scholarly journals Novel Approach to Disinfect the Surface Using Disinfecting Robot

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (VIII) ◽  
pp. 837-839
Author(s):  
Dr. R. N Kulkarni
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Allergic Reactions ◽  
Entire Surface ◽  
Automated Control ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Direct Exposure ◽  
Automated Tool ◽  
Uv Rays

In olden days people used cow-dung to neutralize virus and germs. In subsequent days people started to clean their house and surroundings using phenol, mercury, sodium hypochlorite etc. People wish to clean the entire surface by hand only, sophisticated tools were not available to clean the surface. At times people might get some kind of allergic reactions due to direct exposure of chemical compounds. During the last decade, the process of sanitization is totally changed where people are disinfecting and sanitizing the entire house or parts of the house using technologically advanced devices implementing the UV-Rays. In this paper we have proposed an automated tool which sanitizes the defined area in a house, office, cabin or commercial places using UV Rays. In this proposed technique we are not using any water or liquid components to sanitize the floor, surface of table, electronic equipment but our proposal is to sanitize using UV Rays, Bluetooth approach and automated control.

scholarly journals Two Sides of the Coin: Mast Cells as a Key Regulator of Allergy and Acute/Chronic Inflammation

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1615
Author(s):  
Zhongwei Zhang ◽  
Yosuke Kurashima
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cells ◽  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Regulatory Function ◽  
Type I ◽  
Allergic Reactions ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Regulatory Functions ◽  
Damage Associated Molecular Patterns ◽  
Two Sides

It is well known that mast cells (MCs) initiate type I allergic reactions and inflammation in a quick response to the various stimulants, including—but not limited to—allergens, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). MCs highly express receptors of these ligands and proteases (e.g., tryptase, chymase) and cytokines (TNF), and other granular components (e.g., histamine and serotonin) and aggravate the allergic reaction and inflammation. On the other hand, accumulated evidence has revealed that MCs also possess immune-regulatory functions, suppressing chronic inflammation and allergic reactions on some occasions. IL-2 and IL-10 released from MCs inhibit excessive immune responses. Recently, it has been revealed that allergen immunotherapy modulates the function of MCs from their allergic function to their regulatory function to suppress allergic reactions. This evidence suggests the possibility that manipulation of MCs functions will result in a novel approach to the treatment of various MCs-mediated diseases.

scholarly journals Assessment of Cow Dung Pellets as a Renewable Solid Fuel in Direct Combustion Technologies

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 1192
Author(s):  
Aneta Szymajda ◽  
Grażyna Łaska ◽  
Magdalena Joka
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Direct Combustion ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Combustion Tests ◽  
Promising Source ◽  
Compaction Properties

Recently, biomass application as a renewable energy source is increasing worldwide. However, its availability differs in dependence on the location and climate, therefore, agricultural residues as cow dung (CD) are being considered to supply heat and/or power installation. This paper aims at a wide evaluation of CD fuel properties and its prospect to apply in the form of pellets to direct combustion installations. Therefore, the proximate, ultimate composition and calorific value were analyzed, then pelletization and combustion tests were performed, and the ash characteristics were tested. It was found that CD is a promising source of bioenergy in terms of LHV (16.34 MJ·kg−1), carbon (44.24%), and fixed carbon (18.33%) content. During pelletization, CD showed high compaction properties and at a moisture content of 18%,and the received pellets’ bulk density reached ca. 470 kg·m−3 with kinetic durability of 98.7%. While combustion, in a fixed grate 25 kW boiler, high emissions of CO, SO2, NO, and HCl were observed. The future energy sector might be based on biomass and this work shows a novel approach of CD pellets as a potential source of renewable energy available wherever cattle production is located.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial effect of 2% sodium hypochlorite and 2% chlorhexidine tested by different methods

2003 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Estrela ◽  
Rosane Galhardo Ribeiro ◽  
Cyntia R.A. Estrela ◽  
Jesus Djalma Pécora ◽  
Manoel Damião Sousa-Neto
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
Antimicrobial Effect ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Diffusion Test ◽  
Exposure Test ◽  
Agar Diffusion ◽  
Direct Exposure ◽  
Agar Diffusion Test

The objective of this study was to analyze the antimicrobial effect of 2% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) by agar diffusion test and by direct exposure test. Five microorganisms: Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans, and one mixture of these were used. These strains were inoculated in brain heart infusion (BHI) and incubated at 37ºC for 24 h. For the agar diffusion test (ADT), 18 Petri plates with 20 ml of BHI agar were inoculated with 0.1 ml of the microbial suspensions, using sterile swabs that were spread on the medium, obtaining growth in junction. Fifty-four paper disks (9 mm in diameter) were immersed in the experimental solutions for 1 min. Subsequently, three papers disks containing one of the substances were placed on the BHI agar surface in each agar plate. The plates were maintained for 1 h at room temperature, and then incubated at 37ºC for 48 h. The diameter of microbial inhibition was measured around the papers disks containing the substances. For the direct exposure test, 162 #50 sterile absorbent paper points were immersed in the experimental suspensions for 5 min, and were then placed on Petri plates and covered with one of the irrigant solutions, or with sterile distilled water (control group). After intervals of 5, 10 and 30 min, the paper points were removed from contact with the solutions and individually immersed in 7 ml of Letheen Broth, followed by incubation at 37ºC for 48 h. Microbial growth was evaluated by turbidity of the culture medium. A 0.1 ml inoculum obtained from the Letheen Broth was transferred to 7 ml of BHI, and incubated at 37ºC for 48 h. Bacterial growth was again evaluated by turbidity of the culture medium. Gram stain of BHI cultures was used for verification of contamination and growth was determined by macroscopic and microscopic examination. The best performance of antimicrobial effectiveness of NaOCl was observed in the direct exposure test, and of CHX was observed in the agar diffusion test. The magnitude of antimicrobial effect was influenced by the experimental methods, biological indicators and exposure time.

Availability and utilisation pattern of agricultural waste at household level in selected areas of Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
pp. 0734242X2110644
Author(s):  
MA Monayem Miah ◽  
Md Enamul Haque ◽  
Richard W Bell ◽  
Md Wakilur Rahman ◽  
Sohela Akhter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Household Waste ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Organic Fertiliser ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Intensive Farming ◽  
Novel Approach

The use of organic fertilisers and soil amendments are almost universally recommended for improving the organic matter levels and maintaining soil health, but few studies documenting the actual availability and quality of such materials on smallholder farms are available. We selected a case study of 300 households from northern and southern Bangladesh to assess the types of waste materials available for recycling and their usage patterns at household level and we applied a novel approach to empirically identify household waste as input inefficiency in a production context. Northern districts have highly intensive farming systems whereas southern districts have low intensity farming. The total amount of agricultural waste produced at household level was estimated at 822 kg per month. Cow dung contributed about 65% of the total waste followed by animal feed refusal waste (11%), garbage (7%) and kitchen waste (6%). Most of the farmers utilised cow dung and wastes as organic fertiliser and lesser amounts as cooking fuel. Econometric analysis shows that the number of cattle and small ruminant per holding, total area of cultivated land and family size were significant factors that influence the amount of waste production at household level. Each household can reduce the chemical fertiliser cost by Tk. 1463 (US$ 17.84) per month by using compost prepared from household waste. There were ample opportunities for compost/vermicomposting and potential markets. The Department of Agricultural Extension from the public sector and private sector agents might motivate farmers to harvest the potential benefits of agricultural waste through effective management and utilisation.

scholarly journals Effect of different chemical compounds and ultrasound bath on the sanitization of minimally processed carrots

2020 ◽  
pp. 2087-2096
Author(s):  
Gabriela Lino Freitas ◽  
Gabriella Cristina Borges Melo ◽  
Fernanda Torqueti Toloi ◽  
Priscila Cristina Bizam Vianna ◽  
Letícia Dias dos Anjos Gonçalves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Peracetic Acid ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Minimally Processed ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate ◽  
Ultrasound Bath

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the use of different chemical compounds combined with ultrasound bath on the sanitization of minimally processed carrots. The sanitizers sodium hypochlorite, peracetic acid, and sodium dichloroisocyanurate were investigated, all of them associated with the ultrasound bath, and the aerobic mesophiles and E. coli counts were evaluated. Sodium hypochlorite associated with ultrasound reduced the population of aerobic mesophiles and E. coli by 0.23 and 1.88 log cycles, respectively. For sodium dichloroisocyanurate associated with ultrasound, the reduction was 3.06 and 2.76 log cycles, while for the association with peracetic acid, this reduction was 2.72 and 2.35 log cycles. Thus, the effect of the ultrasound bath and sodium dichloroisocyanurate increased the decontamination efficiency of the minimally processed carrots. In addition, there is an alternative to the use of sodium hypochlorite, once they are not involved in reactions with organic compounds and the formation of trihalomethanes, which are harmful to health.

A novel approach in red mud neutralization using cow dung

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (13) ◽  
pp. 12841-12848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sucharita Patel ◽  
Bhatu Kumar Pal ◽  
Raj Kishore Patel
Keyword(s):  
Red Mud ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Novel Approach

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Chemical Compounds Used against African Swine Fever Virus in Commercial Available Disinfectants

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 878
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Juszkiewicz ◽  
Marek Walczak ◽  
Natalia Mazur-Panasiuk ◽  
Grzegorz Woźniakowski
Keyword(s):  
Caustic Soda ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
African Swine Fever Virus ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Virus Titer ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Potassium Peroxymonosulfate

African swine fever (ASF) causes huge economic losses and is one of most dangerous diseases of pigs. The disease is known for almost 100 years, an effective vaccine or treatment is still unavailable, only proper biosecurity measures, including disinfection, are being applied, in order to prevent disease outbreaks. Eight active substances, i.e., formaldehyde, sodium hypochlorite, caustic soda, glutaraldehyde, phenol, benzalkonium chloride, potassium peroxymonosulfate and acetic acid, were tested, in order to confirm their effectiveness against African swine fever virus (ASFV). This specific selection was done based on the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)’s recommendation and previous disinfectant studies on surfaces. The result of our study shows that most of them inactivate the virus, in recommended concentrations. In order to reduce the cytotoxicity of the four substances, Microspin S-400 HR columns were applied, therefore making it possible to demonstrate four logarithms virus titer reduction. Sodium hypochlorite, glutaraldehyde, caustic soda and potassium peroxymonosulfate showed the best ASFV inactivation rates, achieving titer reductions over 5 logs. Despite microfiltration, the virucidal activity of formaldehyde was not assessable, due to its high cytotoxicity. Our results showed that cleaning is particularly important, because removal of the soiling provides improved effectiveness of the tested chemical compounds.

Software Analysis Method for Assessing Software Sustainability

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (01) ◽  
pp. 67-95
Author(s):  
Theresia Ratih Dewi Saputri ◽  
Seok-Won Lee
Keyword(s):  
Primary Objective ◽  
Software System ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Sustainability Evaluation ◽  
Theoretical Evaluation ◽  
Support Tool ◽  
Software Analysis ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Software Engineers ◽  
Automated Tool

Software sustainability evaluation has become an essential component of software engineering (SE) owing to sustainability considerations that must be incorporated into software development. Several studies have been performed to address the issues associated with sustainability concerns in the SE process. However, current practices extensively rely on participant experiences to evaluate sustainability achievement. Moreover, there exist limited quantifiable methods for supporting software sustainability evaluation. Our primary objective is to present a methodology that can assist software engineers in evaluating a software system based on well-defined sustainability metrics and measurements. We propose a novel approach that combines machine learning (ML) and software analysis methods. To simplify the application of the proposed approach, we present a semi-automated tool that supports engineers in assessing the sustainability achievement of a software system. The results of our study demonstrate that the proposed approach determines sustainability criteria and defines sustainability achievement in terms of a traceable matrix. Our theoretical evaluation and empirical study demonstrate that the proposed support tool can help engineers identify sustainability limitations in a particular feature of a software system. Our semi-automated tool can identify features that must be revised to enhance sustainability achievement.

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