scholarly journals A ARTICULAÇÃO DOS ACONTECERES NA CONS-TRUÇÃO DOS FLUXOS GLOBAIS: NOTAS SOBRE OS CIRCUITO ESPACIAL PRODUTIVO DE MEDICA-MENTOS NA FRANÇA E NO BRASIL

GEOgraphia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (48) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Mendes Antas Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Nous Avons ◽  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Industrial Production ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
The State ◽  
Modus Operandi ◽  
Transnational Companies ◽  
Technical Division

Resumo: No presente artigo, analisamos o circuito espacial produtivo de medicamentos presente nos territórios francês e brasileiro e determinadas trocas realizadas entre esses países, mas não exclusivamente. Abordamos a combinação de aconteceres homólogos, complementares e hierárquicos na execução das ações globais que constituem os circuitos espaciais produtivos, isto é, a articulação desses aconteceres por parte das corporações e do Estado de modo a promover uma sincronia entre os chamados espaços da globalização para efetivar uma divisão territorial do trabalho global. Inicialmente, discute-se a pertinência do conceito de circuito espacial produtivo em vez de cadeia produtiva ou redes de produção global. Em seguida, a articulação entre os aconteceres para a realização de ações globais. Por fim, elegemos quatro complexos de eventos do ramo farmacêutico e o modo como se apresentam nos territórios francês e brasileiro para abordar a produção de simultaneidades instrumentais à competitividade para as empresas do referido circuito espacial.Palavras chave: Circuito espacial produtivo de medicamentos. Acontecer solidário. Simultaneidade. Brasil. França. THE ARTICULATION OF EVENTS IN BUILDING OF GLOBAL FLOWS: NOTES ON THE PRODUCTIVE SPATIAL CIRCUIT OF DRUGS IN FRANCE AND BRAZILAbstract: We analyzed the spatial circuit of pharmaceutical products in French and Brazilian territories from the flow of productive inputs to this industrial production. In order to understand the modus operandi of these exchanges, we applied the concepts of homologous, complementary and hierarchical events and their articulation by companies and the State, to identify the technical division of labor between the industries of these two countries. We were able to verify the pharmaceutical industry articulations and productive particularities of each country to increase capital accumulation. We identified this intentional combination of events by transnational companies and the State by the use of simultaneity to strengthen capitalist competitiveness.Keywords: Spatial circuit of pharmaceutical products. Homologous, complementary and hierarchical events. Space-time simultaneity. Brazil. France Résumé: Nous avons analysé le circuit spatial des médicaments dans les territoires français et brésiliens à partir des flux d’intrants productifs nécessaires à cette production industrielle. Pour comprendre le traitement de ces échanges, nous avons utilisé les concepts d’événements homologues, complémentaires et hiérarchiques et leur articulation par les entreprises et l’État, identifiant comment une division technique du travail a été réalisée entre les industries installées dans ces deux pays. Nous avons pu vérifier que les laboratoires pharmaceutiques transnationaux articulent les particularités institutionnelles et productives de chaque pays pour augmenter l’accumulation de capital. Nous avons identifié cette combinaison intentionnelle d’événements par des sociétés transnationales et l’État comme l’utilisation de la simultanéité espace-temps pour renforcer la compétitivité capitaliste.Mots-clés: Circuit spatial des médicaments. Événements homologues, complémentaires et hiérarchiques. Simultanéité. Brésil. France. 

Human Rights, Health, and Capital Accumulation in the Third World

1979 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Chossudovsky
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Labor Process ◽  
International Division ◽  
Welfare Programs ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Third World ◽  
International Division Of Labor

While the development of center capitalism has evolved toward “the Welfare State” and a framework of liberal sociodemocracy, the “peripheral State” is generally characterized by nondemocratic forms of government. This bipolarity in the state structure between center and periphery is functionally related to the international division of labor and the unity of production and circulation on a world level. The programs and policies of the center Welfare State (health, education, social security, etc.) constitute an input of “human capital” into the high-technology center labor process. Moreover, welfare programs in center countries activate the process of circulation by sustaining high levels of consumer demand. In underdeveloped countries, the underlying vacuum in the social sectors and the important allocations to military expenditure support the requirements of the peripheral labor process. Programs in health in the center and periphery are related to the bipolarity (qualification/dequalification) in the international division of labor. The social and economic functions of health programs are intimately related to the organic structure of the State and the mechanics whereby the State allocates its financial surplus in support of both capitalist production and circulation.

scholarly journals Legal differentiation in the case of domestic legislative default in the field of intellectual property for medicines

2020 ◽  
pp. 311-318
Author(s):  
Iuliia Vishar
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
The State ◽  
Regulatory Framework ◽  
Pharmaceutical Market ◽  
Unfair Competition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

Within the framework of this article, it is pointed out the importance of legal order in the created domestic regulatory and legalframework of intellectual property for medicines on the basis of international legislation, implemented by approximating national le -gislation to the norms of the European Community law in this area. The disadvantages of the standard approaches of Ukrainian lawmakingin the intellectual pharmaceutical industry to the transformation of legal experience in the pharmaceutical industry of the EuropeanCommunity, which give rise to the domestic legislative default, are presented.Impartially considered the impact of the lack of clarity of the current legislation on intellectual property in pharmaceuticals onthe formation of legally defective, with protective and protective helplessness, intellectual property objects for medicines, which are amanifestation of the legal incompetence of national legislators.The negligent attitude of domestic legislators to the uncertainty in the content of the above changes to the laws that have a directimpact on the definition of the concepts of intellectual property objects for medicines, forms a deformed regulatory and legal basis forpatenting in this area – the ground for possible violations in the form of patent trolling, counterfeit pharmaceutical products, corruptionschemes in medicine, unfair competition, falsification of drugs, and the like, where, first of all, the safety, quality and effectiveness ofdrugs are leveled.The importance of legal differentiation and the need for legal sorting, the renewal of the national legal system to consolidate thesystem of legal regulation of the intellectual pharmaceutical industry by increasing the transparency of the pharmaceutical market andthe responsibility of its participants are noted.Indicated on the negligent attitude of domestic lawmakers to the uncertain classification of inventions in pharmaceuticals, which,like the above definitions of the concepts of intellectual property for medicines, forms a deformed regulatory framework for patentingin this area – the basis for possible offenses in the form of patent trolling, counterfeit pharmaceutical products, corruption schemes inmedicine, unfair competition, falsification of drugs, etc., where, first of all First, the level of safety is leveled, as are the spines andeffectiveness of drugs. At the same time, it should be noted that the lack of results of proper judicial practice in the field of intellectualproperty for medicinal products is an indicator of non-functioning legislative mechanisms for the transformation of the European legalsystem into a national regulatory framework. The importance and necessity of restoring ecological pharmacies to consolidate the system of legal regulation of the intellectualpharmaceutical industry by increasing the transparency of the pharmaceutical market and the responsibility of its participants is indicated.In our opinion, the legislation in this priority for the state strategy area should be reviewed to eliminate recurrences and contradictionsbased on the implemented system of monitoring, competent legal analytics and control of compliance of Ukrainian legislationwith EU legislation. In turn, a well-functioning, fully documented pharmaceutical quality system must be developed that should includeGood Manufacturing Practices (GMPs) with quality control and risk management for quality at the stage of intelligent product creation.Thus, the underestimated pharmacy business, where extracorporeal medicines created in the conditions of individual production(manufacturing) with ensuring compliance with their purpose, the requirements of regulatory (analytical, technical, technological) do -cu ments, the State Pharmacopeia of Ukraine, and exclusion of risks for patients, may unreasonably have features patentability, basedon international experience, as a manifestation of relevant medicine.

Prospects for the development of Russian pharmaceutical products in the process of forming the single market of the Eurasian Economic Union

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 3-10
Author(s):  
V. L. Abramov
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Single Market ◽  
The State ◽  
Pharmaceutical Market ◽  
Member States ◽  
Economic Space ◽  
Eurasian Economic Union ◽  
Economic Union

The article analyzes the state and dynamics of the development of the Russian pharmaceutical industry. There is given an assessment of the state and trends of exports of its products to the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union, as well as the countries of the post-Soviet economic space. Opportunities and prospects for the development of the Russian pharmaceutical industry in the process of formation of the single market of the EEU, the use of regional economic integration opportunities are substantiated. Proposals have been formulated to increase the export potential and international competitiveness of the Russian pharmaceutical industry, to develop integration processes of forming a single pharmaceutical market for the member states of the EEU.

scholarly journals Penegakan Hukum terhadap Penyalahgunaan dan Pencegahan Pengguna Narkotika di Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-222
Author(s):  
Damar Bastiar
Keyword(s):  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Drug Trafficking ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
The State ◽  
Modus Operandi ◽  
Psychotropic Substances ◽  
Younger Generation ◽  
Chronic Problem ◽  
Sophisticated Technology

Drug abuse is still a chronic problem that befell Indonesia, cases of methamphetamine circulation and many international drug dealers have been caught in recent years to prove that Indonesia is in a state of drug emergency. Drug trafficking carried out with sophisticated techniques has penetrated throughout Indonesia. It can be said that there has been a change in the mode of syndicates, where specific types of psychotropic substances are no longer imported, but their distributors prefer to make factories to produce their own. Procurement of raw materials,compounding, until the recruitment of people related to the division of labor in producing drugs is really well planned. This can be said when looking at trends in cases of narcotics factories that continue to emerge. Narcotics crime has been transnational in nature which is carried out using high modus operandi, sophisticated technology, supported by a broad network of organizations, and has caused many victims especially among the younger generation who are very detrimental to the lives of people, the nation, and the state of crime.Keywords: drugs, people, crime

Problems Facing the Arab Pharmaceutical Industry: A Case Study from Yemen

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 234-241
Author(s):  
Mohammed Al-Shakka ◽  
Ebtesam Abood ◽  
Adel Al-Dhubhany ◽  
Sami Abdo Radman Aldubai ◽  
Khaled Said ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Domestic Market ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
Pharmaceutical Manufacturer ◽  
University Graduates ◽  
Pharmaceutical Drugs

Because of the almost-instant connection with the welfare and well-being of individuals, pharmaceutical industry stands prominently as a very important factor for the improvement and progress of a healthy productive nation. These days, pharmaceutical industry thrives as one of the largest and exponentially expanding global industries. Nonetheless, millions of people in low income developing countries, have to suffer from the fatal consequences of the inaccessibility and non-availability of essential drugs. This is also happening in Yemen, where the pharmaceutical manufacturers sector have to face up to many challenges. The Yemen Drug Company (YEDCO) was founded in 1964 by the Yemeni government as it collaborated with private investors. It was endorsed as a company with the expertise in the medicinal drug marketing. YEDCO started its work by taking in drugs from foreign companies and then locally marketing and distributing them. In 1982, YEDCO built the first medicinal factory for drugs in Sana’a. Since then, seven companies were set up to manufacture medicines in Yemen. The expanding population has led to the need to have more pharmaceutical products. It may be understandable that pharmaceutical manufacturer companies are also hit by the political crisis in the country. Inadequate amount of fuel and raw material as well as low security status were some of the underlying factors behind these ill-effects in Yemen. Imported drugs make up about nearly 90% % of the pharmaceutical market compared to 10% drugs from the domestic market. This situation has led to an additional burden being shouldered by the national economy, where Yemen spends about US$263 million annually on pharmaceutical drugs, in reference to the national Supreme Drugs Authority. Although there is a very quick growth in the population and drugs consumption, the pharmaceutical industry has not been very active, where global pharmaceutical products play their role dominantly on the domestic market. The pharmaceutical production necessitates skilled human resources like university graduates. By contrast, the government and the private sector should also motivate the pharmaceutical industry and make use of the local employment

Actual issues of hygienic regulation and creation of safe working conditions at pharmaceutical manufacturing enterprises

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (10) ◽  
pp. 640-644
Author(s):  
Vadim M. Vasilkevich ◽  
Ruslan V. Bogdanov ◽  
Elena V. Drozdova
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Production Environment ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
Health Disorders ◽  
Safe Working

Introduction. The working conditions of pharmaceutical industry workers are characterized by the combined effect of unfavorable factors of the production environment, among which the leading one is chemical. The aim of study is to substantiate the basic principles and criteria for hygienic regulation of pharmaceutical products in their production to ensure safe working conditions for employees based on the results of their own research and existing requirements of technical regulations. Materials and methods. Analysis of working conditions and the prevalence of health disorders in pharmaceutical workers (according to literature data), toxicological studies of pharmaceutical substances on laboratory animals, scientific justification of hygiene standards in the air of the working area. Results. Among employees of the pharmaceutical industry, the predominant forms of production-related health disorders are diseases of the respiratory system, as well as skin dermatitis of allergic origin, liver and biliary tract diseases. Based on the results of experimental studies of domestic pharmaceutical products for the treatment of cardiovascular, oncological and mental diseases that have priority socio-economic significance, the basic principles and features of the practice of justifying the hygienic standards of medicines in the air of the working area are developed and systematized. Conclusions. During hygienic rationing of medicines, it is necessary to use a differentiated approach that allows, based on the analysis of information about the chemical structure, physical and chemical characteristics, production conditions, pharmacotherapeutic activity, and the results of studying the toxic effect in an experiment on laboratory animals, to determine the maximum permissible content in the air of the working area of medicines or to justify the prohibition of isolation with reasoned recommendations for their safe production.

The Influence of TRIPS Compliant Patent Laws on Indian Pharmaceutical Industry

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rupesh Rastogi ◽  
Virendra Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Patent Protection ◽  
Uruguay Round ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Trips Agreement ◽  
Patent Law ◽  
Patent Laws ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time ◽  
Indian Pharmaceutical Industry

The first legislation in India relating to patents was the Act VI of 1856. The Indian Patents and Design Act, 1911 (Act II of 1911) replaced all the previous Acts. The Act brought patent administration under the management of Controller of Patents for the first time. After Independence, it was felt that the Indian Patents & Designs Act, 1911 was not fulfilling its objective. Various comities were constituted to recommend, framing a patent law which can fulfill the requirement of Indian Industry and people. The Indian Patent Act of 1970 was enacted to achieve the above objectives. The major provisions of the act, provided for process, not the product patents in food, medicines, chemicals with a term of 14 years and 5-7 for chemicals and drugs. The Act enabled Indian citizens to access cheapest medicines in the world and paved a way for exponential growth of Indian Pharmaceutical Industry. TRIPS agreement, which is one of the important results of the Uruguay Round, mandated strong patent protection, especially for pharmaceutical products, thereby allowing the patenting of NCEs, compounds and processes. India is thereby required to meet the minimum standards under the TRIPS Agreement in relation to patents and the pharmaceutical industry. India’s patent legislation must now include provisions for availability of patents for both pharmaceutical products and processes inventions. The present paper examines the impact of change in Indian Patent law on Pharmaceutical Industry.

Mobilized Yet Contained: Popular Women, Feminisms, and Organizing around Venezuela’s 2012 Organic Labor Law

2021 ◽  
pp. 0094582X2110130
Author(s):  
Rachel Elfenbein
Keyword(s):  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Labor Law ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Field ◽  
Gendered Division Of Labor ◽  
Women's Organizing ◽  
State Adoption ◽  
Las Mujeres ◽  
The Revolution

Venezuela’s state-led national-popular Bolivarian process opened up a new political field for feminism—an approach that was both institutional and popular, aiming to combine forces from above and from below and use state gender institutions to foment popular women’s organization. Yet this field was conflictual, containing contesting popular feminist projects with different implications for the gendered division of labor. Analysis of popular women’s organizing around Venezuela’s 2012 organic labor law shows that state adoption of feminism marked a gendered political opening for popularizing feminism while also presenting risks of state co-optation of popular women’s organizing. The state understood popular women’s organization and mobilization as central to the revolution, yet it generally attempted to limit their autonomy and organizing to challenge the gendered division of labor. El bolivarianismo nacional-popular liderado por el estado venezolano abrió un nuevo campo político para el feminismo: un enfoque que era tanto institucional como popular y cuyo objetivo era combinar fuerzas tanto de arriba como de abajo, así como utilizar las instituciones estatales de género para fomentar las organizaciones populares de mujeres. Sin embargo, este campo resultó conflictivo, y parte de su contenido impugnaba proyectos feministas populares con diferentes implicaciones para las divisiones de género en el trabajo. El análisis de la organización popular de las mujeres en torno a la ley orgánica del trabajo de Venezuela de 2012 muestra que la adopción estatal del feminismo marcó una apertura política de género con intenciones de popularizar el feminismo a la vez que presentaba el riesgo de que la organización popular de las mujeres fuera cooptada por el estado. El estado consideraba la organización y movilización popular de las mujeres como esenciales a la revolución. Sin embargo y hablando generalmente, se abocó a limitar su autonomía y organización cuando se trataba de desafiar las divisiones de género en el trabajo.

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