Livestock Species

SUMMARYA seroepidemiological study of Brucella infections in multiple livestock species in the Borana pastoral system of Ethiopia was performed between December 2007 and October 2008. A cross-sectional multi-stage sampling technique was employed to select 575 cattle, 1073 camels and 1248 goats from the target populations. Sera were collected from the animals, and serially tested using Rose Bengal test and complement fixation test. Overall prevalence and prevalence with respect to explanatory variables were established, and potential risk factors for seropositivity were analysed using a multivariable logistic regression. The results showed that 8·0% (95% CI 6·0–10·6), 1·8% (95% CI 1·1–2·8) and 1·6% (95% CI 1·0–2·5) of the tested cattle, camels and goats, respectively, had antibodies to Brucella antigen. Positive reactors were found in 93·8% of the villages with more frequent detection of positive cattle (93·3%) than camels (56·3%) and goats (37·5%). Risk factors identified for cattle were: keeping more livestock species at household level (OR 4·1, 95% CI 1·9–8·9), increasing age of the animal (OR 2·8, 95% CI 1·3–6·0) and wet season (OR 3·3, 95% CI 1·6–6·9). Increase in household-level species composition (OR 4·1, 95% CI 1·2–14·2) and wet season (OR 3·7, 95% CI 1·5–9·1) were found to be risk factors for seropositivity in camels and goats, respectively. Existence of more than one seroreactor animal species in most villages and association of increased livestock species composition with seropositivity may add more credence to the possibility of cross-species transmission of Brucella infections. Although no attempt to isolate Brucella spp. was made, our results suggest that cattle are more likely maintenance hosts of Brucella abortus which has spread to goats and camels. This should be substantiated by further isolation and identification of Brucella organisms to trace the source of infection and transmission dynamics in various hosts kept under mixed conditions. In conclusion, the present study suggests the need for investigating a feasible control intervention and raising public awareness on prevention methods of human exposure to brucellosis.

scholarly journals Risk factors for chronic kidney disease: a hospital based cross sectional study from Visakhapatnam

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 3909
Author(s):  
Sindhura Moparthi ◽  
Madhavi Seepana ◽  
Devi Madhavi Bhimarasetty
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Data Entry ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dialysis Unit

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is being increasingly recognised as a leading public health problem. In India, given its population >1 billion, the rising incidence of CKD is likely to pose major problems for both healthcare and the economy in future years. Diabetes and hypertension are strong predictors for development and progression of chronic kidney disease. The objective of the study was to assess risk factors for chronic kidney disease among patients undergoing dialysis in King George Hospital (KGH), Visakhapatnam.Methods: This is an observational descriptive cross sectional study done in dialysis unit in KGH. A total of 100 patients were selected out of 141 registered CKD patients by simple random sampling technique. Study is done in the month of October- November 2015. A pretested semi structured schedule was administered. Informed written consent was taken from the patients. MS excel 2007 was used for data entry. Data was analysed by SPSS trial version 20. Categorical data was analysed by Chi square test.Results: Among 100 study subjects 72 were females and 28 were males. 91% of the CKD patients were Hypertensive, among whom 73.6% were males and 26.4% were females. This difference was not found to be statistically significant (p=0.446). 22% of the CKD patients were Diabetic, among whom 81.8% were males and 18.2% were females.Conclusions: Better understanding of the role of risk factors in CKD is needed. Large community based cross sectional studies are needed to study in detail about CKD risk factors. 

scholarly journals FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KEJADIAN STUNTING PADA BALITA DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS TATAH MAKMUR KABUPATEN BANJAR

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Nor Isna Tauhidah
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Health Center ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Spearman Rank ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRAK  Stunting merupakan sebuah kondisi di mana tinggi badan anak lebih pendek dibanding tinggi badan anak seusianya. Kejadian anak stunting di Kalimantan Selatan khususnya di Kab Banjar masih berada pada angka kejadian yang sangat tinggi 13.3% dan di Puskesmas Tatah Makmur 38,06%. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui hubungan riwayat penyakit infeksi, riwayat imunisasi dasar, riwayat ASI eksklusif dan pemberian MP-ASI terhadap kejadian stunting pada balita di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Tatah Makmur Kabupaten Banjar.Penelitian ini merupakan survei analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Populasi adalah ibu yang mempunyai balita mengalami stunting di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Tatah Makmur Kecamatan Tatah Makmur Kabupaten Banjar tahun 2018 sebanyak 537 orang. Sampel berjumlah 50 orang dengan teknik pengambilan accidental sampling. Analisis data melalui uji Spearman Rank. Hasil penelitian sebagian besar memiliki riwayat penyakit infeksi sebanyak 26 orang (52%), telah mendapatkan imunisasi lengkap sebanyak 32 orang (64%), pemberian MP-ASI sebagian besar cukup 32 orang (64%), riwayat pemberian ASI parsial 40 orang (80%) dan balita sebagian besar pendek sebanyak 33 orang (66%). Terdapat hubungan riwayat penyakit infeksi, kelengkapan imunisasi, pemberian MP-ASI, riwayat ASI eksklusif dengan kejadian Stunting. Puskesmas hendaknya meningkatkan pemberian informasi kepada ibu hamil tentang faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi terjadinya Stunting sehingga bahwa faktor risiko dapat dikendalikan lebih dini.  Kata Kunci : Imunisasi Dasar, Penyakit Infeksi, Pemberian MP-ASI, ASI eksklusif, Stunting   ABSTRACT   Stunting is a condition in which a person's height turns out to be shorter than the height of another person's age. Stunting in Banjar District by 13.3% and in Tatah Makmur Health Center 38.06%.The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between infectious diseases and basic immunization against the incidence of stunting in infants in Tatah Makmur Health Center. The study design was an analytic survey with cross sectional approach. The population is mothers who have toddlers stunted in Tatah Makmur Health Center in 2018 as many as 537 people. Samples amounted to 50 people with a purposive sampling technique. Analysis of data through the Spearman Rank.  The results of the study of toddlers mostly have a history of infectious diseases as many as 26 people (52%), have received complete immunization as many as 32 people (64%) and toddlers are mostly short as many as 33 people (66%). There is a relationship between the history of infectious diseases, the completeness of immunization with the incidence of stunting. Health centers should increase the provision of information to pregnant women about factors that influence the occurrence of stunting so that risk factors can be controlled earlier. Keywords: History of Basic Immunization, History of Infectious Diseases, Stunting

scholarly journals PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS OF DIABETES MELLITUS IN TUBERCULOSIS PATIENT AT PATRANG DISTRICT INDONESIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Hasri Yulia Sasmita ◽  
Irma Prasetyowati ◽  
Pudjo Wahjudi
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Family History ◽  
Central Obesity ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Tuberculosis Patient ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
History Of

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of cause of death in infectious disease domain. The control of TB is complicated because the inclination of case numbers people with Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is an important risk factor for TB development, with prove that more than ten percent of TB patient is DM patient. People with DM have risk three times more likely to suffer from TB than people without DM. The results of TB treatment with comorbid DM will be easier to be failed. Puskesmas Patrang have the highest bacteriologically confirmed BTA TB cases and DM cases in Jember during 2014 until 2016. The aim of this research is to know the DM prevalence in TB patients and to analyze the correlation between DM risk factors in TB patient to TB-DM incidence at Puskesmas Patrang Jember in 2017. The research uses observasional analytic with cross sectional approach. The sampling technique uses simple random sampling with 47 samples. The independent variables include respondent characteristics (age, sex, type of TB, medication category, and family history of DM), central obesity and smoking behavior. While the dependent variable is the DM status. The result shows that the prevelance of DM in TB patients at Puskesmas Patrang Jember regency is 23,4%. Factors associated with TB-DM are age (p-value = 0,012), family history of DM (p-value = 0,003), and smoking status (p-value = 0,035). Factors that do not associated with TB-DM are sex (p-value = 0,731), type of TB (p-value = 0,170), treatment category of TB (p-value = 0,560), central obesity (p-value = 0,435), the number of cigarette (p-value = 1,000) and smoking duration (p-value = 1,000). The most important factor of TB-DM is family history of DM that 10,850 times higher of getting TB-DM than patients without family history of DM.

scholarly journals RISK FACTORS;

2009 ◽  
Vol 16 (04) ◽  
pp. 518-525
Author(s):  
SHAHNAZ ANWER ◽  
MUHAMMAD YOUNIS KHAN ◽  
SHEIKH ATIQ-UR- REHMAN
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Transfusion ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Dental Treatment ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Carrier State ◽  
Carrier Status ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
History Of

O b j e c t i v e : To determine the risk factors associated with hepatitis B and C carriers versus healthy pregnant women. Materiala n d M e t h o d s : It was a single center based, cross sectional comparative study, conducted at Gynae ward II, B-V hospital Bahawalpur. Durationof study was from March to August 2008.100 patients were enrolled in the two groups, 50 HbsAg/Anti HCV positive women (cases) to comparewith 50 healthy women (controls) match for parity. The data were recorded on a proforma. R e s u l t s : 100 pregnant women were enrolled. Sixtyeight (68.0%) were aged 25 years or less with a mean age ± S.D of 24.62 ± 3.40. Ten (20%) women had HBV and 40(80%) were HCV positive.The risk factors were compared between the two groups by uni-variate and multivariate analysis which showed that history of dental treatment,blood transfusion, surgery, parenteral treatment and jaundice were significant risk factors for hepatitis B and C carrier status. C o n c l u s i o n :There appears to be a strong co-relation of history of blood transfusion and dental treatment with HbsAg/ Anti HCV carrier state in pregnantwomen. The anti HCV seropositivity was appreciably high (80%) as compared to HbsAg (20%) in carrier pregnant women.

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