Part II Ambit of Protection, 6 Investment

Author(s):  
McLachlan Campbell ◽  
Shore Laurence ◽  
Weiniger Matthew

Chapter 6 explores the central concept of ‘investment’. It first considers the core question of the definition of ‘investment’ under the ICSID Convention and under investment treaties. It then takes up four important issues: (1) the time when an investment is made in relation to the temporal scope of the treaty protections; (2) the extent to which pre-contract investment may obtain treaty protection; (3) the place of an investment; and (4) the role of host State law in defining ‘investment’. It then analyses a set of problems that arise out of indirect investments: the relation between the losses suffered by a subsidiary in the host State and the investor’s investment; the rights of minority shareholders; claims brought by holding companies; corporate restructuring as a means to gain the advantage of investment treaties; the position of ultimate beneficiaries; and the position of portfolio investments.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  

Change is at the heart of the definition of fashion, as many theorists, designers and cultural analysts have shown. This article takes up this perspective to question the role of fashion design in the 21st century in the relation to cultural, media and technological changes. Adopting a field research approach, the paper analyses the interaction between fashion, designers and digital technologies that are emerging in Italy in order to re-grasp Made in Italy in a futuring perspective. The case studies were selected for their relevance to the digital in terms of design, production, and display. The paper analyses that the pandemic crisis is having on the Made in Italy, stimulating new ways of designing, understanding, producing, and consuming fashion.


2001 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-138
Author(s):  
E. V. Levitina ◽  
G. A. Ivanichev ◽  
M. M. Minnibaev

2/3 of all diseases of the nervous system in children begin to develop in the perinatal period. In recent decades, great strides have been made in perinatal neurology in the development of criteria for early diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Further study of the biochemical foundations of perinatal lesions of the nervous system with the definition of objective markers of the severity of the lesion will reveal new links in its pathogenesis and develop more effective methods of treatment.


Author(s):  
Gregory Stump

Paradigm Function Morphology (PFM) is an evolving approach to modeling morphological systems in a precise and enlightening way. The fundamental insight of PFM is that words have both content and form and that in the context of an appropriately organized lexicon, a language’s morphology deduces a complex word’s form from its content. PFM is therefore a realizational theory: a language’s grammar and lexicon are assumed to provide a precise characterization of a word’s content, from which the language’s morphology then projects the corresponding form. Morphemes per se have no role in this theory; by contrast, paradigms have the essential role of defining the content that is realized by a language’s morphology. At the core of PFM is the notion of a paradigm function, a formal representation of the relation between a word’s content and its form; the definition of a language’s paradigm function is therefore the definition of its inflectional morphology. Recent elaborations of this idea assume a distinction between content paradigms and form paradigms, which makes it possible to account for a fact that is otherwise irreconcilable with current morphological theory—the fact that the set of morphosyntactic properties that determines a word’s syntax and semantics often differs from the set of properties (some of them morphomic) that determines a word’s inflectional form. Another recent innovation is the assumption that affixes and rules of morphology may be complex in the sense that they may be factored into smaller affixes and rules; the evidence favoring this assumption is manifold.


2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 190327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brooke N. Macnamara ◽  
Megha Maitra

We sought to replicate Ericsson, Krampe & Tesch-Römer's (Ericsson, Krampe & Tesch-Römer 1993 Psychol. Rev. 100 , 363–406) seminal study on deliberate practice. Ericsson et al . found that differences in retrospective estimates of accumulated amounts of deliberate practice corresponded to each skill level of student violinists. They concluded, ‘individual differences in ultimate performance can largely be accounted for by differential amounts of past and current levels of practice’ (p. 392). We reproduced the methodology with notable exceptions, namely (i) employing a double-blind procedure, (ii) conducting analyses better suited to the study design, and (iii) testing previously unanswered questions about teacher-designed practice—that is, we examined the way Ericsson et al . operationalized deliberate practice (practice alone), and their theoretical but previously unmeasured definition of deliberate practice (teacher-designed practice), and compared them. We did not replicate the core finding that accumulated amounts of deliberate practice corresponded to each skill level. Overall, the size of the effect was substantial, but considerably smaller than the original study's effect size. Teacher-designed practice was perceived as less relevant to improving performance on the violin than practice alone. Further, amount of teacher-designed practice did not account for more variance in performance than amount of practice alone. Implications for the deliberate practice theory are discussed.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco J. Parada ◽  
Alejandra Rossi

Recent technological advancements encompassed under the Mobile Brain/Body Imaging (MoBI) framework, have produced exciting new experimental results linking mind, brain, and behavior. The main goal of the MoBI approach is to model brain and body dynamics during every-day, natural, real-life situations. However, even though considerable advances have been made in both hardware and software, technical and analytical conditions are not yet optimal. The MoBI approach is based on attaching synchronized, small, and lightweight neurobehavioral sensors to and around participants during behaviorally-measured structured, semi-structured, and unstructured settings. These sensors have yet to become fully unobtrusive or transparent. Even though a considerable technical and analytical gap still exists, acquisition of brain/body dynamics during real-world situations as well as in virtual, modified, and/or extended laboratory settings has been -in many cases- successful. Nevertheless, even if the technical/analytical gap is breached, novel hypotheses, measures, and experimental paradigms are needed in order to tackle MoBI’s ultimate goal: to model and understand cognition, behavior, and experience as it emerges and unfolds unto and from the world. Such a goal is not completely novel or unique to the MoBI framework; it is at the core of a long-standing scientific and philosophical challenge. The present work starts by briefly reviewing the historical origins of complexity in order to identify three “waves and ripples of complexity” derived from naturalist accounts to the historical brain/body problem. We furthermore argue for a current 4th wave. Finally, we offer the reader what we consider to be the main objective for the MoBI+4E framework in its quest for understanding the functional role of brain/body/world couplings in the emergence of cognition.


2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (04) ◽  
pp. C06
Author(s):  
Antonio Gomes da Costa

The profession of explainer is still pretty much undefined and underrated and the training of explainers is many times deemed to be a luxury. In the following pages we make the argument that three main factors contribute to this state of affairs and, at the same time, we try to show why the training of explainers should really be at the core of any science communication institution. These factors are: an erroneous perception of what a proper scientific training means for explainers; a lack of clear definition of the aptitudes and role of explainers required by institutions that are evolving and diversifying their missions; and an organizational model based on top-down practices of management and activity development which underappreciates the potential of the personnel working directly with the public.


2020 ◽  
Vol Varia (Articles) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauline Marie Neveu

International audience Sociability is a central concept in sociology. Applying it to new ways of creating social bounds questions the mere definition of the concept, particularly in its relationship with otherness. We suggest using the “passing through” sociability in order to better understand the tensions between likeness and otherness at the core of social relationships between strangers. Specifically, this paper aims to illustrate moments of intercultural openness between members of a hospitality exchange network. La sociabilité est un concept central dans la discipline sociologique. Son application aux nouvelles manières de constituer des liens sociaux interroge la définition même du concept, particulièrement dans son rapport à l’altérité. En suggérant l’idée de la sociabilité dite «  du passage  », nous proposons de mieux comprendre les tensions entre ressemblance et altérité au cœur des relations sociales entre inconnus. Précisément, cet article vise à mettre en avant des illustrations de moments d’ouverture interculturelle dans les relations entre membres d’un réseau d’échange d’hospitalité.


1995 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 40-43
Author(s):  
Alan Robson

Suggestions that psychology lacks academic substance are common. Recently, in an article in the Australian newspaper, Emeritus Professor John Sutcliffe described it as a “dicky-shirt” discipline -- all form and no substance (Sutcliffe, 1994). He wrapped his observation into a general attack on the Dawkins education reforms which he correctly blames for eroding the intellectual core of Australian academic life. Many academics share Sutcliffe's concerns.The Dawkins reforms are an uneasy blend of populism and commercialism aimed at achieving the Labour government's economic goal of a “clever country”. Most conspicuously, they have involved the incorporation of former technical institutes into large multi-campus universities. The result has been the physical extension of a university presence across the country into some improbable rural backwaters. Inevitably these dramatic changes in the size and spread of universities have been accompanied by a change in the definition of the role of universities. Topics of study which were once the domain of lower tier tertiary institutions now find a place in the core academic centres. The result has been a shift in the balance of academic interest from abstract to applied research and teaching.Feeding into these changes has been what Sutcliffe describes as a “money-driven” ethos. After decades of intervention to redress inequalities and irrationalities stemming from the operation of free markets, Labour governments in various parts of the West have capitulated to historical forces and pre-emptively embraced the free enterprise policies of the traditional right.


Author(s):  
Ester MANZANO PELÁEZ ◽  
Marta SABATÉ SOLANES

Laburpena: Helburu orokorrago eta handinahiago bat burutzeko ezarri da telelana Generalitat-ean: lan-modu berriak ezartzeko. Zentzu horretan, helburu hori aurrera eramateko eragile pragmatiko eta abiarazle gisa jotzen da telelana. Telelana arautzen duen arau-esparrua oinarrizkoa eta beharrezkoa izan arren, horretaz gainera hainbat elementu landu behar dira: mugigarritasuneko lan-profilaren definizioa, beharrezko ekipamenduen hornidura, azpiegituren eta sistemen prestakuntza, heziketa, inguru digitalen erabilera, talde-arduradunaren eginkizuna eta gaitasun digitalen jabetzea, besteak beste. Hortaz, telelana aldaketa kulturala behar du nahitaez, eta horretarako, langile publikoei ekimen zehatzen bidez lagundu behar diegu eta aldaketak sortzen dituen beldurrak gainditu behar ditugu. Telelana abiarazteak estrategia argia behar du, hainbat erabaki hartzeaz aparte. Erabaki horien artean hurrengoak ditugu: nor eta zenbat denboraz aritu daiteke telelanean? Zer bitarteko daude? Nola prestatuko gara? Segurtasunez lan egingo al dugu? Laburbilduz, telelanak lidergo-ereduaren aldaketak dakartza berekin. Lider kontrolatzailea lider bideratzaile bihurtu beharko da, produktibitatearen neurrian eta emaitzak era nabarmenean helburu izanda, eta konfiantza inposatuko da zer bitarteko bidez eta zer denbora tartean egin behar den argi badago. Abstract: The introduction of teleworking to the Catalan Government responds to a more general and ambitious intention which is the incorporation of the new working methods. Teleworking is therefore conceived as the pragmatic and accelerating lever which enables progress to be made in this respect. Although the normative framework which regulates telework is basic and necessary, work must also be carried out on a series of elements such as definition of the profile of the mobile work, providing the necessary equipment, the preparation of infrastructures and systems, training, the use of digital environments, the role of the team leader and the acquisition of digital skills. Thus, teleworking is only possible if it is associated with a cultural change and, to achieve this, we must accompany the publicly employed staff with specific initiatives and overcome the fears the change instills in us. The promotion of teleworking requires a clear-cut strategy and the making of decisions with respect to questions such as: Who can telework and for how long? What means are available? How do we prepare for it? Are we working with security? etc. At the end of the day, teleworking entails changes of paradigm in leadership, shifting from the controlling leader to the facilitator, according to productivity, with a clear-cut focus on results, where confidence takes hold provided that what has to be done is clearly established, with what means and in what period of time. Resumen: La introducción del teletrabajo en la Generalitat responde a un propósito más general y ambicioso como es la incorporación de las nuevas formas de trabajo. En este sentido, el teletrabajo se concibe como la palanca pragmática y aceleradora que permite avanzar en este propósito. Si bien el marco normativo que regula el teletrabajo es básico y necesario se precisa, además, trabajar una serie de elementos como son la definición del perfil de trabajo en movilidad, la dotación del equipo necesario, la preparación de la infraestructuras y sistemas, la formación, la utilización de los entornos digitales, el rol del responsable de equipo y la adquisición de las competencias digitales. Por tanto, el teletrabajo solo es posible si lleva asociado un cambio cultural y, para ello, debemos acompañar al personal empleado público con iniciativas concretas y superar los miedos que nos produce el cambio. El impulso del teletrabajo requiere de una estrategia clara y de la toma de decisión ante cuestiones tales cómo ¿quién puede teletrabajar y durante cuánto tiempo? ¿con qué medios se cuenta? ¿cómo nos preparamos? ¿trabajamos con seguridad?, etc. En resumen, el teletrabajo lleva asociados cambios de paradigma en el liderazgo pasando del líder controlador al facilitador, en la medida de la productividad con una orientación clara a resultados, donde la confianza se impone siempre y cuando se tenga claro qué hacer, con qué medios y en qué periodo de tiempo.


Author(s):  
Mutmainnah Mutmainnah

The terms gender and sex are often overlapped. The term sex in our society is often used in a dual sense. One of the factors that influence the occurrence of gender disparities is due to the variety of interpretations of the definition of gender itself. Often gender is equated with sex (sex), and the division of roles and responsibilities of each has been made in such a way and passed from year to year even from century to century, even the role of gender by society is then believed as if it was God's nature.


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