scholarly journals The National People's Congress Oversight Power and the Role of the CCP

2003 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 6-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Chien-Min
Keyword(s):  
Central Government ◽  
Local Politics ◽  
Executive Branch ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
Political Reforms ◽  
Legislative Oversight ◽  
Local Officials ◽  
People's Congress ◽  
Political Scene

The urbanization and the structural and institutional changes that have taken place in China in the past two decades have resulted in the collapse of the old system and the germination of a tremendous number of irregularities. To redress the malfeasance brought about by the new decentralization of economic resources, the People's Congresses (PCs) are taking the lead in another round of incremental political reforms. The combination of specialization and centralization of leadership has led to an augmentation of legislative oversight. Measures developed by the legislative institutions, such as pingyi (evaluation) and zhifa jiancha (inspection of implementation of laws), have enlivened a lethargic local political scene and given rise to the committee autonomy. These political reforms have transformed local politics forever, forcing the central government to follow suit. The urgent need for institutional mechanisms to counter the vices associated with socialist market reform has prompted the Party to turn its attention to the People's Congresses. Consequently, a Leninist party-state system has been transformed into a new system in which the Party is allied simultaneously with the executive and the legislative branches. A preliminary and limited balance of power is now emerging in which the Party is not totally immune. The newly accrued legislative powers have not only redefined the tenets of Party leadership, but also rewritten its relations with the executive branch. Although the PCs are still often barred from vital decision-making, new devices such as pingyi and zhifa jiancha are forcing some local officials to have second thoughts before straying too far from legal boundaries.

Transfer-Based Decentralization and Poverty Alleviation: Evidence from a Quasi-Experiment in China

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 694-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fubing Su ◽  
Ming Li ◽  
Ran Tao
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Local Politics ◽  
Regression Discontinuity ◽  
Democratic Regime ◽  
Elite Capture ◽  
County Governments ◽  
Local Officials ◽  
Quasi Experiment

Abstract China launched a massive poverty alleviation program in the 1990s that focused on nationally designated poverty counties. By injecting earmarked transfers with clear spending mandates, the central government hoped for major investments in productive capacities in the poverty counties so they could develop sustainably. Comparing fiscal data of county governments through a regression discontinuity approach, we show that the opposite was true. Poverty county officials failed to make extra investments in production-oriented areas while diversion of central transfers for administrative consumption was rampant. This article develops a better empirical strategy to challenge some earlier findings. Theoretically, this article offers a different case of elite capture under a non-democratic regime. Our focus on poverty regions also reveals the importance of maintaining bureaucratic support in local politics. It complements the popular notion that Chinese local officials are mostly geared toward growth.

scholarly journals Water Pollution Progress at Borders: The Role of Changes in China's Political Promotion Incentives

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 223-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew E. Kahn ◽  
Pei Li ◽  
Daxuan Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Regime Shift ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Metal Pollutants ◽  
The Social ◽  
Political Boundaries ◽  
Local Officials ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Heavy Metal Pollutants ◽  
Local Leaders

At political boundaries, local leaders have weak incentives to reduce polluting activity because the social costs are borne by downstream neighbors. This paper exploits a natural experiment set in China in which the central government changed the local political promotion criteria and thus incentivized local officials to reduce border pollution along specific criteria. We document evidence of pollution progress with respect to targeted criteria at province boundaries. Heavy metal pollutants, not targeted by the central government, have not decreased in concentration after the regime shift. Using data on the economic geography of key industrial water polluters, we explore possible mechanisms. (JEL D72, O13, O18, P25, P28, Q25, Q53)

scholarly journals The Role of Social Media in Promoting Information Disclosure on Environmental Incidents: An Evolutionary Game Theory Perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 4372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shan Gao ◽  
Shuang Ling ◽  
Wenhui Liu
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Information Disclosure ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Evolutionary Game ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Regional Government ◽  
Local Officials ◽  
Efficient Information

In recent years, social media has had a crucial role in promoting governments to act more responsibly. However, few studies have investigated whether social media use actually leads to increased disclosure during environmental incidents, or how social media influences regional governments’ information disclosure, even though delayed and insufficient disclosure on relevant incidents is often widespread in China. In this article, we model information disclosure during environmental incidents as an evolutionary game process between the central government and local governments, and examine the role of social media on game participants’ strategy selections in the information disclosure game. The results indicate that social media plays an active role in promoting the regional government to proactively disclose information during environmental incidents through two mechanisms: the top–down intervention mechanism, and the bottom–up reputation mechanism. More specifically, social media can provide efficient information channels for the central government to supervise local officials’ limited disclosure during environmental incidents, essentially sharing the central government’s supervision costs, and thus improving its supervision and intervention efficiency. Social media helps focus the public’s attention on the limited disclosure of local officials in environmental incidents, and actively mobilizes citizens to protest to maintain their interests, placing considerable pressure on the reputation of local governments.

Federalism

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
András Sajó ◽  
Renáta Uitz
Keyword(s):  
State Government ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Separation Of Powers ◽  
Executive Branch ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Design Choice ◽  
Self Rule ◽  
Different Levels

This chapter deals with vertical separation of powers, in which government is separated into distinct layers, primarily in federal arrangements. A federal system guarantees territorial self-rule and a form of shared rule between the central and territorial governments. In this arrangement, different levels of government limit each other’s ambitions. The chapter first explains the fundamental features of federalism before discussing the factors that determine federalism as a design choice. It also considers the actors in federal structures, namely, national (central) government and state government, as well as the role of the executive branch in a federation. Finally, it examines models of national (federal)–state relationship, federalism as a potential solution to ethnic diversity, the controversial issue of secession in a federation, and federalism as a tool of liberty.

Not All Roads Lead to Rome: Local Housing Policy in the Unitary Italian State

1979 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberta Sbragia
Keyword(s):  
Housing Policy ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Local Autonomy ◽  
Local Independence ◽  
World War ◽  
Local Officials ◽  
Second World

Until the establishment of regional governments in the early 1970S, Italy was a formally centralized, unitary state. Both the legal and formal administrative frameworks within which local officials worked were such as to support the prevailing scholarly view that, in such a centralized state, the possibilities for local autonomy and initiative were very limited. The formal role of local governments after the Second World War continued to be that which had been specified by the Fascists in legislation designed to complete the centralization of the Italian state. Such a role left little room for local independence and initiative. Administratively, most decisions had to be approved by officials in Rome. Moreover, the policies and finances of local governments were closely supervised by the Prefects, who served as agents of central government.

scholarly journals ROLE OF INTELLECTUALS IN TRIBAL POLICIES OF REZA SHAH REGIME: A STUDY FOCUSING ON THE BAKHTIARI AND QASHQAEI TRIBE

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 801-810
Author(s):  
Mahdi Monirinejad ◽  
Arman Heidari ◽  
Keshvad Siahpour
Keyword(s):  
Central Government ◽  
Historical Sociology ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Tribal Governments ◽  
History Of ◽  
Political Scene ◽  
United Nation

Purpose of the study: Following the entrance of Reza Shah into Iran’s political scene, the Persian archaist and nationalist intellectuals started to support him. These intellectuals believed that only through a central government with a Persian Nationalism could establish a united national nation-state in Iran. They played a key role in paving the path for the formation of a united nation-state and tackling the existing barriers before its path, e.g. the semi-autonomous traditional tribal governments, through establishing parties, societies, and newspapers and various activities in the administrative and bureaucratic domains. This is an issue which has not been discussed almost by no one of the scholars who have conducted studies on Iran. Methodology: The present study has been undertaken based on the method of historical sociology and through the use of the library sources. Results: In this way, the intellectuals who were supporters of the ancient Persian nationalism persuaded Reza Shah to adopt a radical military approach against the tribes. They consecrated Reza Shah and did not miss any opportunity to humiliate the tribes in every possible form. In fact, the pro-ancient Persian nationalism intellectuals had their own personal strategies for the destruction of the semi-independent governments. Applications of this study: This article plays a prefund role in studying the history of recent Iran. Novelty of the study: The Novelty of the study is in investigating the historical sociology and using various sources.

OPTIMALISASI PERAN PEMDA DALAM MENGATASI KENDALA PELAKSANAAN KONSERVASI KEANEKARAGAMAN HAYATI DI DAERAH (STUDI KASUS PROVINSI BENGKULU)

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antung Deddy Radiansyah
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Regional Government ◽  
Conservation Areas ◽  
Conservation Area ◽  
Conservation Policies

Gaps in biodiversity conservation management within the Conservation Area that are the responsibility of the central government and outside the Conservation Areas or as the Essential Ecosystems Area (EEA) which are the authority of the Regional Government, have caused various spatial conflicts between wildlife /wild plants and land management activities. Several obstacles faced by the Local Government to conduct its authority to manage (EEA), caused the number and area of EEA determined by the Local Government to be still low. At present only 703,000 ha are determined from the 67 million ha indicated by EEA. This study aims to overview biodiversity conservation policies by local governments and company perceptions in implementing conservation policies and formulate strategies for optimizing the role of Local Governments. From the results of this study, there has not been found any legal umbrella for the implementation of Law number 23/ 2014 related to the conservation of important ecosystems in the regions. This regulatory vacuum leaves the local government in a dilemma for continuing various conservation programs. By using a SWOT to the internal strategic environment and external stratetegic environment of the Environment and Forestry Service, Bengkulu Province , as well as using an analysis of company perceptions of the conservation policies regulatary , this study has been formulated a “survival strategy” through collaboration between the Central Government, Local Governments and the Private Sector to optimize the role of Local Government’s to establish EEA in the regions.Keywords: Management gaps, Essential Ecosystems Area (EEA), Conservation Areas, SWOT analysis and perception analysis

Expansion of borders in the Kurdistan region and local and regional positions

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (11) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Harith Qahtan Abdullah ◽  
Abbas Fadel Atwan
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Kurdistan Region ◽  
War On Terrorism ◽  
National State ◽  
The Face ◽  
In The Beginning

The borders of Kurdistan represent an important point in Kurdish thought. They represent the hope of establishing their national state. The circumstances of the war on terrorism in Iraq and Syria have led to the emergence of what is known as a "propaganda" and the formation of a global front in its struggle. And with the signs of the collapse of the Syrian state and the weakness of the Iraqi state in the face of the "dashing" in the beginning. These circumstances led to the emergence of the role of the Kurdistan region in the confrontation "ISIS" and maintain the administrative border in the three provinces of Kurdistan in addition to the province of Kirkuk. That the circumstances of the war on terrorism created new international conditions on the Middle East arena, which will generate many problems between the Kurdistan region and the central government of Baghdad, as well as other problems between the region, Syria, Turkey and Iran. The war on terrorism has made countries free to fight the opposition groups under the name Terrorism by their classification. The Turkish side is fighting the PKK within the borders of the Kurdistan region, and this war can develop in a post-"warlike" phase. The war in Syria is also contradictory to vision and not resolved to a specific side and Iran's position on developments is encouraging.

Kebijakan Badan Narkotika Nasional Dalam Penanggulangan Narkoba Wilayah Perbatasan

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-31
Author(s):  
Novana Veronica Julenta Kareth ◽  
Reni Shintasari
Keyword(s):  
Central Government ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Multi Stakeholder ◽  
Collection Methods

This paper aims to determine the policies implemented by the Papua National Narcotics Agency against drug trafficking. This article is a qualitative descriptive study. Data collection methods through interviews and literature study. Data analysis using descriptive analysis model. The results showed that the role of BNN Papua is very central in the eastern region and the Indonesian border. The policies that have been planned by BNN with multi-stakeholder have been implemented, but the new modes adopted by the international network vary. The drug subscription policy cannot be carried out by one institution only, it needs to be supported by other government agencies and the community. The need for a serious role for the regional and central government in both preventive efforts and subscription programs in synergy with the Papua Provincial BNN.

Gender Equity and the SDGs

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Dettori ◽  
Geeta Rao Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equity ◽  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Global Partnership ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Health And Well Being

This chapter identifies some of the most stubborn gender-based risks and vulnerabilities girls face as a cohort from preadolescence through late adolescence across the domains of personal capabilities, security, safety, economic resources, and opportunities. It reviews progress made during the Millennium Development Goal era in improving girls’ health and well-being and looks to the role of adolescent girls in advancing the Sustainable Development Goals. The chapter concludes by recommending an approach for global partnership that is linked to national and local actions and that is centered on priority interventions that can catalyze change, at scale, for adolescent girls.

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