scholarly journals “The Pugachevites” by E. A. Salias in the Reception of F. M. Dostoevsky: on the Epic Character of the Russian Novel

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 92-113
Author(s):  
Nadezhda G. Mikhnovets
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Novel ◽  
Russian History ◽  
The Novel ◽  
War And Peace ◽  
Russian Novel ◽  
History Of ◽  
To Come ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Further Development

The article analyzes the nature of the interaction between first-line literature and fiction in the 1860–1870s as dynamic, versatile and dialogical. It is argued that the historical novel by E. A. Salias “The Pugachevites” (1874), based on the discoveries of the epic novel “War and Peace” by L. N. Tolstoy, testified to the process of strengthening the epic tendency in Russian literature of the 19th century. The novel by E. A. Salias was not exclusively secondary, the portrayal of the “predatory type” hero became innovative, but not deeply understood by the fiction writer. It is noted that further development was undertaken by F. M. Dostoevsky at the first stage of the creation of the novel “The Adolescent”. Its distinctive feature was the consideration of the “predatory type” in the context of the Russian history of spiritual quests of the 17th–19th centuries. The description of the stages of development of the type by F. M. Dostoevsky made it possible to come to the conclusion that the process of cognition of the Russian character, the identification of the laws of the historical development of Russia presupposed a versatile comprehension of the national foundations of life, which predetermined the epic character as the leading feature of the Russian novel of the second half of the 19th century.

The phenomenon of the Russian epic novel

2020 ◽  
pp. 110-117
Author(s):  
Valeria G. Andreeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Dominant Form ◽  
Religious Consciousness ◽  
Russian Novel ◽  
Conscious Choice ◽  
Russian Soil ◽  
Epic Novel ◽  
To Come ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article is devoted to the phenomenon of an epic novel, a unique genre phenomenon that arose in Russian literature of the 19th century. While the West European novel lost its national breadth and depth, the Russian novel was able to maintain an epic dominance, revived many of the signs and characteristics of ancient epics based on the material of modern life. The basis for the revival of an epic novel based on Russian soil was: the nature of Russian realism, a special understanding by Russian writers of man and his role, as well as religious consciousness and collegiality. The author of the article discusses the meanings of the definition of “epic”, the concept of “epic”, shows the need for their rapprochement based on the disclosure of the features of the epic novel. The article analyzes the views of literary scholars of the 20th century, which came close to the need to highlight such a dominant form of the Russian novel of the second half of the 19th century, but due to ideological and political trends did not determine the most important foundations of the epic novel. The work outlines the need to study the totality of the artistic world of the epic novel, the special objectivity of Russian writers, which allowed them to come to global and universal problems. The phenomenon of the epic novel is largely due to the precedent picture of the world, the conscious choice of a character between personal, selfish and popular principles in favor of the latter.

scholarly journals Russian Reception by James Hogg (Mid-19th — Early 20th Centuries)

2021 ◽  
pp. 213-225
Author(s):  
D. N. Zhatkin ◽  
A. A. Ryabova
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
English Literature ◽  
The Novel ◽  
James Hogg ◽  
History Of ◽  
Western European ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Source Of Information

The article continues a series of works devoted to the Russian reception of the Scottish writer James Hogg (1770—1835), a famous interpreter of folk ballads and author of “The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner” (1824). The facts and materials related to the perception of J. Hogg in Russia in the middle of the XIX — early XX century are collected and summarized. It is noted that during the period under review, no new translations of J. Hogg's poetry and prose into Russian were created, however, in the articles of leading literary critics (N. G. Chernyshevsky, M. L. Mikhailov, A. V. Druzhinin) when analyzing the works of N. V. Gogol, T. Goode, the translation activity of I. S. Turgenev expressed opinions on certain aspects of the biography and work of the Scottish author. It has been established that the main source of information about J. Hogge and his work was for the Russian reader of the second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries translated publications on the history of English literature and culture, other books by Western European researchers published in Russia. The manifestations of interest of Russian researchers and popularizers of English literature in the work of J. Hogg are comprehended, with special attention paid to the article by N. A. Solovyov-Nesmelov “James Hogg”, which was a literary sketch about the childhood of the writer, and the essay by K. F. Tiander the novel of the first quarter of the 19th century, which offers a different assessment from the predecessors of the Scottish author’s activities as a continuer of the traditions of M. Edgeworth. 

Libraries of Educations Institutions in Russia in the First Half of 19th Century

2010 ◽  
pp. 96-101
Author(s):  
Elena A. Kalinina
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
School Libraries ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Russian History ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The 19Th Century

Libraries are the integral part of cultural history of Russia. Widespread opening of school libraries in the Russian Empire began in the early 19th century. They began opening school libraries across Russia in the beginning of the 19th century. The paper aims to show the formation and development of libraries in educational institutions of Russia in the first half of the 19th century. The research is based on legislative documents regulating the functions of activity of school libraries and archival materials on the Russian history of the 19th century.

scholarly journals Die Ereignisse des Vormärz im Literarischen Schaffen des kompromisslosen Schriftstellers und Publizisten Robert Eduard Prutz

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (XXI) ◽  
pp. 173-186
Author(s):  
Renata Trejnowska-Supranowicz
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Political Events ◽  
History Of ◽  
Political Writing ◽  
Important Means ◽  
History Of Journalism ◽  
The 19Th Century

Born in Szczecin, Robert Eduard Prutz (1816-1872) enjoyed considerable pop-ularity as a creator of the pre-March period poetry, as a journalist working for HallischeJahrbücher, one of influential publications of that time, and as a literary historian and expert on the history of journalism. Prutz’s life and work coincided with the society’s great dissatisfaction with the ossified absolutist system; literature in the 19th century constituted an important means of communication linking the text, the reader, and the historical context. In the poems and plays completed before the March revolution, the writer aimed at shaping the readers’ awareness, especially in terms of bringing down the feudal system. In this article Prutz’s selected works are used to demonstrate the ways in which he was able to address specific political events and the extent to which a given piece of literature could be treated as political writing. More specifically, several poems and the novel titled Das Engelchen, that refer to specific political events which occurred between the Congress of Vienna and the March Revolution, are analysed.

scholarly journals Otto von Bismarck and Germany Militarization (Legislative Formalization of the Military Reform in Germany in the 80s of the 19th century)

Lex Russica ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 77-87
Author(s):  
V. G. Baev
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Ruling Elite ◽  
Military Reform ◽  
German Army ◽  
History Of ◽  
Otto Von Bismarck ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military ◽  
Further Development

The history of Germany of the second half of the 19th century and the activities of Otto von Bismarck form an integral unit, provided we bear in mind the process of Germany becoming a centralized state. The author argues that the attainment of German unity could only be achieved on the paths of war with Austria and France. This implies why military reform in Germany has been given so much attention.This study is focused on the second stage of military reform — the strengthening of the German army after the establishment of a centralized state. The author poses the question: if the “German issue” was resolved, what was the need for further armament? The Bismarck Government in 1874 and 1881 successfully sought from Parliament the adoption of septennat laws (seven years of funding for the army). But in 1887 the Parliament refused to extend the septennat. The author uses Bismarck’s collection of political speeches in the Reichstag as the main source of research. It is an important source of official origin, reflecting the approaches of not only of the subject of Bismarck’s legislative initiative, but also of Germany’s ruling elite.A point of view about Bismarck as vehicle of Germanic militarism prevails in historical literature. As a result of the analysis of the debate on the draft law, the author concludes that Bismarck’s military policy was dictated not so much by the militaristic nature of his personality, but by the necessity of strengthening the military potential of Germany, surrounded by strong adversaries, to defend its sovereignty. For the further development of events, the Chancellor who had been removed from his office, cannot be held responsible. The tragedy of Bismarck-era Germany is expressed in the fact that he failed to prepare a successor capable of leading the country during a period of crisis.

scholarly journals THE POETICS OF NARRATION IN THE HISTORICAL LITERATURE OF THE XIX – EARLY XX CENTURIES FOR CHILDREN AND YOUTH (THE STUDY OF THE WORKS OF E. POSELYANIN)

2021 ◽  
pp. 140-149
Author(s):  
Евгения Константиновна Макаренко
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Children And Youth ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
Russian History ◽  
Important Place ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

Введение. Становление исторической прозы для детей и юношества в русской литературе началось в первой трети XIX в. и было вызвано стремительным развитием отечественной историографии. Детской писательнице А. О. Ишимовой принадлежит заслуга создания первого адаптированного для детей исторического труда. Принцип художественного осмысления прошлого, фактический материал, концепция истории отечества были заимствованы Ишимовой из «Истории государства Российского» Карамзина. В своей «Истории России в рассказах для детей» писательница заложила жанровые доминанты нового документально-художественного рода сочинений в детско-юношеской литературе, среди которых можно выделить познавательную и нравственно-назидательную цели исторического труда; выбор политической идеологии, которой подчиняется концепция отечественной истории; опору на разные исторические источники, в числе которых важное место занимает современная историография; художественное осмысление прошлого, психологизацию исторического материала; включение фольклорных и авторских литературных текстов; диалогизацию монологического текста в форме обращений и вопросов к адресату и др. Цель – анализ поэтики исторического повествования, а также представленной концепции русской истории в исторических произведениях для детей А. О. Ишимовой и Е. Поселянина. Исследование продолжает необходимую работу в области изучения произведений второго ряда литературы и позволяет определить принципы формирования детско-юношеской исторической прозы XIX – начала XX в. Материал и методы. Дается анализ исторической книги для детей и юношества Е. Поселянина «Сказание о святых вождях Земли Русской». Исследование написано в русле сравнительно-исторической поэтики. Результаты и обсуждение. Созданное Л. Тихомировым государственно-правовое учение о монархическом принципе власти повлияло на идеологическую составляющую исторической книги для детей и юношества Е. Поселянина «Сказание о святых вождях Земли Русской». Поселянин описывает историю Древней Руси и затрагивает современную ему Российскую империю, основываясь на концепции о присущей природе российской государственности модели православной самодержавной монархии. В период обострившегося социально-политического кризиса в конце XIX – начале XX в., когда актуализировалась проблема переоценки российской государственности и общества, а также определялись перспективы развития России в контексте общеевропейских тенденций, Поселянин утверждает ценность и самодостаточность российской государственности, декларирует идею особого пути России. Заключение. Большинство сказаний о русских князьях Е. Поселянина представляют собой переложение их жизнеописаний, взятых из летописей, Четьих-Миней святителя Димитрия Ростовского, Пролога, древнерусских поучений, сказаний, воинских повестей, а также научных трудов историков XIX в. Разнообразие источников, ориентация как на древнерусский жанр исторического сказания, так и на современные писателю мемуарно-биографические жанры обусловили жанровое своеобразие «Сказания...», в котором житийные повести перемежаются с историко-биографическими очерками о русских князьях и святых, объединенных общим повествованием о трагических и героических событиях древнерусской истории. В «Сказании...» Поселянина сочетаются эпическое начало, лиризм и очерковость. Introduction. The development of historical prose for children and youth in Russian literature began in the first third of the 19th century and was caused by the rapid development of Russian historiography, which began with the publication of N. M. Karamzin. The children’s writer A. O. Ishimova is credited with creating the first historical work adapted for children. The principle of artistic comprehension of the past, factual material, the concept of the history of the fatherland was borrowed by Ishimova from Karamzin’s “History of the Russian State”. In her History of Russia in Stories for Children, the writer laid down the genre dominants of a new documentary-artistic kind of works in children’s and youth literature, among which one can single out the cognitive and moral-edifying goals of historical work; the choice of political ideology to which the concept of national history is subject; reliance on various historical sources, among which modern historiography occupies an important place; artistic comprehension of the past, psychologization of historical material; inclusion of folklore and author’s literary texts; dialogization of a monologue text in the form of addresses and questions to the addressee, etc. Aim and objectives. Analysis of the poetics of historical narration, as well as the presented concept of Russian history in historical works for children by A. O. Ishimova and E. Poselyanin. This study continues the necessary work in the field of studying the works of the second series of literature and allows us to determine the principles of the formation of children’s and youth’s historical prose of the XIX – early XX centuries. Material and methods. The article analyzes the historical book for children and youth by E. Poselyanin “On the holy leaders of the Russian Land”. The study is written in the mainstream of comparative historical poetics. Results and discussion. The state-legal doctrine of the monarchical principle of power created by L. Tikhomirov influenced the ideological component of the historical book for children and youth by E. Poselyanin “The Legend of the Holy Leaders of the Russian Land”. The villager describes the history of Ancient Rus and touches on the contemporary Russian Empire, based on the concept of the inherent nature of Russian statehood, the model of an Orthodox autocratic monarchy. During the aggravated socio-political crisis at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries, when the problem of reassessing Russian statehood and society was actualized, and the prospects for the development of Russia in the context of general European trends were determined, Poselyanin affirms the value and self-sufficiency of Russian statehood, declares the idea of a special path for Russia. Conclusion. Most of the legends about the Russian princes E. Poselyanin are transcriptions of their biographies taken from the chronicles, the Chetykh-Minei of St. Demetrius of Rostov, the Prologue, Old Russian teachings, legends, military tales, as well as scientific works of historians of the 19th century. A variety of sources, an orientation both to the ancient Russian genre of historical legends and to the contemporary memoir and biographical genres of the writer determined the genre originality of the Legend, in which hagiographic stories are interspersed with historical and biographical sketches about Russian princes and saints, united by a common narrative about the tragic and heroic events of ancient Russian history. The Peasant’s Tale combines an epic beginning, lyricism and essayism.

Dostoevsky’s Petersburg in the Story by G.I. Chulkov “Autumn Mists” (1916)

2021 ◽  
pp. 98-115
Author(s):  
Olga A. Bogdanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Synthetic Image ◽  
Russian History ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Silver Age ◽  
Cultural Dialogue ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article examines the metamorphoses of the image of St. Petersburg created in the works of F.M. Dostoevsky, in the literature of the Silver age, in particular in the half-forgotten, but significant story of a major symbolist writer G.I. Chulkov “Autumn mists” (1916). It is shown that, on the one hand, Chulkov’s artistic experience is intertwined with the general trend of “rewriting the classics” for the Silver age, which was first noted by D.M. Magomedova, at the same time on the other — proved that “Autumn mists”, is primarily focused not on the “great five books” of Dostoevsky with the hero-ideologist in the center of each piece, and the synthetic image of St. Petersburg in the novel “Humiliated and offended” (1861), incorporates the positive connotations early works of the famous classics and accusatory — late, are the most complete polemical conclusion cultural dialogue with Dostoevsky at the end of the “Petersburg period” of Russian history. It is pointed out that Dostoevsky’s mythologized images were transformed into elements of symbolist and, more broadly, modernist poetics, as well as the rejection of psychologism and the reinterpretation of the writer’s historiosophical prophecies of the 19th century. Thus, “Autumn mists” is a restored link of the “Petersburg text” of Russian literature at the break of cultural and historical epochs, which, in the context of famous works on the same subject by I.F. Annensky, D.S. Merezhkovsky, A. Bely, A.A. Blok, and others of Chulkov’s contemporaries, has an indisputable value due to the many-sided meanings contained in it.

ЦИРКОВЕ МИСТЕЦТВО У ПРОСТОРІ ТА ЧАСІ: ВІД КОЛІЗЕЮ ДО АМФІТЕАТРУ ЕСТЛІ; ВІД СКОМОРОХІВ ДО СУЧАСНОСТІ

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Admink Admink
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Art History ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Reasonable Ground ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Further Development ◽  
New Time

У контексті дослідження особливостей розвитку циркового мистецтва і циркової справи на західноукраїнських землях кінця ХVІІІ–ХІХ ст. поставлено завдання простежити процес становлення циркового мистецтва на етнічній території України. Розглянуто проблематику визначення зв’язку сучасного циркового мистецтва України з мистецтвом скоморохів; зроблено спробу визначення ступеню «спорідненості» зв’язку цирку Нового часу з давньоримським цирком.З’ясовано, що через брак історичних відомостей не існує підстав пов’язувати творчість скоморохів із ґенезою професійного циркового мистецтва в Україні. Більш коректним є визначення витоків сучасного циркового мистецтва в перших гастрольних виступах на етнічній території України західноєвропейських акробатичних і циркових труп, які належать до другої пол. XVIII ст., виходячи зі значущості їх впливу на системність подальшого розвитку циркових жанрів і циркового мистецтва. Розглянуто і визначено спільні риси, відмінності і особливості цирку Нового часу і давньоримського цирку.Ключові слова: цирк, циркове мистецтво, історія цирку, витоки циркового мистецтва, мистецтво скоморохів, давньоримський цирк. In the context of the study of the features of the development of Circus Art and the functioning of Circus business at the Western Ukrainian lands at the end of the 18th – during the 19th century, the author set the task to track down the processes of the inception of Circus Art at the ethnic territory of Ukraine.In this article, the problems of determining the continuity of contemporary circus art of Ukraine with the art of Scomorochs are considered; an attempt is made to determine the degree of «kinship» of the connection of the circus of New time with the ancient Roman circus. It turned out that today, due to the lack of historical documental evidences, there is no reasonable ground for the scientists to relate the art of Scomorochs with the genesis of the professional Circus Art in Ukraine. It seems more correct to determine the origins of the modern Circus Art in the first guest performances of the acrobatic and circus troupes from Western Europe at the ethnic territory of Ukraine, which belong to the second half of the 18th century, based on the significance of their influence on the further development of Circus genres and the Circus Art.The similarities, differences, and features of the Circus of the New Time and the ancient Roman circus have been considered and determined.Key words: circus, circus art, history of the circus, the origins of circus art, the art of scomorochs, the ancient Roman circus.

„Mērnieku laiki” un vienradža smadzenes: gastrotulkojuma samērojums

2020 ◽  
pp. 44-55
Author(s):  
Mārtiņš Laizāns
Keyword(s):  
Research Literature ◽  
Target Language ◽  
The Novel ◽  
The World ◽  
Cultural Spaces ◽  
History Of ◽  
Food And Drink ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Times ◽  
The 19Th Century

In this article, a fragment from the novel “Mērnieku laiki” (‘The Times of the Land Surveyors’, 1879) by Reinis and Matīss Kaudzīte has been compared with its translations in several languages. The chosen fragment contentwise is saturated with elements of gastronomic cornucopia, and most of these and the accompanying phenomena of the imagined honorary feast can be considered utopian in their nature. In addition, the content of the fragment has been dressed in an utterly Rabelaisian language and poetics, and the tone of the fragment is comical as well, – enumeration crammed with hyperboles containing several language layers, which, in turn, serve as evidence about the ideas of the average Latvian peasant about the world beyond the borders of his parish in the middle of the 19th century. It is important to juxtapose this fragment with its translations as the translation of food and drink is not only a problem of literature, but the daily praxis in this regard produces a lot of intercultural misunderstandings. This comparison allows us to see the challenges and difficulties the translators had to encounter. It also allows to make observations about the solutions the translators had to come up with, and the possible effect produced on the target language audience – to what extent it has been successful and to what degree the atmosphere and language portrayed in the fragment by Kaudzītes is adaptable to other cultural spaces. In the article, the translation history of “Mērnieku laiki” has been described, the connections between the comical and gastropoetics in literature and literary studies, as well as the research literature on the translation of these aspects. In the article, the compared texts are the original by Kaudzītes and seven translations – two German, two Russian, two Lithuanian, and one Estonian translation.

Realisms

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison Shonkwiler
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Literary History ◽  
Full Range ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Sentimental Fiction ◽  
English Departments ◽  
History Of ◽  
Theory Of The Novel ◽  
Historical Accounts ◽  
The 19Th Century

Realism is a historical phenomenon that is not of the past. Its recurrent rises and falls only attest to its persistence as a measure of representational authority. Even as literary history has produced different moments of “realism wars,” over the politics of realist versus antirealist aesthetics, the demand to represent an often strange and changing reality—however contested a term that may be—guarantees realism’s ongoing critical future. Undoubtedly, realism has held a privileged position in the history of Western literary representation. Its fortunes are closely linked to the development of capitalist modernity, the rise of the novel, the emergence of the bourgeoisie, and the expansion of middle-class readerships with the literacy and leisure to read—and with an interest in reading about themselves as subjects. While many genealogies of realism are closely tied to the history of the rise of the novel—with Don Quixote as a point of departure—it is from its later, 19th-century forms that critical assumptions have emerged about its capacities and limitations. The 19th-century novel—whether its European or slightly later American version—is taken as the apex of the form and is tied to the rise of industrial capitalism, burgeoning ideas of social class, and expansion of empire. Although many of the realist writers of the 19th century were self-reflexive about the form, and often articulated theories of realism as distinct from romance and sentimental fiction, it was not until the mid-20th century, following the canonization of modernism in English departments, that a full-fledged critical analysis of realism as a form or mode would take shape. Our fullest articulations of realism therefore owe a great deal to its negative comparison to later forms—or, conversely, to the effort to resuscitate realism’s reputation against perceived critical oversimplifications. In consequence, there is no single definition of realism—nor even agreement on whether it is a mode, form, or genre—but an extraordinarily heterogenous set of ways of approaching it as a problem of representation. Standard early genealogies of realism are to be found in historical accounts such as Ian Watt’s The Rise of the Novel and György Lukács’ Theory of the Novel and The Historical Novel, with a guide to important critiques and modifications to be found in Michael McKeon’s Theory of the Novel. This article does not retrace those critical histories. Nor does it presume to address the full range of realisms in the modern arts, including painting, photography, film, and video and digital arts. It focuses on the changing status of realism in the literary landscape, uses the fault lines of contemporary critical debates about realism to refer back to some of the recurrent terms of realism/antirealism debates, and concludes with a consideration of the “return” to realism in the 21st century.

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