Effects of collectivism and individualism on performance: Dynamic collectivism in Korean firms

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Moonjoo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Commitment ◽  
Value Orientations ◽  
Cultural Value ◽  
Organizational Dynamics ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level I ◽  
The Individual

In order to understand cultural value orientations of Korean employees, in the study I adopted the concept of dynamic collectivism, defined as the tendency of showing high on both collectivism and individualism at the individual level. I hypothesized that employees with collective dynamism would show organizational commitment and creativity in performance. I tested the hypothesis with 384 employees of Korean firms representing different industries. As predicted, dynamic collectivism increased both organizational commitment and creativity in performance. Beyond this finding, the results indicated that collectivism increased organizational commitment but decreased creativity, and individualism dampened organizational commitment and increased creativity. I concluded that dynamic collectivism is key to understanding organizational dynamics and employees' orientations in Korean firms.

Classifying Web Users

2011 ◽  
pp. 45-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Value Orientations ◽  
Cultural Value ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Global Culture ◽  
Form Complex ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The World ◽  
Web Communication ◽  
The Individual

In today’s global environment, a myriad of communication mechanisms enable cultures around the world to interact with one another and form complex interrelationships. The goal of this chapter is to illustrate an individual-based approach to understanding cultural similarities and differences in the borderless world. Within the context of Web communication, a typology of individual cultural value orientations is proposed. This conceptualization emphasizes the need for making distinctions first at the individual level, before group-level comparisons are meaningful, in order to grasp the complexity of today’s global culture. The empirical study reported here further demonstrates the usefulness of this approach by successfully identifying 16 groups among American Web users as postulated in the proposed typology. Future research should follow the implications provided in this chapter in order to broaden our thinking about the role of culture in a world of global communication.

Classifying Web Users

2008 ◽  
pp. 2056-2072
Author(s):  
Wei-Na Lee ◽  
Sejung Marina Choi
Keyword(s):  
Value Orientations ◽  
Cultural Value ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Global Culture ◽  
Form Complex ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The World ◽  
Web Communication ◽  
The Individual

In today’s global environment, a myriad of communication mechanisms enable cultures around the world to interact with one another and form complex interrelationships. The goal of this chapter is to illustrate an individual-based approach to understanding cultural similarities and differences in the borderless world. Within the context of Web communication, a typology of individual cultural value orientations is proposed. This conceptualization emphasizes the need for making distinctions first at the individual level, before group-level comparisons are meaningful, in order to grasp the complexity of today’s global culture. The empirical study reported here further demonstrates the usefulness of this approach by successfully identifying 16 groups among American Web users as postulated in the proposed typology. Future research should follow the implications provided in this chapter in order to broaden our thinking about the role of culture in a world of global communication.

Classifying Web Users

2011 ◽  
pp. 250-267
Author(s):  
Wei-Na Lee
Keyword(s):  
Value Orientations ◽  
Cultural Value ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Global Culture ◽  
Form Complex ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The World ◽  
Web Communication ◽  
The Individual

In today’s global environment, a myriad of communication mechanisms enable cultures around the world to interact with one another and form complex interrelationships. The goal of this chapter is to illustrate an individual-based approach to understanding cultural similarities and differences in the borderless world. Within the context of Web communication, a typology of individual cultural value orientations is proposed. This conceptualization emphasizes the need for making distinctions first at the individual level, before group-level comparisons are meaningful, in order to grasp the complexity of today’s global culture. The empirical study reported here further demonstrates the usefulness of this approach by successfully identifying 16 groups among American Web users as postulated in the proposed typology. Future research should follow the implications provided in this chapter in order to broaden our thinking about the role of culture in a world of global communication.

Metonymy in Dance: Ballet Bunheads Take a Cognitive Turn

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-34
Author(s):  
Edward C. Warburton
Keyword(s):  
Identity Formation ◽  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Artistic Development ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Figures Of Speech ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Level I ◽  
Dance Educators ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Metaphor And Metonymy

This essay considers metonymy in dance from the perspective of cognitive science. My goal is to unpack the roles of metaphor and metonymy in dance thought and action: how do they arise, how are they understood, how are they to be explained, and in what ways do they determine a person's doing of dance? The premise of this essay is that language matters at the cultural level and can be determinative at the individual level. I contend that some figures of speech, especially metonymic labels like ‘bunhead’, can not only discourage but dehumanize young dancers, treating them not as subjects who dance but as objects to be danced. The use of metonymy to sort young dancers may undermine the development of healthy self-image, impede strong identity formation, and retard creative-artistic development. The paper concludes with a discussion of the influence of metonymy in dance and implications for dance educators.

scholarly journals Probabilistic tools to gauge 6-month infants' ability to detect contingency

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Dauphin ◽  
J. Kevin O'Regan
Keyword(s):  
Motor Skills ◽  
Body Movement ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Group I ◽  
Level I ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Analytical Tools

Adults are capable of very fine motor skills whereas newborn babies’ motions are less accurately adjusted to the environment. It has been suggested that babies are sensitive to sensorimotor contingencies so they can acquire their body knowhow by gradually linking each body movement to its perceptual consequences. The research we pursued in the team is part of this theoretical framework. We use behavioural measurements to study how babies refine their body knowhow over time.During my internship, we studied arm differentiation in infants of age 6 months. An artificial contingency was established between the movements of one of the babies’ arms and the appearance of visual and auditory stimuli on both of their arms. My goal was to develop analytical tools to assess if babies detect the contingency (i.e. if they realize that they caused the occurrence of the stimuli). I tried to reproduce the probabilistic methodology developed by J. Watson in his experiments with 4month old babies. I could not obtain reliable results and so pursued my investigations. I adapted Watson’s analytical tools to create a binary indicator measuring the success of babies at the individual level. I showed that babies can differentiate between a situation where without doubt they have no control and a situation where they could be the cause of the stimulus. However, because babies who tried to test the contingency behaved similarly in both the test and the control group I can not ascertain that babies from the contingent group understood that they triggered the contingency.

scholarly journals Comparing Political Polarization in Political and Cultural Preferences

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Political Identity ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Political Polarization ◽  
The Political ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Cultural Preferences ◽  
Cultural Preference ◽  
Level I ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Survey Responses

The popular press has given substantial attention to the notion that Democrats and Republicans hold diverging cultural and lifestyle preferences that manifest in the TV shows they watch, the music they listen to, and the clothes they buy. The academic research in this area is split, though, with some suggesting that such divisions exist and others arguing that they ultimately fail to materialize in real-world behavior. In this study, I use network methods to evaluate whether such partisan cultural polarization exists at the individual-level. I do so by constructing networks of shared cultural preferences and networks of shared political beliefs based on closed-ended survey responses. For each network, I calculate the assortativity (correlation) between linked respondents' partisan identity, ideology, age, gender, race, and education level. I show that the assortativity for the political identity measures is low across the cultural-preference networks compared to the political-belief networks. These results suggest that cultural preferences are not associated with partisan or ideological identities.

Group Belief

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-93
Author(s):  
Domingos Faria ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Group Belief ◽  
Level I ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Group Acceptance

Beliefs are commonly attributed to groups or collective entities. But what is the nature of group belief? Summativism and nonsummativism are two main rival views regarding the nature of group belief. On the one hand, summativism holds that, necessarily, a group g has a belief B only if at least one individual i is both a member of g and has B. On the other hand, non-summativism holds that it is possible for a group g to have a belief B even if no member of g has B. My aim in this paper is to consider whether divergence arguments for non-summativism and against summativism about group belief are sound. Such divergence arguments aim to show that there can be a divergence between belief at the group level and the corresponding belief at the individual level. I will argue that these divergence arguments do not decisively defeat a minimal version of summativism. In order to accomplish this goal, I have the following plan: In section 2, I will analyze the structure of two important counterexamples against the summativist view, which are based on divergence arguments. Such counterexamples are based on the idea that a group decides to adopt a particular group belief, even if none of its members holds the belief in question. However, in section 3, I will show that these counterexamples fail, because they can be explained without the need to posit group beliefs. More specifically, I argue that in these apparent counterexamples, we have only a ‘group acceptance’ phenomenon and not a ‘group belief’ phenomenon. For this conclusion, I advance two arguments: in subsection 3.1, I formulate an argument from doxastic involuntarism, and in subsection 3.2, I develop an argument from truth connection. Thus, summativism is not defeated by divergence arguments. Lastly, in section 4, I will conclude with some advantages of summativism.

Sources of regime support in democracies and autocracies

2020 ◽  
pp. 35-72
Author(s):  
Marlene Mauk
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Value Orientations ◽  
Explanatory Model ◽  
Attitude Formation ◽  
Performance Evaluations ◽  
System Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Regime Types ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Regime Support

This chapter develops an explanatory model of regime support applicable to both democracies and autocracies. The explanatory model includes both individual- and system-level determinants and explicates how these interact in shaping regime support. On the individual-level, it integrates culturalist and institutionalist explanations of support to arrive at five central sources of regime support: political value orientations, societal value orientations, incumbent support, democratic performance evaluations, and systemic performance evaluations. On the system level, it draws on social psychological theories of attitude formation and identifies four sources of regime support: macro-cultural context, macro-political context, actual systemic performance, and level of socioeconomic modernization. Recurring to the fundamental differences between democracies and autocracies, the explanatory model expects the individual-level processes forming regime support to be universal across regime types, but effects of system-level sources of regime support to vary between democracies and autocracies, due to indoctrination and propaganda distorting the attitude-formation process in autocracies.

scholarly journals Status Construction During COVID-19: Antibody Positive People's Rising Prestige

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. R. Evans ◽  
Jonathan Kelley ◽  
Sarah Kelley
Keyword(s):  
State Theory ◽  
Cultural Value ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Social Scripts ◽  
General Logic ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Small Elements ◽  
New Inequalities ◽  
Do So

The protracted COVID-19 crisis provides a new social niche in which new inequalities can emerge. We provide predictions about one such new inequality using the logic of Status Construction Theory (SCT). SCT, rooted in Expectations State Theory and from there developed by Ridgeway and colleagues, proposes general hypotheses about how new inequalities arise through process of interaction at the individual level: an unordered categorical difference becomes attached to a cultural value that gives one category more value than the other; social scripts concerning it emerge; small elements of assertion and deference creep into more and more encounters that an individual participates in, hears about through networks, and learns about via social and conventional media. The categorical difference begins to morph into a hierarchical status distinction. Through these mechanisms, individuals develop “status beliefs” that most people in their communities endorse the status distinction. Although they may or may not endorse the distinction personally, they believe that most people do so and they find that the path of least resistance socially is to enact the scripts that affirm the higher status/prestige of the favored group. We apply Status Construction Theory to the categorical difference between Antibody Positives (who have been tested for IgG antibodies) and Others (everybody else). Using the general logic of SCT and specifically developing applications of its key propositions, we predict that the categorical difference between Antibody Positives and Others will transition to a status distinction and propose testable, falsifiable hypotheses about each step of the process.

scholarly journals The Role of Cultural Value Orientations and Sexual Desire in Predicting Cybersex Behavior in Unmarried Young Adults

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-87
Author(s):  
Virgon Hartoyo ◽  
Juneman Abraham
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Sexual Desire ◽  
Value Orientations ◽  
Internet Technology ◽  
Cultural Value ◽  
Five Dimensions ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Premarital Sexual

The presence of Internet technology has opened up the emergence of new forms of sexual behavior, such as cybersex, which seems more massive nowadays. Regardless of the merits intended by the facilitating technology, in the context of Indonesian culture in which premarital sexual behavior (especially cybersex) is perceived as immoral, it is important to determine predictors of cybersex in order to minimize (or possibly eliminate) its negative impacts. This predictive-correlational designed study on 333 unmarried young adults participants (144 males, 189 females; mean of age = 20.724 years old, standard deviation of age = 1.902 years) employed the five dimensions of Hofstede‟s cultural value orientations (at individual level) and sexual desire as the predictors. The finding of this study was that only the long term orientation and sexual desire play significant roles in predicting cybersex, in positive ways; while four other cultural value orientations (power distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity/femininity, and collectivism/individualism) are not able to predict it.

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