scholarly journals Spectrum of Bacterial Isolates and Diagnoses in Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Facility before and after Armed Conflict in Iraq (Research Note)

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 15-17
Author(s):  
P.A. Hajj ◽  
Z. Dudova ◽  
V. Krcmery ◽  
P. Tomanek ◽  
T. Hrindova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Research Note ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Rehabilitation Facility ◽  
Before And After

scholarly journals Transient and Sustained Bacterial Adaptation following Repeated Sublethal Exposure to Microbicides and a Novel Human Antimicrobial Peptide

2014 ◽  
Vol 58 (10) ◽  
pp. 5809-5817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Forbes ◽  
Curtis B. Dobson ◽  
Gavin J. Humphreys ◽  
Andrew J. McBain
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Peptide ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Exposure System ◽  
Polyhexamethylene Biguanide ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Laboratory Exposure

ABSTRACTMicrobicides (biocides) play an important role in the prevention and treatment of infections. While there is currently little evidence for in-use treatment failures attributable to acquired reductions in microbicide susceptibility, the susceptibility of some bacteria can be reduced by sublethal laboratory exposure to certain agents. In this investigation, a range of environmental bacterial isolates (11 genera, 18 species) were repeatedly exposed to four microbicides (cetrimide, chlorhexidine, polyhexamethylene biguanide [PHMB], and triclosan) and a cationic apolipoprotein E-derived antimicrobial peptide (apoEdpL-W) using a previously validated exposure system. Susceptibilities (MICs and minimum bactericidal concentrations [MBCs]) were determined before and after 10 passages (P10) in the presence of an antimicrobial and then after a further 10 passages without an antimicrobial to determine the stability of any adaptations. Bacteria exhibiting >4-fold increases in MBCs were further examined for alterations in biofilm-forming ability. Following microbicide exposure, ≥4-fold decreases in susceptibility (MIC or MBC) occurred for cetrimide (5/18 bacteria), apoEdpL-W (7/18), chlorhexidine (8/18), PHMB (8/18), and triclosan (11/18). Of the 34 ≥4-fold increases in the MICs, 15 were fully reversible, 13 were partially reversible, and 6 were nonreversible. Of the 26 ≥4-fold increases in the MBCs, 7 were fully reversible, 14 were partially reversible, and 5 were nonreversible. Significant decreases in biofilm formation in P10 strains occurred for apoEdpL-W (1/18 bacteria), chlorhexidine (1/18), and triclosan (2/18), while significant increases occurred for apoEdpL-W (1/18), triclosan (1/18), and chlorhexidine (2/18). These data indicate that the stability of induced changes in microbicide susceptibility varies but may be sustained for some combinations of a bacterium and a microbicide.

Political Trust, Shocks, and Accountability: Quasi-experimental Evidence from a Rebel Attack

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (9) ◽  
pp. 1693-1723
Author(s):  
Scott Gates ◽  
Mogens K. Justesen
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Political Trust ◽  
New Democracies ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Trust In Institutions ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Chance Occurrence

How does armed conflict affect accountability and political trust in democratic governments? To answer this question, we present quasi-experimental evidence based on survey data which, coincidentally, were collected in the days surrounding an unanticipated violent attack by a rebel group in Mali. The chance occurrence of the attack five days into the survey demarcates respondents into two groups surveyed before and after the attack and allows us to examine how the attack affected approval of politicians and trust in political institutions. Our results show that people mainly attribute responsibility to the president and not to parliament or local government, while trust in institutions is largely unaffected. We also show that these effects are strongest in the region of the attack. These findings suggest that voters in new democracies are capable of attributing responsibility to individual politicians and governments while maintaining trust in the fundamental political institutions of democracy.

scholarly journals Assessing the causes of conflict and its effect on livelihoods: a study from Bardia National Park and Khata Corridor, Nepal

1970 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-43
Author(s):  
SC Nepali
Keyword(s):  
Resource Use ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
National Park ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Current Concern ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Non Parametric

The ten-year conflict in Nepal can be viewed as the result of ignoring and failing tostrengthen the state and nation building through political, economic and social integration.This study aimed to understand and assess the causes of conflict and their effects onlivelihoods in and around Bardia National Park, Nepal. Crotty's model has been used tocollect the information and conduct non parametric Wilcoxon test. Chi-square test withdescriptive tables has been used for data analysis. Causes of conflict based on people'sperception revealed that 78% and 45% of the respondents agreed that weak governancewas the cause of conflict before and after. 79% and 52% attributed economical instabilityas a cause while 78% and 49% believed disparity in resource use and distribution as thecause of conflict before and after. The overall impact on livelihoods due to the conflict hada weighted mean range 2.0-2.3, suggesting the medium impact on all the assets. Theconditions of livelihood were better before and were negatively affected after the conflict.Studying patterns of armed conflict and their impact in a country like Nepal is not just ofhistorical interest, but also a matter of current concern for development.Key words: Conflict; instability livelihoods; non parametric testDOI: 10.3126/banko.v20i1.3507Banko Janakari, Vol. 20, No. 1 pp.37-43

scholarly journals Women Empowerment and Its Challenges in Jammu and Kashmir

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Muzaffar Banday1 ◽  
Dr. P. Ganesan
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Health Economy ◽  
Women Empowerment ◽  
Jammu And Kashmir ◽  
Freedom Of Movement ◽  
Education Politics ◽  
Study Researcher ◽  
Before And After ◽  
High Level

In Jammu and Kashmir Woman are the most vulnerable section due to violence caused by militancy and armed conflict. They are facing number of challenges related to health, economy, education, politics, and more importantly they are traumatised due to prolonged depression of conflict in which number of women become widows. In this study researcher tried to access the freedom of movement within and outside their homes, freedom of acquiring education before and after their marriages and challenges faced by women were also identified with the help of primary and secondary data. Researcher found that women had high level of freedom for their education before marriage and they had high level of freedom for their movement both within and outside their villages.

Before and after urban warfare: Conflict prevention and transitions in cities

2016 ◽  
Vol 98 (901) ◽  
pp. 71-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antônio Sampaio
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Social Characteristics ◽  
Conflict Prevention ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Local Actors ◽  
Urban Warfare ◽  
Developmental Policies

AbstractThe rising pressures of urbanization in fragile and conflict-affected countries have increased concerns about the vulnerability of cities to armed threats. Changes in the character of armed conflict during the twenty-first century and its effects on cities in the developing world have exposed gaps in the planning and practice of peace and security, which retain a “nation-State bias” that circumvents local perspectives and agencies. Whereas full-scale use of military power in cities remains as destructive today as it has ever been, international organizations such as the United Nations have called for changed approaches to State tactics in urban areas. Mechanisms designed to prevent conflict or to help countries transition back to peace are particularly key if massive human and economic damages are to be avoided in a world of increasingly dense cities. Another key concern is the vulnerability of developing-world cities to low-intensity, if protracted, forms of violence by non-State actors, particularly in post-conflict contexts. Conflict prevention and peace transitions in cities (including mainstream international tools such as peacekeeping, stability and reconstruction aid) are affected by specifically urban pressures linked to rising populations, migration, ethnic tensions, institutional deterioration and the weakening of urban services. Therefore, the physical and social characteristics of cities interact with military and developmental policies in unique ways. An understanding of key local actors, services and institutions affecting urban drivers of armed conflict – an urban strategic environment – can help practitioners and strategists to craft comprehensive policies.

An Exploratory Study of Team Cohesion before and after a Spring Trip (Research Note)

1988 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 314-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Rainey ◽  
Gerald J. Schweickert
Keyword(s):  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Team Cohesion ◽  
Research Note ◽  
Before And After

Diversity and Susceptibility of Enterococcus Isolated from Cattle before and after Harvest

2009 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 766-774 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. FLUCKEY ◽  
G. H. LONERAGAN ◽  
R. D. WARNER ◽  
A. ECHEVERRY ◽  
M. M. BRASHEARS
Keyword(s):  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Drug Susceptibility ◽  
Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Antimicrobial Drug ◽  
Cross Contamination ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Pulsed Field ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Culture Positive

To investigate evidence of cross-contamination and to determine patterns of antimicrobial drug susceptibility of Enterococcus isolates in a commercial cattle processing system, samples were collected from 60 cattle shipped to a commercial abattoir. Enterococcus isolates were recovered from fecal and hide samples collected immediately before shipment from a feedlot to the abattoir, from postexsanguination hide samples at the abattoir, and from carcass samples collected after hide removal (preevisceration) and in the cooler. Of the fecal samples, 53.9% were culture positive for Enterococcus. Of hide samples collected at the feedlot, 77.8% were positive for Enterococcus, significantly lower (P < 0.01) than the proportion of hides that were culture positive at the abattoir (96.1%). For preevisceration carcass samples, Enterococcus was recovered from 58.3% of carcasses. Only 8.3% of the carcasses sampled in the cooler yielded Enterococcus. Resistance among Enterococcus isolates was common regardless of the type or location of sample from which the isolate was recovered. All 279 Enterococcus isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial drug, and 179 (64.2%) of these isolates were resistant to at least six drugs. The most common resistance was to chloramphenicol (100% of isolates) followed by flavomycin (90.3%), lincomycin (87.8%), tylosin (78.5%), erythromycin (76.3%), tetracycline (58.9%), quinupristin-dalfopristin (47.7%), bacitracin (17.9), streptomycin (9.0%), ciprofloxacin (1.4%), linezolid (0.7%), and salinomycin (0.4%). Enterococcus isolates also were characterized using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to evaluate molecular similarities. Similar or indistinguishable electrophoresis patterns were found among isolates recovered at the feedlot and in the plant, providing evidence that feedlot-origin bacterial isolates are being transferred from cattle to carcasses within the processing environment through cross-contamination.

scholarly journals Health-related articles on Syria before and after the start of armed conflict: a scoping review for The Lancet-American University of Beirut Commission on Syria

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rima A. Abdul-Khalek ◽  
Walaa Kayyal ◽  
Abdul Rahman Akkawi ◽  
Mohamad Almalla ◽  
Khurram Arif ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
American University ◽  
Network Analyses ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Syrian Conflict ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Introduction Armed conflict may influence the size and scope of research in Arab countries. We aimed to assess the impact of the 2011 Syrian conflict on health articles about Syria published in indexed journals. Methods We conducted a scoping review on Syrian health-related articles using seven electronic databases. We included clinical, biomedical, public health, or health system topics published between 1991 and 2017. We excluded animal studies and studies conducted on Syrian refugees. We used descriptive and social network analyses to assess the differences in rates, types, topics of articles, and authorship before and after 2011, the start of the Syrian conflict. Results Of 1138 articles, 826 (72.6%) were published after 2011. Articles published after 2011 were less likely to be primary research; had a greater proportion reporting on mental health (4.6% vs. 10.0%), accidents and injuries (2.3% vs. 18.8%), and conflict and health (1.7% vs. 7.8%) (all p < 0.05); and a lower proportion reporting on child and maternal health (8.1 to 3.6%, p = 0.019). The proportion of research articles reporting no funding increased from 1.1 to 14.6% (p < 0.01). While international collaborations increased over time, the number of articles with no authors affiliated to Syrian institutions overtook those with at least one author affiliation to a Syrian institution for the first time in 2015. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the impact of armed conflict on health scholarship in Syria. The Syrian conflict was associated with a change in the rates, types, and topics of the health-related articles, and authors’ affiliations. Our findings have implications for the prioritization of research funding, development of inclusive research collaborations, and promoting the ethics of conducting research in complex humanitarian settings.

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