Detección de Pasteurella multocida, Mannhemia haemolytica, Histophilus somni y Mycoplasma bovis en pulmón de bovinos

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 710-720
Author(s):  
Seyda Cengiz ◽  
M. Cemal Adıgüzel ◽  
Gökçen Dinç
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Positive Sample ◽  
Mycoplasma Bovis ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogens ◽  
Specific Primers ◽  
Histophilus Somni ◽  
Healthy Cattle ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Molecular Evaluation

In this study, it was aimed to determine of P. multocida, M. haemolytica, H. somni and M. bovis in macroscopically healthy cattle lungs by PCR. The study was carried out on 82 macroscopically healthy cattle lung. DNA extraction was performed to the lung samples. PCR was then performed using all specific primers. By molecular evaluation, positive results  were achieved for  P. multocida,  M. haemolytica,  H. somni and  M. bovis in 4 (4.8 %), 4 (4.8 %), 6 (7.3 %) and 3 (3.6 %) of the samples, respectively. Mix infections were detected in five samples. Of the samples, two were positive for both P. multocida and M. haemolytica, two were positive for both M. haemolytica and H. somni and one was positive for both P. multocida and H. somni. However, a positive sample, which carried all of pathogens, was not detected. In conclusion, P. multocida, M. haemolytica, H. somni and M. bovis are the important opportunistic pathogens of respiratory tract in cattle and these pathogens have a major role during infections. But multifactorial nature of bovine respiratory disease and immune system affected the formation of the disease. Hence, firstly cattle’s immunity should be strengthened and other conditions should be kept under control.

Update on bacterial pathogenesis in BRD

2009 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony W. Confer
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Capsular Polysaccharide ◽  
Outer Membrane Proteins ◽  
Bacterial Pathogenesis ◽  
Mycoplasma Bovis ◽  
Tissue Destruction ◽  
Histophilus Somni ◽  
Iron Binding Proteins ◽  
Arcanobacterium Pyogenes

AbstractMannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Histophilus somni, Mycoplasma bovis and Arcanobacterium pyogenes are all frequently implicated in bovine respiratory disease (BRD). M. haemolytica is considered the most important of the group. These bacteria are commensals in the nasopharynx and establish infection in the lungs of cattle that are subjected to a variety of stresses. Factors that permit adherence to and proliferation in the lungs and factors that cause tissue destruction and inflammation have been identified as having major roles in pathogenesis. These virulence factors include protein adhesins, capsular polysaccharide, outer membrane proteins, iron-binding proteins, lipopolysacharide or lipooligosaccharide, enzymes and toxins. These bacterial products function to evade the immune system, damage the immune system and induce a severe inflammatory response.

scholarly journals Fatal Calf Pneumonia Outbreaks in Italian Dairy Herds Involving Mycoplasma bovis and Other Agents of BRD Complex

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Fanelli ◽  
Margie Cirilli ◽  
Maria Stella Lucente ◽  
Aya Attia Koraney Zarea ◽  
Domenico Buonavoglia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Single Agent ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Mycoplasma Bovis ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Histophilus Somni ◽  
Syncytial Virus

Mycoplasma bovis is increasingly recognized worldwide as an important cause of disease with major welfare and production impairments on cattle rearing. Although it was detected in veal calves and beef cattle, little is known on the infection impact and on its temporal morbidity pattern in Italian dairy herds. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the involvement of M. bovis on fatal calf pneumonia outbreaks that occurred during 2009–2019 in 64 Italian dairy farms. Furthermore, a deeper diagnostic workup of concurrent infection with other viral and bacterial respiratory pathogens was assessed. Out of the investigated fatal pneumonia cases, M. bovis was frequently detected (animal prevalence, 16.16%; 95%CI, 11.82–21.33; herd prevalence, 26.56; 95%CI, 16.29–39.08) either as the single agent of the disease in more than half of the positive samples (20/37) or in concurrent infections with Histophilus somni (9/37, 24.3%), Mannheimia haemolytica (6/37, 16.621%), Trueperella pyogenes (1/37, 2.70%), Pasteurella multocida (1/37, 2.70%), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (5/37, 13.51%), and bovine viral diarrhea virus (2/37, 5.55%). Based on time-series analysis, M. bovis was recorded in the area since 2009 with outbreaks displaying a clear morbidity seasonal pattern with peaks in April (43.21%) and in September (13.51%). This might be due to the stressing conditions during spring and late summer periods. Results of this study highlight that M. bovis infection warrants consideration, and control measures are needed given its involvement in lethal pneumonia outbreaks in dairy herds from an extended area.

Molecular Detection of Bacterial Pathogens Directly from the Nasal Swabs and Lung Tissue of Sheep and Goats

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (02) ◽  
pp. 22-25
Author(s):  
Sunaina Thakur ◽  
Subhash Verma ◽  
Prasenjit Dhar ◽  
Mandeep Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Direct Detection ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Histophilus Somni ◽  
Nasal Swabs ◽  
Mycoplasma Spp

Respiratory infections of sheep and goats cause heavy morbidity and mortality, leading to huge economic losses. Conventional methods of diagnosis that include isolation and identification of incriminating microbes are time-consuming and fraught with logistic challenges. Direct detection of incriminating microbes using molecular tools is gaining popularity in clinical, microbiological settings. In this study, a total of 50 samples (44 nasal swabs and 6 lung tissues) from sheep and goats were screened for the detection of different bacterial species by in vitro amplification of genus or species-specific genes. Histophilus somni was detected in 2% goat samples, Trueperella pyogenes in 20% goat nasal swabs, whereas 22% goat nasal swab samples were found positive for Mycoplasma spp. None of the samples from sheep was detected positive for H. somni, T. pyogenes, Mycoplasma spp. Similarly, all samples, irrespective, whether from sheep or goats, showed negative results for Pasteurella multocida, Mannheimia haemolytica, and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis.

scholarly journals ON THE QUESTION OF THE PATHOGENESIS OF HIV-INFECTION: THE ROLE OF IMMUNE ACTIVATION IN PROGRESSION OF DISEASE

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 47-52
Author(s):  
G. R. Khasanova ◽  
I. G. Mustafin ◽  
V. A. Anokhin
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Immune Activation ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogens ◽  
Rate Of Progression ◽  
Progression Of Disease ◽  
Modern Knowledge

Hyperactivaion of immme system is considered by most investigators as importantfactor, contributing to progression of HIV-infection and development ofAIDS. In the review modern knowledge about mechanisms and results of activation of immune system during HIV-infection are presented. HIV itself, opportunistic pathogens and components of gut microbiota, first of all, endotoxins ofgram-negative bacteria are considered as probable "activators" of immune system. High levels of endotoxin and markers of immune activation are associated with an even greater rate of progression of HIV-infection.

scholarly journals Estimating Clinically Relevant Cut-Off Values for a High-Throughput Quantitative Real-Time PCR Detecting Bacterial Respiratory Pathogens in Cattle

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicia F. Klompmaker ◽  
Maria Brydensholt ◽  
Anne Marie Michelsen ◽  
Matthew J. Denwood ◽  
Carsten T. Kirkeby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Histophilus Somni ◽  
Nasal Swabs

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) results from interactions between pathogens, environmental stressors, and host factors. Obtaining a diagnosis of the causal pathogens is challenging but the use of high-throughput real-time PCR (rtPCR) may help target preventive and therapeutic interventions. The aim of this study was to improve the interpretation of rtPCR results by analysing their associations with clinical observations. The objective was to develop and illustrate a field-data driven statistical method to guide the selection of relevant quantification cycle cut-off values for pathogens associated with BRD for the high-throughput rtPCR system “Fluidigm BioMark HD” based on nasal swabs from calves. We used data from 36 herds enrolled in a Danish field study where 340 calves within pre-determined age-groups were subject to clinical examination and nasal swabs up to four times. The samples were analysed with the rtPCR system. Each of the 1,025 observation units were classified as sick with BRD or healthy, based on clinical scores. The optimal rtPCR results to predict BRD were investigated for Pasteurella multocida, Mycoplasma bovis, Histophilus somni, Mannheimia haemolytica, and Trueperella pyogenes by interpreting scatterplots and results of mixed effects logistic regression models. The clinically relevant rtPCR cut-off suggested for P. multocida and M. bovis was ≤ 21.3. For H. somni it was ≤ 17.4, while no cut-off could be determined for M. haemolytica and T. pyogenes. The demonstrated approach can provide objective support in the choice of clinically relevant cut-offs. However, for robust performance of the regression model sufficient amounts of suitable data are required.

scholarly journals Cryptococcal Interactions with the Host Immune System

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 835-846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerstin Voelz ◽  
Robin C. May
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Clinical Intervention ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogens ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Aids Pandemic ◽  
Immune Deficiencies ◽  
Sub Saharan

ABSTRACT Opportunistic pathogens have become of increasing medical importance over the last decade due to the AIDS pandemic. Not only is cryptococcosis the fourth-most-common fatal infectious disease in sub-Saharan Africa, but also Cryptococcus is an emerging pathogen of immunocompetent individuals. The interaction between Cryptococcus and the host's immune system is a major determinant for the outcome of disease. Despite initial infection in early childhood with Cryptococcus neoformans and frequent exposure to C. neoformans within the environment, immunocompetent individuals are generally able to contain the fungus or maintain the yeast in a latent state. However, immune deficiencies lead to disseminating infections that are uniformly fatal without rapid clinical intervention. This review will discuss the innate and adaptive immune responses to Cryptococcus and cryptococcal strategies to evade the host's defense mechanisms. It will also address the importance of these strategies in pathogenesis and the potential of immunotherapy in cryptococcosis treatment.

scholarly journals Hypothesis article: Nitric oxide depletion may aggravate COVID-19 symptoms. 
A new therapy could help

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brecht Daams
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Successful Therapy ◽  
No Donor ◽  
New Therapy ◽  
Kidney Functions ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Inhaled No

The Corona virus SARS-CoV2 that causes COVID-19 has effects that until now have not been explained. The widespread damage of SARS-CoV2, the comorbidities in critically ill COVID-19 patients, and the symptoms of post-COVID-19 patients show striking similarities with conditions that are related to depletion of nitric oxide (NO) in the human body. Many of the symptoms of the disease may be caused by acute depletion of NO by the immune system. Patients with the highest COVID-19 burden often have comorbidities that are related to chronic depletion of NO. Post-COVID-19 health problems may be caused by earlier depletion of NO. Successful therapy requires sufficient NO levels. Supplementation with NO will increase immunity, help prevent thrombosis, and improve breathing, kidney functions, blood flow and oxygenation in patients, elderly patients and patients with comorbidities in particular. Furthermore, NO helps to prevent SARS-CoV2 from entering the human cell and to suppress viral RNA production. NO is not easy to supplement. A few SARS patients have been treated with inhaled NO with positive results, but inhaled NO can only deliver small quantities of NO. A new therapy has been developed to more effectively supplement NO. It combines the ingestion of nitrates (as NO donor), N-acetylcysteine and vitamin C (promoting NO metabolism) with electrostimulation of the muscles (to trigger the release of NO). It is expected that this therapy can ease the most serious symptoms of (post) COVID-19, especially for elderly and people with comorbidities. A patent has been applied for.

scholarly journals Switching between bacteriostatic and bactericidal antimicrobials for retreatment of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) relapses is associated with an increased frequency of resistant pathogen isolation from veterinary diagnostic laboratory submissions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johann F. Coetzee ◽  
Drew R. Magstadt ◽  
Lendie Follett ◽  
Pritam K. Sidhu ◽  
Adlai M. Schuler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
State University ◽  
Iowa State University ◽  
Diagnostic Laboratory ◽  
Treatment Protocols ◽  
Antimicrobial Studies ◽  
Stewardship Program ◽  
Histophilus Somni ◽  
The Impact

AbstractAlthough 90% of BRD relapses are reported to receive retreatment with a different class of antimicrobial, studies examining the impact of antimicrobial selection (i.e. bactericidal or bacteriostatic) on retreatment outcomes and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are deficient in the published literature. A survey was conducted to determine the association between antimicrobial class selection for retreatment of BRD relapses on antimicrobial susceptibility of Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Histophilus somni. Pathogens were isolated from samples submitted to the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory from January 2013 to December 2015. A total of 781 isolates with corresponding animal case histories, including treatment protocols, were included in the analysis. Original susceptibility testing of these isolates for ceftiofur, danofloxacin, enrofloxacin, florfenicol, oxytetracycline, spectinomycin, tilmicosin, and tulathromycin was performed using Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Data were analyzed using a Bayesian approach to evaluate whether retreatment with antimicrobials of different mechanistic classes (bactericidal or bacteriostatic) increased the probability of resistant BRD pathogen isolation in calves. The posterior distribution we calculated suggests that an increased number of treatments is associated with a greater probability of isolates resistant to at least one antimicrobial. In addition, the frequency of resistant M. haemolytica isolates was greater with retreatment using antimicrobials of different mechanistic classes than retreatment with the same class. Specifically, treatment protocols using a bacteriostatic drug first followed by retreatment with a bactericidal drug was associated with a higher frequency of resistant BRD pathogen isolation. This effect was more profound with specific treatment combinations; tulathromycin (bacteriostatic) followed by ceftiofur (bactericidal) was associated with the highest probability of resistant isolates among all antimicrobial combinations. These findings suggest that the selection of antimicrobial mechanistic class for retreatment of BRD should be considered as part of an antimicrobial stewardship program.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated With Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria Related to Bovine Respiratory Disease—A Broad Cross-Sectional Study of Beef Cattle at Entry Into Canadian Feedlots

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Andrés-Lasheras ◽  
Reuben Ha ◽  
Rahat Zaheer ◽  
Catrione Lee ◽  
Calvin W. Booker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Bovine Respiratory Disease ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Mannheimia Haemolytica ◽  
Mycoplasma Bovis ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Histophilus Somni

A broad, cross-sectional study of beef cattle at entry into Canadian feedlots investigated the prevalence and epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Histophilus somni, and Mycoplasma bovis, bacterial members of the bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex. Upon feedlot arrival and before antimicrobials were administered at the feedlot, deep nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from 2,824 feedlot cattle in southern and central Alberta, Canada. Data on the date of feedlot arrival, cattle type (beef, dairy), sex (heifer, bull, steer), weight (kg), age class (calf, yearling), source (ranch direct, auction barn, backgrounding operations), risk of developing BRD (high, low), and weather conditions at arrival (temperature, precipitation, and estimated wind speed) were obtained. Mannheimia haemolytica, P. multocida, and H. somni isolates with multidrug-resistant (MDR) profiles associated with the presence of integrative and conjugative elements were isolated more often from dairy-type than from beef-type cattle. Our results showed that beef-type cattle from backgrounding operations presented higher odds of AMR bacteria as compared to auction-derived calves. Oxytetracycline resistance was the most frequently observed resistance across all Pasteurellaceae species and cattle types. Mycoplasma bovis exhibited high macrolide minimum inhibitory concentrations in both cattle types. Whether these MDR isolates establish and persist within the feedlot environment, requires further evaluation.

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