Distribution of Serotypes, Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Genes among Streptococcus agalactiae Isolated from Bovine in China

Background: Bovine mastitis, a global disease that is responsible for large economic losses each year due to lower milk yield and reduced milk quality. In some countries, especially in China, Streptococcus agalactiae has become one of the most frequently detected pathogen. Antibiotic treatment and vaccine immunization are important strategies for the control of infectious diseases. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate distribution of bovine mastitis pathogens and antimicrobial resistance of S. agalactiae, and contribute to the treatment of bovine mastitis.Materials, Methods & Results:Clinical mastitis samples (n= 1,122) were collected from 27 dairy farms located in 15 different provinces of China during 2012-2018. Thepathogens were identified by 16S rDNA method. Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed by disc diffusion method. Molecular characteristics was distinguished based on PCR. The results showed that the main pathogens were Streptococcus agalactiae (n= 324, 26.2%), Escherichia coli (n= 287, 23.2%), and Staphylococcus aureus (n= 131, 10.6%). The serotypes of Streptococcus agalactiae were serotype II (53.6%), Ia (44 %) and VII (1.2%), respectively. Streptococcus agalactiae were resistant to kanamycin (93.8%), gentamicin (49.4%), vancomycin (49.4%), tetracycline (35.8%), clindamycin (34.6%) and erythromycin (32.1%). The main resistance genes were ermA (53.1%) and ermB (85.2%). Resistance to erythromycin was attributed to the genes ermA (P < 0.05) and resistance to tetracycline was attributed to the genes tetK, tetM, tetO (P < 0.01). The virulence genes scpB (81.4%), cyl (100%), glnA (76.6%), cfb (98.8%), hylB (98.8%), scaA (69.1%) were detected in almost all isolates.Discussion: In the present study, Streptococcus agalactiae, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were the pathogens isolated most frequently from clinical mastitis. In the case of S. agalactiae, we performed capsular serotyping of isolates. As a result, serotype II (53.6%), Ia (44 %) and VII (1.2%) were detected whichrevealed variation in the distinct geographical areas. We found that serotypes (Ia and II) and β-hemolytic have significant correlation (P < 0.01) in all isolated strains. We made an assumption that either in processes of capsular and haemolytic appearance effected the expression of another. The unclear mechanism remains to be resolved in the future. Penicillin was recommended as a preferred antibiotic for the treatment of both human and bovine S. agalactiae infection. In the present study, resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin were observed in 32% and 34.6% of our strains, respectively. The results indicated that the ermB gene was most frequent among the erythromycin-resistant S. agalactiae. However, we found that the susceptibility to erythromycin and gene ermA have a significant interaction, while susceptibility to erythromycin and gene ermB have a not significant interaction by analyzing the relationship of phenotypic and genotypic resistance. The severity of S. agalactiae infections may be determined by various virulence factors. Surface enzyme ScpB, a C5a peptidase, encode by scpB gene, could promote bacterial invasion of epithelial cells by attenuating recruitment of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to the site of infection. In the present study, the scpB gene was found in 81.4% of all strains. The results suggested the cyl, cfb, hylB and scpB genes may play an important role in the virulence of Streptococcus agalactiae pathogens.

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Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Escherichia coli Isolated from Mastitic Dairy Cattle in Ukraine

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics9080469 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 469

Author(s):

Leta Elias ◽

Ajay S. Balasubramanyam ◽

Olena Y. Ayshpur ◽

Iryna U. Mushtuk ◽

Nataliya O. Sheremet ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Dairy Cattle ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Streptococcus Agalactiae ◽

Bovine Mastitis ◽

Animal Husbandry ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Susceptibility Profiles

Bovine mastitis is the predominant cause for antimicrobial use on dairy farms and is a major source of economic losses in the dairy industry. In this study, the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of common mastitis-causing pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus (n = 62), Streptococcus agalactiae (n = 46), and Escherichia coli (n = 129), were determined for dairy cattle with mastitis across 142 Ukrainian farms. The results showed that there were more gentamicin resistant S. aureus isolates (16.95%) identified in this study than previously reported for Ukrainian dairy cattle. Moreover, low levels of amoxicillin susceptibly (13.51%) were observed for St. agalactiae, which contrasted a previous study showing susceptibility levels of >50%. St. agalactiae resistance to tetracycline was observed in 80% of the isolates. Cephalosporin use was most ineffective against E. coli, with 43.27–56% of the isolates exhibiting this resistant trait. Overall, this study performed a preliminary analysis of antimicrobial resistance on mastitis isolates from Ukrainian farms. However, given the limited numbers of the isolates tested in this study and that the publications on antimicrobial resistance in animal husbandry of Ukraine are very few, more extensive investigations are needed to comprehensively examine susceptibility patterns of mastitis-causing pathogens in dairy cattle in Ukraine.

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Multidrug Resistance and Molecular Characterization of Streptococcus agalactiae Isolates From Dairy Cattle With Mastitis

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fcimb.2021.647324 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Luciana Hernandez ◽

Enriqueta Bottini ◽

Jimena Cadona ◽

Claudio Cacciato ◽

Cristina Monteavaro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Streptococcus Agalactiae ◽

Virulence Genes ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Bovine Mastitis ◽

Molecular Data ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Molecular Characteristics ◽

Dairy Herds ◽

Disk Diffusion Method

Streptococcus agalactiae is a pathogen-associated to bovine mastitis, a health disorder responsible for significant economic losses in the dairy industry. Antimicrobial therapy remains the main strategy for the control of this bacterium in dairy herds and human In order to get insight on molecular characteristics of S. agalactiae strains circulating among Argentinean cattle with mastitis, we received 1500 samples from 56 dairy farms between 2016 and 2019. We recovered 56 S. agalactiae isolates and characterized them in relation to serotypes, virulence genes, and antimicrobial susceptibility. Serotypes III and II were the most prevalent ones (46% and 41%, respectively), followed by Ia (7%). In relation to the 13 virulence genes screened in this study, the genes spb1, hylB, cylE, and PI-2b were present in all the isolates, meanwhile, bca, cpsA, and rib were detected in different frequencies, 36%, 96%, and 59%, respectively. On the other hand, bac, hvgA, lmb, PI-1, PI-2a, and scpB genes could not be detected in any of the isolates. Disk diffusion method against a panel of eight antimicrobial agents showed an important number of strains resistant simultaneously to five antibiotics. We also detected several resistance-encoding genes, tet(M), tet(O), ermB, aphA3, and lnu(B) (9%, 50%, 32%, 32%, and 5%, respectively). The results here presented are the first molecular data on S. agalactiae isolates causing bovine mastitis in Argentina and provide a foundation for the development of diagnostic, prophylactic, and therapeutic methods, including the perspective of a vaccine.

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Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Pathogen Isolated from Bovine Mastitis Milk in Transylvania, Romania

Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca Veterinary Medicine ◽

10.15835/buasvmcn-vm:12199 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 73 (2) ◽

pp. 329

Author(s):

Cosmina Bouari ◽

George Nadas ◽

Flore Chirila ◽

Sorin Rapuntean ◽

Cornel Catoi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Clavulanic Acid ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Bovine Mastitis ◽

Acid Resistance ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Disk Diffusion Method

Mastitis in cows, one of the most common and economically important infectious diseases of dairy cattle, all over the world, with significant impact due to economic losses, occurs when the udder becomes inflamed because the leukocytes are released into the mammary gland usually in response to bacteria invasion of the teat canal.The main objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria isolated from milk in order to design specific control programs for bovine mastitis in this area.A total of 204 milk samples aseptically collected both from farms and private owners were processed during May 2014 and March 2016 within the Microbiology Laboratory of the Faculty of Veterinary Cluj-Napoca, Romania. The microbiological examination was carried out by inoculation on blood agar and MacConkey medium. After the overnight incubation in aerobic conditions, the identification of the isolates was performed using microscopic, cultural and biochemical methods. Biochemical identification was based on API 20 Biomerieux system. Susceptibility to antibiotics was evaluated using Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar; the antibiotics were represented by Amoxicillin and Clavulanic Acid, Ceftiofur, Florfenicol, Mastidiscs, Enrofloxacin, Penicillin and Tetracycline.Staphylococcus spp. was the most common isolated pathogen, in 54.9% of the specimens, followed by Streptococcus spp. in 20.1%, Escherichia coli in 10.78%, Klebsiella spp. in 8.34%, Bacillus spp. in 5.88%. The most frequent associations were represented by staphylococci-streptococci in 62.7% of the samples, followed by streptococci-bacillus in 19.8% of the samples. The most important etiological agents identified were Staphylococcus aureus, S uberis, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Escherichia coli. Antimicrobial susceptibility test for the total isolates revealed good sensitivity to Enrofloxacin, Mastidiscs and Amoxicillin and Clavulanic Acid. Resistance was observed for Penicillin and Tetracycline.The major mastitis pathogens identified was Staphylococcus aureus, while recurrent mastitis treatment was based on systemic and local administration of Enrofloxacin and Mastidiscs respectively.

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POTENSI ANTIBAKTERI BINTANG LAUT DARI PERAIRAN PANTAI KELURAHAN TONGKAINA MANADO

JURNAL PESISIR DAN LAUT TROPIS ◽

10.35800/jplt.7.3.2019.24431 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 167

Author(s):

Delpris Piter ◽

Esther D Angkouw ◽

Fitje Losung

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Streptococcus Agalactiae ◽

Antibacterial Agents ◽

Sea Water ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

E Coli ◽

Linckia Laevigata ◽

And Staphylococcus Aureus

Starfish is one of the species of the asteroidean class, and is grouped into phylum echinoderms. Echinoderms consist of approximately 6000 species and all live in sea water. Starfish is one source bioactive compounds. Active compounds from starfish have been known to have activities antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antifungal and immunostimulatory, there are also blue starfish that are potential as antitumor and antibacterial agents. This study aims to obtain crude extracts from several types of starfish, and testing the antibacterial activity of crude starfish extracts against bacteria Streptococcus agalactiae, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Test the antibacterial activity of crude starfish extracs Protoreaster nodosus, Achaster tipycus, dan Linckia laevigata against bacteria E. coli, S. aureus, dan S. agalactiae use the agar diffusion method by means of a well. L. l extract can inhibit bacteria e. coli at an extract concentration of 1000 mg/ml with a diameter of inhibitory zone 11.0 mm, whereas at a concentration of 750 mg/ml the test bacteria can still grow on the bacteria S. agalactiae and S. aureus can still grow even though the extract has be given L. l Keywords: Potential Starfish, Antibacterial Activity, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus agalactiae Bintang laut merupakan salah satu spesies dari kelas Asteroidea, dan dikelompokkan kedalam filum Echinodermata. Filum Echinodermata terdiri atas kurang lebih 6000 spesies dan semuanya hidup di air laut. Bintang laut merupakan salah satu sumber penghasil senyawa bioaktif. Senyawa aktif dari bintang laut telah diketahui memiliki aktivitas antioksidan, antibakteri, antiinflamasi, antifungi dan imunostimulator, ada juga bintang laut biru yang potensial sebagai antitumor dan agen antibakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan ekstrak kasar dari beberapa jenis bintang laut, dan menguji aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak kasar bintang laut terhadap bakteri Streptococcus agalactiae, Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus. Uji aktivitas antibakteri dari ekstrak kasar bintang laut Protoreaster nodosus, Achaster tipycus, dan Linckia laevigata terhadap bakteri E. coli, S. aureus, dan S. agalactiae mengggunakan metode difusi agar dengan cara sumur. Ekstrak L. l mampu menghambat bakteri E.coli pada konsentrasi ekstrak 1.000 mg/ml dengan diameter zona hambat 11.0 mm, sedangkan pada konsentrasi 750 mg/ml bakteri uji masih bisa bertumbuh pada bakteri S. agalactiae dan S. aureus masih dapat bertumbuh walaupun telah diberikan ekstrak L. l.Kata Kunci : Potensi Bintang Laut, Aktivitas Antibakteri, Streptococcus agalactiae, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus

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Molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes of Escherichia coli isolates from bovine mastitis

Veterinary World ◽

10.14202/vetworld.2020.1588-1593 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (8) ◽

pp. 1588-1593

Author(s):

Zuhair Bani Ismail ◽

Sameeh M. Abutarbush

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Shiga Toxin ◽

Virulence Genes ◽

Bovine Mastitis ◽

Virulence Gene ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

E Coli ◽

Procaine Penicillin

Background and Aim: Mastitis is a common and economically important disease in dairy cattle. It remains one of the most common reasons for the extensive use of antimicrobials in dairy farms leading to the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens. The aim of this study was to determine the patterns of antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli isolates from bovine mastitis and to identify prominent antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes among isolated strains. Materials and Methods: Antimicrobial susceptibility testing against six antibiotic groups, including tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, macrolides, sulfonamides, and fluoroquinolones was performed using the disk diffusion method. PCR was performed on resistant isolates to detect resistance and virulence genes using commercially available primers. Results: Out of 216 milk samples cultured, 14 samples yielded E. coli isolates. All isolates (100%) were resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin, procaine penicillin, streptomycin, oxytetracycline, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. Only one isolate (7%) was sensitive to gentamicin, and all isolates (100%) were sensitive to enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. All isolates carried at least one resistance gene against one or more of the major antibiotic groups. All isolates carried the ereA, tetG, tetE, and tetB genes, followed by tetA (93%), ampC (86%), strA (86%), sul1 (78%), tetD (71%), tetC (57%), aadA (57%), and strB (36%). The lowest percentage of isolates carried bla1 (17%) and bla2 (12%) genes, and none of the isolates carried the qnrA gene. Most of the isolates (93%) carried the Shiga toxin 1 virulence gene, followed by complement resistance protein (79%), intimin (64%), Shiga toxin 2 (36%), cytotoxic necrotizing factor (35%), aerotaxis receptor (21%), and type 1 fimbriae (15%). Conclusion: Results of this study indicate that the high percentages of E. coli isolate from bovine mastitis are resistant to two or more of the major antibiotic groups, irrespective of the presence or absence of relevant resistance or virulence genes.

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Molecular characterisation of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes in Escherichia coli strains isolated from diarrhoeic and healthy rabbits in Tunisia

World Rabbit Science ◽

10.4995/wrs.2020.10879 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 81

Author(s):

Raouia Ben Rhouma ◽

Ahlem Jouini ◽

Amira Klibi ◽

Safa Hamrouni ◽

Aziza Boubaker ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Virulence Genes ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽

Virulence Gene ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Class 1 Integron ◽

E Coli ◽

Class 1

The purpose of this study was to identify Escherichia coli isolates in diarrhoeic and healthy rabbits in Tunisia and characterise their virulence and antibiotic resistance genes. In the 2014-2015 period, 60 faecal samples from diarrhoeic and healthy rabbits were collected from different breeding farms in Tunisia. Susceptibility to 14 antimicrobial agents was tested by disc diffusion method and the mechanisms of gene resistance were evaluated using polymerase chain reaction and sequencing methods. Forty E. coli isolates were recovered in selective media. High frequency of resistance to tetracycline (95%) was detected, followed by different levels of resistance to sulphonamide (72.5%), streptomycin (62.5%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (60%), nalidixic acid (32.5%), ampicillin (37.5%) and ticarcillin (35%). E. coli strains were susceptible to cefotaxime, ceftazidime and imipenem. Different variants of blaTEM, tet, sul genes were detected in most of the strains resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline and sulphonamide, respectively. The presence of class 1 integron was studied in 29 sulphonamide-resistant E. coli strains from which 15 harboured class 1 integron with four different arrangements of gene cassettes, dfrA17+aadA5 (n=9), dfrA1 + aadA1 (n=4), dfrA12 + addA2 (n=1), dfrA12+orf+addA2 (n=1). The qnrB gene was detected in six strains out of 13 quinolone-resistant E. coli strains. Seventeen E. coli isolates from diarrhoeic rabbits harboured the enteropathogenic eae genes associated with different virulence genes tested (fimA, cnf1, aer), and affiliated to B2 (n=8) and D (n=9) phylogroups. Isolated E. coli strains from healthy rabbit were harbouring fim A and/or cnf1 genes and affiliated to A and B1 phylogroups. This study showed that E. coli strains from the intestinal tract of rabbits are resistant to the widely prescribed antibiotics in medicine. Therefore, they constitute a reservoir of antimicrobial-resistant genes, which may play a significant role in the spread of antimicrobial resistance. In addition, the eae virulence gene seemed to be implicated in diarrhoea in breeder rabbits in Tunisia.

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Antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from food handler's hands

Food Control ◽

10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.04.008 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 44 ◽

pp. 203-207 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

S.L. Tan ◽

H.Y. Lee ◽

N.A. Mahyudin

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

And Staphylococcus Aureus

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Antibacterial activity of different extract of medicinal plant Antirrihnum Orontium.

Journal Of Tropical Pharmacy And Chemistry ◽

10.25026/jtpc.v5i1.221 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Himayat Ullah ◽

Shehzad Saleem ◽

Wisal Ahmad ◽

Muhammad Hanif ◽

Zahid Ali ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Water Extract ◽

Flowering Plant ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Water Extracts ◽

The Family ◽

Quaternary Base ◽

And Staphylococcus Aureus

Antirrhinum Orontium is belonging to the family Plantaginacea commonly known as lesser snapdragon which is a flowering plant belong to genus Antirrhinum. It was traditionally used in treatment of Tumor, Eye inflammation and Ulcer. Antirrhinum Orontium is contain mostly tertiary alkaloids bases one of them is identified as 4-methyl-2, 6-naphthyridine and Choline is identified as quaternary base. The recent study is to investigate the antibacterial activity of Ethyl acetate, Dichloromethane, Hexane and Water extracts of Antirrhinum Orontium, against the pathogen like Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Both the Soxhlet and Maceration water extract were found most active from the other extract against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by using agar well diffusion method. The measured zone of inhibition for Soxhlet water extract is 21±0.05mm and Maceration water extract is 20±0.05mm against gram positive Staphylococcus aureus, while for gram negative Escherichia coli 23±0.05mm is measured for Soxlet and 21±0.05mm measured for Maceration water extracts

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Genome-Wide Analysis of LncRNA in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cell Injuries Induced by Escherichia Coli and Staphylococcus Aureus

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22189719 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (18) ◽

pp. 9719

Author(s):

Changjie Lin ◽

Yifan Zhu ◽

Zhiyu Hao ◽

Haojun Xu ◽

Ting Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Epithelial Cell ◽

Mammary Epithelial Cell ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Bovine Mastitis ◽

Mammary Epithelial ◽

E Coli ◽

Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cell ◽

And Staphylococcus Aureus

Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus are two common pathogenic microorganisms that cause mastitis in dairy cows. They can cause clinical mastitis and subclinical mastitis. In recent studies, lncRNAs have been found to play an important role in the immune responses triggered by microbial inducers. However, the actions of lncRNAs in bovine mastitis remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of bovine mammary epithelial cell injuries induced by treatment with E. coli and S. aureus, and to explore the lncRNA profile on cell injuries. The lncRNA transcriptome analysis showed a total of 2597 lncRNAs. There were 2234 lncRNAs differentially expressed in the E. coli group and 2334 in the S. aureus group. Moreover, we found that the E. coli and S. aureus groups of maternal genes targeted signaling pathways with similar functions according to KEGG and GO analyses. Two lncRNA–miRNA–mRNA interaction networks were constructed in order to predict the potential molecular mechanisms of regulation in the cell injuries. We believe that this is the first report demonstrating the dysregulation of lncRNAs in cells upon E. coli and S. aureus infections, suggesting that they have the potential to become important diagnostic markers and to provide novel insights into controlling and preventing mastitis.

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Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus responsible for bovine mastitis sensitivity to the essential oil of Algerian Thymus fontanesii Boiss. et Reut.

Acta Scientifica Naturalis ◽

10.2478/asn-2020-0004 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 26-32

Author(s):

Bendella Amina nor elhouda ◽

Ghazi Kheira ◽

Meliani Samia

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Bovine Mastitis ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

E Coli ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

Zones Of Inhibition

AbstractThe aim of this study is to test two different methods for evaluating the in vitro antibacterial effect of Thymus fontanesii Boiss. et Reut. essential oil against standard and clinical bacterial strains responsible for bovine mastitis: the disc diffusion method or the aromatogram which allows the demonstration of the antibacterial power of essential oils on the bacterial strains tested, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and two strains isolated from bovine mastitis milk S. aureus and E. coli. The inhibition activity of the essential oil of T. fontanesii on bacterial strains by the two methods shows that the antimicrobial power of this oil is very important and is characterized by bactericidal and bacteriostatic action against gram negative and gram positive bacteria. The antimicrobial evaluation by the aromatogram showed good antibacterial activity against all the strains tested, the zones of inhibition of the bacteria were between 23,33±1,527mm and 37,5±3,535 mm. The search for minimum inhibitory concentrations MIC and bactericides CMB made it possible to quantitatively assess the antimicrobial power of this essential oil. In this work, the MIC was 0,625 µl/ml for all strains tested, and the lowest CMB was that of T. fontanesii against E. coli ATCC 25922 was 0,625 µl/ml.

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