scholarly journals KESENJANGAN GENDER DITINJAU DARI PERSPEKTIF ISLAM

Author(s):  
Mutmainnah Mutmainnah

The terms gender and sex are often overlapped. The term sex in our society is often used in a dual sense. One of the factors that influence the occurrence of gender disparities is due to the variety of interpretations of the definition of gender itself. Often gender is equated with sex (sex), and the division of roles and responsibilities of each has been made in such a way and passed from year to year even from century to century, even the role of gender by society is then believed as if it was God's nature.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  

Change is at the heart of the definition of fashion, as many theorists, designers and cultural analysts have shown. This article takes up this perspective to question the role of fashion design in the 21st century in the relation to cultural, media and technological changes. Adopting a field research approach, the paper analyses the interaction between fashion, designers and digital technologies that are emerging in Italy in order to re-grasp Made in Italy in a futuring perspective. The case studies were selected for their relevance to the digital in terms of design, production, and display. The paper analyses that the pandemic crisis is having on the Made in Italy, stimulating new ways of designing, understanding, producing, and consuming fashion.


2001 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-138
Author(s):  
E. V. Levitina ◽  
G. A. Ivanichev ◽  
M. M. Minnibaev

2/3 of all diseases of the nervous system in children begin to develop in the perinatal period. In recent decades, great strides have been made in perinatal neurology in the development of criteria for early diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Further study of the biochemical foundations of perinatal lesions of the nervous system with the definition of objective markers of the severity of the lesion will reveal new links in its pathogenesis and develop more effective methods of treatment.


Author(s):  
McLachlan Campbell ◽  
Shore Laurence ◽  
Weiniger Matthew

Chapter 6 explores the central concept of ‘investment’. It first considers the core question of the definition of ‘investment’ under the ICSID Convention and under investment treaties. It then takes up four important issues: (1) the time when an investment is made in relation to the temporal scope of the treaty protections; (2) the extent to which pre-contract investment may obtain treaty protection; (3) the place of an investment; and (4) the role of host State law in defining ‘investment’. It then analyses a set of problems that arise out of indirect investments: the relation between the losses suffered by a subsidiary in the host State and the investor’s investment; the rights of minority shareholders; claims brought by holding companies; corporate restructuring as a means to gain the advantage of investment treaties; the position of ultimate beneficiaries; and the position of portfolio investments.


Author(s):  
Ester MANZANO PELÁEZ ◽  
Marta SABATÉ SOLANES

Laburpena: Helburu orokorrago eta handinahiago bat burutzeko ezarri da telelana Generalitat-ean: lan-modu berriak ezartzeko. Zentzu horretan, helburu hori aurrera eramateko eragile pragmatiko eta abiarazle gisa jotzen da telelana. Telelana arautzen duen arau-esparrua oinarrizkoa eta beharrezkoa izan arren, horretaz gainera hainbat elementu landu behar dira: mugigarritasuneko lan-profilaren definizioa, beharrezko ekipamenduen hornidura, azpiegituren eta sistemen prestakuntza, heziketa, inguru digitalen erabilera, talde-arduradunaren eginkizuna eta gaitasun digitalen jabetzea, besteak beste. Hortaz, telelana aldaketa kulturala behar du nahitaez, eta horretarako, langile publikoei ekimen zehatzen bidez lagundu behar diegu eta aldaketak sortzen dituen beldurrak gainditu behar ditugu. Telelana abiarazteak estrategia argia behar du, hainbat erabaki hartzeaz aparte. Erabaki horien artean hurrengoak ditugu: nor eta zenbat denboraz aritu daiteke telelanean? Zer bitarteko daude? Nola prestatuko gara? Segurtasunez lan egingo al dugu? Laburbilduz, telelanak lidergo-ereduaren aldaketak dakartza berekin. Lider kontrolatzailea lider bideratzaile bihurtu beharko da, produktibitatearen neurrian eta emaitzak era nabarmenean helburu izanda, eta konfiantza inposatuko da zer bitarteko bidez eta zer denbora tartean egin behar den argi badago. Abstract: The introduction of teleworking to the Catalan Government responds to a more general and ambitious intention which is the incorporation of the new working methods. Teleworking is therefore conceived as the pragmatic and accelerating lever which enables progress to be made in this respect. Although the normative framework which regulates telework is basic and necessary, work must also be carried out on a series of elements such as definition of the profile of the mobile work, providing the necessary equipment, the preparation of infrastructures and systems, training, the use of digital environments, the role of the team leader and the acquisition of digital skills. Thus, teleworking is only possible if it is associated with a cultural change and, to achieve this, we must accompany the publicly employed staff with specific initiatives and overcome the fears the change instills in us. The promotion of teleworking requires a clear-cut strategy and the making of decisions with respect to questions such as: Who can telework and for how long? What means are available? How do we prepare for it? Are we working with security? etc. At the end of the day, teleworking entails changes of paradigm in leadership, shifting from the controlling leader to the facilitator, according to productivity, with a clear-cut focus on results, where confidence takes hold provided that what has to be done is clearly established, with what means and in what period of time. Resumen: La introducción del teletrabajo en la Generalitat responde a un propósito más general y ambicioso como es la incorporación de las nuevas formas de trabajo. En este sentido, el teletrabajo se concibe como la palanca pragmática y aceleradora que permite avanzar en este propósito. Si bien el marco normativo que regula el teletrabajo es básico y necesario se precisa, además, trabajar una serie de elementos como son la definición del perfil de trabajo en movilidad, la dotación del equipo necesario, la preparación de la infraestructuras y sistemas, la formación, la utilización de los entornos digitales, el rol del responsable de equipo y la adquisición de las competencias digitales. Por tanto, el teletrabajo solo es posible si lleva asociado un cambio cultural y, para ello, debemos acompañar al personal empleado público con iniciativas concretas y superar los miedos que nos produce el cambio. El impulso del teletrabajo requiere de una estrategia clara y de la toma de decisión ante cuestiones tales cómo ¿quién puede teletrabajar y durante cuánto tiempo? ¿con qué medios se cuenta? ¿cómo nos preparamos? ¿trabajamos con seguridad?, etc. En resumen, el teletrabajo lleva asociados cambios de paradigma en el liderazgo pasando del líder controlador al facilitador, en la medida de la productividad con una orientación clara a resultados, donde la confianza se impone siempre y cuando se tenga claro qué hacer, con qué medios y en qué periodo de tiempo.


Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2033 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasios G. Papadiamantis ◽  
Frederick C. Klaessig ◽  
Thomas E. Exner ◽  
Sabine Hofer ◽  
Norbert Hofstaetter ◽  
...  

The emergence of nanoinformatics as a key component of nanotechnology and nanosafety assessment for the prediction of engineered nanomaterials (NMs) properties, interactions, and hazards, and for grouping and read-across to reduce reliance on animal testing, has put the spotlight firmly on the need for access to high-quality, curated datasets. To date, the focus has been around what constitutes data quality and completeness, on the development of minimum reporting standards, and on the FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable) data principles. However, moving from the theoretical realm to practical implementation requires human intervention, which will be facilitated by the definition of clear roles and responsibilities across the complete data lifecycle and a deeper appreciation of what metadata is, and how to capture and index it. Here, we demonstrate, using specific worked case studies, how to organise the nano-community efforts to define metadata schemas, by organising the data management cycle as a joint effort of all players (data creators, analysts, curators, managers, and customers) supervised by the newly defined role of data shepherd. We propose that once researchers understand their tasks and responsibilities, they will naturally apply the available tools. Two case studies are presented (modelling of particle agglomeration for dose metrics, and consensus for NM dissolution), along with a survey of the currently implemented metadata schema in existing nanosafety databases. We conclude by offering recommendations on the steps forward and the needed workflows for metadata capture to ensure FAIR nanosafety data.


2016 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny Smith

In ninth century Francia, a rebellious monk named Gottschalk of Orbais (808-868) ardently defended his theory of divine predestination, much to the vexation of the Frankish Church, whose leaders eventually denounced him as heretical and imprisoned him for the remainder of his life. In an effort to disprove Gottschalk, his perhaps most prominent opponent, Hincmar, Archbishop of Reims (806-882), frequently cited elements of ecclesiastical tradition in an attempt to show that western Catholic orthodoxy opposed the theory of predestination that Gottschalk espoused. While most scholars have analyzed Hincmar’s writings by focusing on his citation of the patristic church father Saint Augustine of Hippo (354-430), such an approach ignores the problematic nature of Augustine’s stance on predestination, which was largely ambiguous, hence the ability of both Gottschalk and Hincmar to reference his writings as proof of their argument. While Augustine at times limited his stance to merely suggesting that God had bestowed eternal life on some individuals, at other times he was more explicit, defining predestination in terms of a twofold decree of salvation for some and damnation for others. Such ambiguity created a nebulous definition of predestination by the time of the ninth century controversy and allowed Gottschalk to weaken Hincmar’s arguments by likewise citing Augustine to support his own assertions. This in turn forced Hincmar to extend his arsenal of ecclesiastical tradition beyond citation of Augustine in order to refute Gottschalk. This paper reevaluates a sample of Hincmar’s writings in the 840s and 850s to argue that he sought to make explicit what Augustine had left unclear regarding predestination by appealing to common standards of orthodoxy in the forms of additional patristic authors, conciliar judgments, and liturgical practices. This analysis reveals both the prominence of ambiguity in ninth-century predestination thought as well as the role of ecclesiastical tradition in forming medieval views on orthodoxy, however fluid such a label remained.


2017 ◽  
Vol 225 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina B. Lonsdorf ◽  
Jan Richter

Abstract. As the criticism of the definition of the phenotype (i.e., clinical diagnosis) represents the major focus of the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative, it is somewhat surprising that discussions have not yet focused more on specific conceptual and procedural considerations of the suggested RDoC constructs, sub-constructs, and associated paradigms. We argue that we need more precise thinking as well as a conceptual and methodological discussion of RDoC domains and constructs, their interrelationships as well as their experimental operationalization and nomenclature. The present work is intended to start such a debate using fear conditioning as an example. Thereby, we aim to provide thought-provoking impulses on the role of fear conditioning in the age of RDoC as well as conceptual and methodological considerations and suggestions to guide RDoC-based fear conditioning research in the future.


2014 ◽  
pp. 79-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ales Novak

The term ?business model' has recently attracted increased attention in the context of financial reporting and was formally introduced into the IFRS literature when IFRS 9 Financial Instruments was published in November 2009. However, IFRS 9 did not fully define the term ‘business model'. Furthermore, the literature on business models is quite diverse. It has been conducted in largely isolated fashion; therefore, no generally accepted definition of ?business model' has emerged. Therefore, a better understanding of the notion itself should be developed before further investigating its potential role within financial reporting. The aim of this paper is to highlight some of the perceived key themes and to identify other bases for grouping/organizing the literature based on business models. The contributions this paper makes to the literature are twofold: first, it complements previous review papers on business models; second, it contains a clear position on the distinction between the notions of the business model and strategy, which many authors identify as a key element in better explaining and communicating the notion of the business model. In this author's opinion, the term ‘strategy' is a dynamic and forward-looking notion, a sort of directional roadmap for future courses of action, whereas, ‘business model' is a more static notion, reflecting the conceptualisation of the company's underlying core business logic. The conclusion contains the author's thoughts on the role of the business model in financial reporting.


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