scholarly journals Rumlig koncentration af etniske minoriteter i Danmark

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 9-32
Author(s):  
Hans Skifter Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Housing Market ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Social Housing ◽  
Assimilation Theory ◽  
Ethnic Segregation ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Spatial Assimilation ◽  
New Immigrants ◽  
Ethnic Network ◽  
Over Time

Som i andre lande er der i Danmark i takt med indvandringen opstået byområder med en stor andel etniske minoriteter og få danskere. I den internationale litteratur om etnisk segregation peges der på tre hovedårsager til dette: indvandrernes adfærd, de ”indfødtes” adfærd og segregeringsmekanismer på boligmarkedet. I Danmark hænger koncentrationen både sammen med forholdene på boligmarkedet og med, at danskerne fravælger byområder med mange etniske minoriteter. Koncentrationen fandt især sted i 1990’erne og er stagneret efter år 2000. Der er tre årsager til denne udvikling: at indvandringen har ændret karakter mod flere arbejdskraftindvandrere og færre familiesammenførte og asylsøgere, at kommunerne gennem bypolitikken har påvirket tilflytningen til de indvandrertætte områder, og at mange af de tidligere indvandrede har forladt den almene sektor og områderne. Udviklingen er i overensstemmelse med den såkaldte ”Spatial assimilation” teori, som tilsiger, at nye indvandrere ved indvandringstidspunktet bosætter sig i byområder med et stærkt etnisk socialt netværk, men at de over tid forlader disse områder igen. Artiklen er baseret på et longitudinalt studie af etniske minoriteters bosætning i Danmark siden 1985. ENGELSK ABSTRACT: Hans Skifter Andersen: Spatial Concentration of Ethnic Minorities in Denmark There are neighbourhoods in Denmark with a high concentration of (certain) ethnic minorities and few Danes, as in other Western European countries. International research about ethnic segregation suggests three main reasons for this: 1. the behaviour of immigrants, 2. the behaviour of natives and 3. the housing market. In Denmark the concentration is closely connected to the housing market, where ethnic minorities have been concentrated in social housing, which often have been located in certain neighbourhoods. Another major reason is that many Danes deselect neighbourhoods with many ethnic minorities. This concentration started in the 1990s but stagnated after 2000 despite further immigration. The reasons can in part be due to changes in the composition of immigrants and the success of urban policies in counteracting segregation, but also as documented in the article, that many earlier immigrants have left social housing. The development in Denmark resembles that described by the so-called ”Spatial assimilation” theory, which claims that new immigrants settle in neighbourhoods with a strong ethnic network, but that over time they leave these areas in pace with their integration in their new country. Keywords: ethnic segregation and concentration, spatial assimilation.

Trajectories of Spatial Assimilation or Place Stratification? A Typology of Residence and Workplace Histories of Newly Arrived Migrants in Sweden

2022 ◽  
pp. 019791832110373
Author(s):  
Guilherme Kenji Chihaya ◽  
Szymon Marcińczak ◽  
Magnus Strömgren ◽  
Urban Lindgren ◽  
Tiit Tammaru
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Housing Market ◽  
Housing Markets ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Spatial Assimilation ◽  
Stratification Theory ◽  
Place Stratification ◽  
Over Time

In most societies, resources and opportunities are concentrated in neighborhoods and workplaces occupied by the host population. The spatial assimilation and place stratification theories propose trajectories (the sequences of events) leading to minority and migrant access to or exclusion from these advantageous places. However, most previous research on these theories did not ask whether such theorized trajectories occur. We apply sequence analysis to decade-long residence and workplace histories of newly arrived migrants in Sweden to identify a typology of combined residence-work trajectories. The seven types of trajectories in our typology are characterized by varying degrees of proximity to the host population in residential neighborhoods and workplaces and by different patterns of change in such proximity over time. The pivotal role of socioeconomic gains in spatial assimilation, posited by the namesake theory, is not supported, as we do not find that migrant employment precedes residence alongside the host population. The importance of housing-market discrimination for migrants’ exclusion from host-dominated spaces, posited by place stratification theory, is only weakly supported, as we find that migrants from less affluent countries accumulate disadvantage over time, likely due to discrimination in both the labor and housing markets. Our findings also underscore the need for new theories explaining migrant residential outcomes which apply to contexts where migrant-dense neighborhoods are still forming.

Housing trajectories of immigrants and their children in France: Between integration and stratification

Urban Studies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (10) ◽  
pp. 2021-2039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Acolin
Keyword(s):  
Housing Market ◽  
Social Housing ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Children Of Immigrants ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Housing Tenure ◽  
Market Mechanisms ◽  
Neighbourhood Characteristics ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Housing Trajectories

Immigrants have been found to exhibit different housing tenure patterns from the rest of the population in a number of contexts. This article tests whether observed differences in tenure in France can be explained by differences in socio-demographic characteristics or whether unexplained differences might result from housing market mechanisms that affect immigrants differentially from the rest of the population, and extends this to the second generation. The article relies on data from TeO, a survey of 21,761 persons designed to oversample and identify immigrants and their children, providing information about the outcomes of children of immigrants that is otherwise lacking in French statistics. The results indicate that while immigrants are significantly less likely to be homeowners, even after controlling for compositional difference, the gap in homeownership between the second generation and the rest of the population is smaller and not statistically significant. This suggests a progressive integration in the housing market over time and over generations rather than overall stratified housing trajectories. Differences in terms of the share of social housing residents, the level of residential crowding, and housing and neighbourhood characteristics also decline across generations. However, children of immigrants from some non-European origins are experiencing higher levels of stratification than other groups, with continued significant differences in tenure.

scholarly journals Choice-based Letting, Ethnicity and Segregation in England

Urban Studies ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 48 (14) ◽  
pp. 3125-3143 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Manley ◽  
Maarten van Ham
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Social Housing ◽  
Housing Sector ◽  
Ethnic Segregation ◽  
Ethnic Concentration ◽  
Unique Data ◽  
Residential Locations ◽  
The Social ◽  
Housing Options ◽  
Made In

Choice-based letting (CBL) has been widely introduced to the social housing sector in England to give applicants more freedom in where they live. Concerns have been expressed that giving people more choice in residential locations has the potential to increase neighbourhood segregation. It has also been argued that a lack of real choice, not self-segregation, might be a cause of social and ethnic segregation. In social housing, real choice might not be available and the most vulnerable are likely to access the easiest housing options: often in deprived and segregated neighbourhoods. This paper analyses the probability that households applying for social housing using different allocation systems end up in deprived or ethnically concentrated neighbourhoods. Using unique data representing lettings made in the social housing sector in England, it is shown that ethnic minorities, and especially those using CBL, are the most likely to end up in deprived and ethnic concentration neighbourhoods.

Failed Markets

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 38-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfonso Valenzuela Aguilera
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Financial Markets ◽  
Housing Market ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Social Housing ◽  
Financial Capital ◽  
Low Income Population ◽  
The Past ◽  
Politica Publica ◽  
Housing Needs

A confluence between the state, the housing market, and the rationale of financial capital has led to excessive growth of social housing in Mexico in the past two decades. This growth has been one way of channeling excess capital into global financial markets rather than the result of a public policy to address the housing needs of the low-income population. Durante las últimas dos décadas la confluencia entre el estado, el mercado de la vivienda y la lógica del capital financiero ha llevado a un crecimiento excesivo de la vivienda social en México. Este crecimiento ha sido una manera de canalizar el excedente de capital hacia los mercados financieros internacionales en vez del resultado de una política pública para resolver las necesidades de vivienda de la población de bajos ingresos.

scholarly journals Geographies of ethnic segregation in Stockholm: The role of mobility and co-presence in shaping the ‘diverse’ city

Urban Studies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (12) ◽  
pp. 2426-2446
Author(s):  
Jonathan Rokem ◽  
Laura Vaughan
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Social Deprivation ◽  
Spatial Configuration ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Contributory Factor ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Social Infrastructure ◽  
Ethnic Segregation ◽  
Swedish Population ◽  
New Immigrants

This article assesses how urban segregation and ethnic diversity in Stockholm have been shaped by spatial policy and migration trajectories over time. Much of the urban studies and planning literature defines segregation as a measure of residential mixing. In contrast, our research suggests that segregation could be understood as a lack of opportunities for interaction in public space. In the case of Stockholm, space syntax network analysis and the establishment of ethnicity as a statistical category suggest that despite the social infrastructure provided by the Swedish state, the city’s specific spatial configuration alongside its policies of housing allocation have resulted in severe constraints on the potential for co-presence between new immigrants and the native Swedish population. Spatial analysis suggests that the city’s public transport infrastructure is a contributory factor in maintaining separation between foreign-born and ethnic Swedes. Coupled with a high level of social deprivation amongst new immigrants, the result is a multi-dimensional spatial segregation process that persists amongst the second immigrant generation, reinforcing ethnic and socio-economic area-based housing segregation. We conclude that despite Sweden’s long-standing political vision of social integration, its capital is suffering from increasing ethnic spatial differentiation, which will most likely persist unless a greater consideration of spatial connectivity and an introduction of ethnic and racial equality data in policy and practice are brought to bear.

scholarly journals Marketing, management and financial providing of affordable housing

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-230
Author(s):  
Svitlana Ianchuk ◽  
Olga Garafonova ◽  
Yuliia Panimash ◽  
Dariusz Pawliszczy
Keyword(s):  
Housing Market ◽  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Social Housing ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
Housing Prices ◽  
Marketing Management ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Per Capita

Today’s rising housing prices in most countries worldwide have caused increasable attention to the problem of affordable housing. It is a social or ethical issue and an essential economic direction. Thus, affordable housing has great potential, influencing economic growth, labor forces, innovation, sustainable development, and an inclusive economy. Systematization of informational sources, theoretical and practical approaches for providing affordable housing, and assessing social housing needs indicated many views on this problem among scholars and policymakers. That is why marketing, management, and financial providing of affordable housing are significant mainstreams. The research aims to investigate marketing and management fundamentals of providing affordable housing in connection with funding aspects based on cross-country analysis. For achieving this target, key trends of housing market segmentation were analyzed, considering the distribution of the population by tenure status and analytical house price indicators using the data of the statistical office of the EU, the World Bank, and the OECD. The ways to promote more affordable housing by public and local authorities, private investors in affordable housing, and specific social and affordable housing market organizations were described. Main organizational forms of providing affordable and social housing were also characterized. Particular attention was paid to strategic planning for affordable and social housing, especially housing business plans or affordable housing strategy development as a priority step in marketing, management, and financial providing affordable housing. A SWOT analysis for affordable housing developments was used to show strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to the affordable housing market. To empirically confirm some relevant strengths, the impact of indicators of financial providing of affordable housing was formalized based on correlation analysis (calculating Pearson or Spearman correlation coefficients with time lags based on results of Shapiro-Wilk testing) and construction of Arellano–Bond linear dynamic panel-data regression model with checking the Sargan test of overidentifying restrictions (the sample from 25 EU countries for 2011–2019) using the Excel 2010 and STATA 14.2 software. The dynamic model made it possible to consider the share of affordable housing owners with mortgage or loan or the share of tenants, rent affordable housing at a reduced price or free. The value of GDP of the previous period affects the current situation (due to introducing lag variables and using instrumental variables or the generalized method of moments (GMM) to obtain adequate estimates). The hypothesis that an increase of 1% of the share of affordable housing owners with mortgage or loan causes the rise in GDP per capita of an average of 0.44% with a two-year time lag was empirically confirmed. An increase of 1% of the share of tenants, rent-free housing or affordable housing at the reduced price, causes the decrease of GDP per capita of an average of 0.5% with a two-year time lag. It was substantiated that governments should continue and improve their policies for financing social and affordable housing. At the same time, they should prefer affordable mortgage lending programs over programs of reduced or free rental housing. The results of this research confirm the significant drivers of policies and practices devoted to affordable and social housing, such as marketing, management, and financial providing. The presented recommendations are useful for scholars interested in this scientific field of research, public and local authorities, investors in affordable housing, and specific affordable and social housing organizations.

scholarly journals International Real Estate Review

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-133
Author(s):  
Pnina O. Plaut1 ◽  
◽  
Steven E. Plaut ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Real Estate ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Rental Housing ◽  
Residential Property ◽  
Rental Market ◽  
New Immigrants ◽  
The Us ◽  
Rental Property ◽  
Financial Portfolio

The supply of rental housing is by and large provided by landlord households. Little is understood about the factors, beyond financial portfolio considerations, that affect the inclination of people or households to become landlords. Studies of the American rental market have pointed to differences across income, wealth, ethnicity, and education in the willingness to rent out residential property to others. Here, we examine the question for Israel. We find that income and wealth are positively associated with the inclination to be a landlord. Education has an effect in Israel in contrast to the US (and Australia). Human capital in Israel appears to complement with rental property capital, unlike the case for the US and Australia, where they appear to be substitutes. In most cases, rental property in Israel and housing capital in the landlord's primary residence appear to be complementary. Ethnic minorities and new immigrants are under-represented among landlords. For households who own rental property, the income from such rentals is empirically analyzed.

Voting Rights, Election Administration, and Turnout for Racial Minorities

2020 ◽  
pp. 91-110
Author(s):  
Michael Ritter
Keyword(s):  
African Americans ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Asian Americans ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Hispanic Americans ◽  
Election Administration ◽  
Midterm Elections ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
Over Time

Race and ethnicity group identity also shape participation in politics, with non-Hispanics whites being the most likely to vote in U.S. elections over time. Can accessible elections shrink turnout inequality between non-Hispanic whites and racial/ethnic minorities (African Americans, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans)? Chapter 6 empirically evaluates the impact of convenience voting laws and election administration on the change in the probably of voting in midterm and presidential elections comparing across racial subgroups. The results show that same day registration boosts turnout among non-Hispanics whites, as well as Asian Americans, Hispanics, and African Americans, in presidential and midterm elections. Early in-person voting especially advantages blacks and Hispanics in midterm elections, while absentee/mail voting is found to have similar effects for Asian Americans. Both non-Hispanic whites and racial and ethnic minorities benefit from quality state election administration.

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