FRAUD RISK ASSESSMENT: EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE ALTERNATIVE FRAUD MODEL  AND AUDITOR RISK PREFERENCES

Fraud risk assessment is an important part of the audit process and one of the toughest challenges faced by auditors. In considering fraud risk assessment, fraud models and risk preferences can influence auditor’s decisions. This study uses a 2x2 between-subject experimental design with a total of 110 auditors of public accountant firms in Central Java as participants and produces 60 data ready for processing. Participants were formed into 4 groups with different treatments which the treatments consist of Diamond Fraud model with high and low risk preferences and Pentagon Fraud model with high and low risk preferences. The results show that the use of Pentagon Fraud model will result a more conservative fraud risk assessment. When auditors dare to take high risk action, the resulting fraud risk assessment will be low. In addition, the fraud model and risk preference variables show a significant influence on the performing of fraud risk assessment. There is an interaction between fraud models and auditors’ risk preferences in the performance of fraud risk assessment.

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RISK ASSESSMENT PERUSAHAAN EXPORT SEPATU PADA BAGIAN LINE UPPER PT. X

The Indonesian Journal of Occupational Safety and Health ◽

10.20473/ijosh.v4i1.2015.22-32 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 22

Author(s):

Novita Dewi Vebriyana Dankis ◽

Mulyono Mulyono

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

High Risk ◽

Risk Control ◽

Consumer Products ◽

Hazard Identification ◽

Low Risk ◽

Residual Risk ◽

Control Measures ◽

On Line ◽

Punch Hole

ABSTRACTRevolution in the industry sector has been rapidly grown to fill up all the needs of the consumer products. One involves supporting advanced machinery such as “Cutting, Skiving, Stitching, Emboss Logo, Roving, Punch Hole, Juki, BrushingEdge, Hammer Over Lapping and Two Molding”. In the factory production process, there are various types of high-risk activities, especially on line upper. The main of this research is to study the risk assessment on export companies line the upper part of the shoes export company using Job Safety Analysis. This research was conducted observational crosssectional design. Observations made to the hazards and control measures. Interviews were conducted to 12 employees. Variables in this research is production activity, hazard identification, risk assessment, risk control and residual risk. The results of hazard identification has been done, there are 91 known potential hazards, for risk assessment found 7 high risk and low risk 5. Machine classified as high risk on the risk assessment is roving machine, whereas low-risk is two molding machine. Control efforts on the upper line in accordance with the hierarchy of controlling a number of 91 controls, whereas for the residual risk still remains as much as 30 residual risk. Control has been applied quite well by pressing the consequences of hazards and risk management.Keywords: risk assessment, controlling, residual risk

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Ecological risk assessment of geohazards in Natural World Heritage Sites: an empirical analysis of Bogda, Tianshan

Open Geosciences ◽

10.1515/geo-2019-0026 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 327-340 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Qin Liu ◽

Zhaoping Yang ◽

Hui Shi ◽

Zhi Wang

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

High Risk ◽

Ecological Risk ◽

Ecological Risk Assessment ◽

World Heritage ◽

Natural World ◽

Low Risk ◽

World Heritage Site ◽

Heritage Site ◽

Risk Areas

Abstract Ecological risk assessment plays an important role in avoiding disasters and reducing losses. Natural world heritage site is the most precious natural assets on earth, yet few studies have assessed ecological risks from the perspective of world heritage conservation and management. A methodology for considering ecological threats and vulnerabilities and focusing on heritage value was introduced and discussed for the Bogda component of the Xinjiang Tianshan Natural World Heritage Site. Three important results are presented. (1) Criteria layers and ecological risk showed obvious spatial heterogeneity. Extremely high-risk and high-risk areas, accounting for 13.60% and 32.56%, respectively, were mainly gathered at Tianchi Lake and Bogda Glacier, whereas the extremely low-risk and low-risk areas, covering 1.33% and 17.51% of the site,were mainly distributed to the north and scattered around in the southwest montane region. (2) The level of risk was positively correlated with the type of risk, and as the level of risk increases, the types of risk increase. Only two risk types were observed in the extremely low-risk areas, whereas six risk types were observed in the high-risk areas and eight risk types were observed in the extremely high-risk areas. (3) From the perspective of risk probability and ecological damage, four risk management categories were proposed, and correlative strategies were proposed to reduce the possibility of ecological risk and to sustain or enhance heritage value.

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Single-center prognostic validation of the risk assessment of the 2015 ESC/ERS guidelines in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension in Japan

Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology ◽

10.1139/cjpp-2019-0640 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (9) ◽

pp. 653-658 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ryo Imai ◽

Shiro Adachi ◽

Masahiro Yoshida ◽

Shigetake Shimokata ◽

Yoshihisa Nakano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension ◽

High Risk ◽

Arterial Hypertension ◽

Risk Group ◽

Low Risk ◽

World Health ◽

Right Atrial ◽

Walking Distance ◽

Pulmonary Arterial

The 2015 European Society of Cardiology/European Respiratory Society guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension include a multidimensional risk assessment for patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). However, prognostic validations of this risk assessment are limited, especially outside Europe. Here, we validated the risk assessment strategy in PAH patients in our institution in Japan. Eighty consecutive PAH patients who underwent right heart catheterization between November 2006 and December 2018 were analyzed. Patients were classified as low, intermediate, or high risk by using a simplified version of the risk assessment that included seven variables: World Health Organization functional class, 6-min walking distance, peak oxygen consumption, brain natriuretic peptide, right atrial pressure, mixed venous oxygen saturation, and cardiac index. The high-risk group showed significantly higher mortality than the low- or intermediate-risk group at baseline (P < 0.001 for both comparisons), and the mortalities in the intermediate- and low-risk groups were both low (P = 0.989). At follow-up, patients who improved to or maintained a low-risk status showed better survival than those who did not (P = 0.041). Our data suggest that this risk assessment can predict higher mortality risk and long-term survival in PAH patients in Japan.

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Risk Preferences and Incentives for Evidence Acquisition and Disclosure

The Journal of Law Economics and Organization ◽

10.1093/jleo/ewaa002 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 314-342

Author(s):

Erin Giffin ◽

Erik Lillethun

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

High Risk ◽

Optimal Design ◽

Risk Aversion ◽

Risk Preferences ◽

Decision Rules ◽

Low Risk ◽

Risk Averse ◽

Good Decision ◽

Legal Rules

Abstract Civil disputes feature parties with biased incentives acquiring evidence with costly effort. Evidence may then be revealed at trial or concealed to persuade a judge or jury. Using a persuasion game, we examine how a litigant’s risk preferences influence evidence acquisition incentives. We find that high risk aversion depresses equilibrium evidence acquisition. We then study the problem of designing legal rules to balance good decision making against the costs of acquisition. We characterize the optimal design, which differs from equilibrium decision rules. Notably, for very risk-averse litigants, the design is “over-incentivized” with stronger rewards and punishments than in equilibrium. We find similar results for various common legal rules, including admissibility of evidence and maximum awards. These results have implications for how rules could differentiate between high risk aversion types (e.g., individuals) and low risk aversion types (e.g., corporations) to improve evidence acquisition efficiency.

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Validation of Postpartum Hemorrhage Admission Risk Factor Stratification in a Large Obstetrics Population

American Journal of Perinatology ◽

10.1055/s-0040-1712166 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Halley Ruppel ◽

Vincent X. Liu ◽

Neeru R. Gupta ◽

Lauren Soltesz ◽

Gabriel J. Escobar

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Risk Assessment ◽

High Risk ◽

Blood Loss ◽

Postpartum Hemorrhage ◽

Risk Group ◽

Risk Groups ◽

Low Risk ◽

Hemorrhage Risk ◽

Present On Admission

Abstract Objective This study aimed to evaluate the performance of the California Maternal Quality Care Collaborative (CMQCC) admission risk criteria for stratifying postpartum hemorrhage risk in a large obstetrics population. Study Design Using detailed electronic health record data, we classified 261,964 delivery hospitalizations from Kaiser Permanente Northern California hospitals between 2010 and 2017 into high-, medium-, and low-risk groups based on CMQCC criteria. We used logistic regression to assess associations between CMQCC risk groups and postpartum hemorrhage using two different postpartum hemorrhage definitions, standard postpartum hemorrhage (blood loss ≥1,000 mL) and severe postpartum hemorrhage (based on transfusion, laboratory, and blood loss data). Among the low-risk group, we also evaluated associations between additional present-on-admission factors and severe postpartum hemorrhage. Results Using the standard definition, postpartum hemorrhage occurred in approximately 5% of hospitalizations (n = 13,479), with a rate of 3.2, 10.5, and 10.2% in the low-, medium-, and high-risk groups. Severe postpartum hemorrhage occurred in 824 hospitalizations (0.3%), with a rate of 0.2, 0.5, and 1.3% in the low-, medium-, and high-risk groups. For either definition, the odds of postpartum hemorrhage were significantly higher in medium- and high-risk groups compared with the low-risk group. Over 40% of postpartum hemorrhages occurred in hospitalizations that were classified as low risk. Among the low-risk group, risk factors including hypertension and diabetes were associated with higher odds of severe postpartum hemorrhage. Conclusion We found that the CMQCC admission risk assessment criteria stratified women by increasing rates of severe postpartum hemorrhage in our sample, which enables early preparation for many postpartum hemorrhages. However, the CMQCC risk factors missed a substantial proportion of postpartum hemorrhages. Efforts to improve postpartum hemorrhage risk assessment using present-on-admission risk factors should consider inclusion of other nonobstetrical factors.

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A Validated Risk Model for Prediction of Early Readmission in Patients with Hepatic Encephalopathy

Annals of Hepatology ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0012.4900 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 17 (5) ◽

pp. 0-10

Author(s):

Andrew J. Kruger ◽

Fasika Aberra ◽

Sylvester M. Black ◽

Alice Hinton ◽

James Hanje ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

Hepatic Encephalopathy ◽

High Risk ◽

Risk Model ◽

Cox Regression ◽

Low Risk ◽

Assessment Model ◽

Risk Assessment Model ◽

Early Readmission ◽

The Impact

Introduction and aim. Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a common complication in cirrhotics and is associated with an increased healthcare burden. Our aim was to study independent predictors of 30-day readmission and develop a readmission risk model in patients with HE. Secondary aims included studying readmission rates, cost, and the impact of readmission on mortality. Material and methods. We utilized the 2013 Nationwide Readmission Database (NRD) for hospitalized patients with HE. A risk assessment model based on index hospitalization variables for predicting 30-day readmission was developed using multivariate logistic regression and validated with the 2014 NRD. Patients were stratified into Low Risk and High Risk groups. Cox regression models were fit to identify predictors of calendar-year mortality. Results. Of 24,473 cirrhosis patients hospitalized with HE, 32.4% were readmitted within 30-days. Predictors of readmission included presence of ascites (OR: 1.19; 95% CI: 1.06-1.33), receiving paracentesis (OR: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.26-1.62) and acute kidney injury (OR: 1.11; 95% CI: 1.00-1.22). Our validated model stratified patients into Low Risk and High Risk of 30-day readmissions (29% and 40%, respectively). The cost of the first readmission was higher than index admission in the 30-day readmission cohort ($14,198 vs. $10,386; p-value < 0.001). Thirty-day readmission was the strongest predictor of calendar-year mortality (HR: 4.03; 95% CI: 3.49-4.65). Conclusions. Nearly one-third of patients with HE were readmitted within 30-days, and early readmission adversely impacted healthcare utilization and calendar-year mortality. With our proposed simple risk assessment model, patients at high risk for early readmissions can be identified to potentially avert poor outcomes.

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Overuse of DVT Prophylaxis in Medical Inpatients

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v126.23.5563.5563 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 126 (23) ◽

pp. 5563-5563 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jing Deng ◽

Lisa Thomas ◽

Huijing Li ◽

Elvin Varughesekutty ◽

Qi Shi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

High Risk ◽

Conflicts Of Interest ◽

Medical Center ◽

Low Risk ◽

Risk Of Bleeding ◽

Dvt Prophylaxis ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Medical Inpatients ◽

Nonsurgical Patients

Abstract Introduction: Unfractionated heparin (UFH), or low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), is commonly used with mechanical prophylaxis as an anticoagulant to reduce the risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE). However, overuse of these prophylaxes can increase the risk of bleeding, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) and associated medical cost. PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to determine the incidence of DVT prophylaxis among hospitalized nonsurgical patients in a community medical center. To evaluate the use of the prophylaxes as described above, the investigators collected data on medical inpatients and addressed how to avoid overuse. Method: A retrospective inpatient chart review of 100 general internal medicine patients analyzed data using Padua Prediction Score as the risk estimate for deep venous thrombosis (DVT). High risk for VTE was defined by a cumulative score >=4 and low risk was a score <4. Only patients at increased risk for DVT but not at high risk for bleeding qualified for heparin treatment. Results: A total of 100 patients were surveyed. 54/100 (54%) patients had low risk of DVT with score < 4, and of those 29/54 (53.7%) patients received DVT prophylaxis with SCDs and/or heparin, and 17/54 (31.5%) patients were treated with heparin. All 46 patients with score >= 4 were treated with DVT prophylaxis of which 10 patients were only treated with heparin and 36 patients were given both mechanical and chemical prophylaxis. Collectively, 53.7% of the patients received treatment with DVT prophylaxis (p < 0.001, Chi-Square test). Discussion: In hospital settings, physicians want to avoid DVT or PE so they tend to consider patients as being at moderate risk for DVT without using any method of DVT risk assessment. This leads to unnecessary overuse of DVT prophylaxis on patients and may increase the risk of bleeding and injury. Conclusion: Our data suggests that there DVT prophylaxis including UFH and LMWH was over prescribed among patients with who had marginal risk for DVT in hospitalized nonsurgical patients in a community medical center. Clinical implications: To avoid the overuse of DVT prophylaxis, physicians need to follow guidelines. Education and inclusion of the guidelines in EHRs of information on VTE risk assessment for hospitalized medical patients upon admission may reduce unneeded DVT prophylaxis and the risk of bleeding and costs associated with additional care needs. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Implementation of Fraud Risk Assessment To Mitigate The Fraud Risk in Tax Audit Process

AFEBI Accounting Review ◽

10.47312/aar.v4i02.181 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (02) ◽

pp. 77

Author(s):

Qomarudin Alfatah ◽

Nicholas Agustinus L. Tobing

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

Rational Choice Theory ◽

Choice Theory ◽

Audit Process ◽

Fraud Risk ◽

Quantitative And Qualitative Research ◽

Risk Appetite ◽

Directorate General ◽

Tax Audit ◽

High Level

The emergence of a variety of fraud schemes, ineffective internal controls, and the number of fraud cases that occur in the taxation sector, encourage researches related to fraud risk assessment, especially in tax audit activities. This study aimed to identify potential fraud schemes risks, evaluate risk controls and discuss anti-fraud strategies using a case study at the Directorate General of Taxes in Indonesia. With a sequential mix method approach through a combination of quantitative and qualitative research, and by using rational choice theory, this research extends the literature of previous studies by providing evidence that fraud can be prevented by increasing the probability to detect fraud scheme. This study fills out the gaps related to fraud risk assessment research in the tax audit process which have been rarely performed in the literatures.The results concluded that of the 20 fraud scenarios identified, there were 7 fraud scenarios categorized as high level of residual fraud risk, 9 fraud scenarios at the medium level, and the rest at low levels. This study discussed appropriate controls to mitigate the residual fraud risk to be maintained at the level of organizational risk appetite. In addition, this study also discussed anti fraud strategies that are relevant to the organization, through evaluating anti-fraud strategies that have been previously implemented and anti-fraud strategies that have never been implemented

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Pilot evaluation of risk assessment and enhanced protocols regarding contacts at an international professional golf event

BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine ◽

10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001127 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. e001127

Author(s):

Patrick G Robinson ◽

Andrew Murray ◽

Volker Sheer ◽

Graeme Close ◽

Denis F Kinane

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

Pilot Study ◽

High Risk ◽

Disease Transmission ◽

Low Risk ◽

Contact Tracing ◽

Sporting Events ◽

Medical Surveillance ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Antigen Testing

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to assess whether a risk assessment and managed risk approach to contact tracing was practical and feasible at the Gran Canaria Lopesan Open 2021 and could inform further pilot work regarding disease transmission during elite sporting events.MethodsThis prospective cohort study included all international attendees. All participants required a minimum of one negative reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) test prior to travelling to each tournament. High-risk contacts were isolated for 10 days. Moderate-risk contacts received education regarding enhanced medical surveillance, had daily rapid antigen testing for 5 days, with RT-PCR day 5, mandated mask use and access to outside space for work purposes only. Low-risk contacts received rapid antigen testing every 48 hours and PCR testing on day 5.ResultsA total of 550 persons were accredited and were required to undergo RT-PCR testing before the event. Two of these tests were positive (0.36%). Of these, case 1 had 1 high, 23 moderate and 48 low-risk contacts. Case 2 did not have any significant travel history within 2 days of positive test and had one high-risk contact. There were no further positive tests on site in the wider cohort of attendees, from a total of 872 RT-PCR and 198 rapid antigen tests.ConclusionsThis pilot study showed it is practical, feasible and well accepted to provide enhanced (daily) virus testing and risk-mitigating measures at a professional golf event. Further study is required to assess the efficacy of these interventions; however, no transmission was found in this pilot study.

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IDENTIFIKASI BAHAYA BEKERJA PADA DEPARTEMEN CASTING DENGAN HAZARD IDENTIFICATION RISK ASSESSMENT AND RISK CONTROL DI PT. PRIMA ALLOY STEEL

KAIZEN Management Systems & Industrial Engineering Journal ◽

10.25273/kaizen.v2i1.5133 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Gatot Basuki HM

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

High Risk ◽

Alloy Steel ◽

Risk Control ◽

Safety Analysis ◽

Hazard Identification ◽

Low Risk ◽

Moderate Risk ◽

Extreme Risk ◽

Job Safety

PT. Prima Alloy Steel Universal merupakan perusahaan industri manufaktur yang memproduksi Velg kendaraan roda empat. Salah satu tahapan proses produksinya yaitu proses casting, Adanya risiko bagi pekerja akan terjadinya kecelakaan kerja sangat tinggi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah melakukan identifikasi terhadap risiko bekerja di departemen casting dengan pendekatan Job Safety Analysis. sedangkan penilaian risiko serta penanggulangan risiko bahaya bekerja menggunakan metode HIRARC, hasil dari analisis tersebut digunakan untuk melakukan mitigasi terhadap setiap risiko yang terjadi di departemen casting. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa Terdapat 5 aktivitas kerja dan 13 subaktivitas kerja di departemen casting yang mempunyai potensi bahaya bekerja. sedangkan penilaian risiko diperoleh 2 aktivitas kerja dengan potensi bahaya kategori extreme risk, 4 aktivitas kerja kategori high risk, 3 aktivitas kerja kategori moderate risk, 4 aktivitas kerja kategori low risk. Tindakan penanggulangan risiko dilakukan melalui perbaikan standart prosedur kerja (SOP) pada setiap subaktivitas. Subtitusi pada subaktivitas menggunakan alat berat seperti forklif saat mengganti matras motif dan design velg. Rekayasa engineering untuk mempermudah subaktivitas agar miminimalisir terjadinya kecelakaan kerja. Pengendalian administratif terkait penerapan instruksi kerja, memantau pengunaan APD dan APAR serta pelatihan K3 secara berkala. Memberikan tanda peringatan bahaya. Penyediaan APD pada seluruh subaktivitas untuk digunakan sesuai dengan kebutuhan saat melakukan aktivitas bekerja.

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